PREVENTION & CONTROL OF EBOLA
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Ebola is a deadly virus with mortality rates between 25-90% that causes hemorrhagic fever. There is no approved vaccine or treatment. To prevent and control Ebola, medical personnel must be trained in proper protective equipment and handling of samples. Frequent handwashing and isolation of infected individuals is important. Community engagement is also key to controlling outbreaks by rapid detection, contact tracing, and isolation. While the risk of an outbreak in India exists if a case is imported, widespread transmission is unlikely if proper preventive measures are followed.
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The document summarizes information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal disease in humans and non-human primates. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, and some patients experience bleeding. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected individuals and properly disinfecting environments.
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Dr. Muhammad Yasir's presentation discusses Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). CCHF is found across large areas including Pakistan. It is transmitted through tick bites, with an incubation period of 1-9 days. Symptoms include fever, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea and hemorrhaging. The mortality rate is approximately 30% with death occurring in the second week. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests like ELISA, antigen detection and RT-PCR. Treatment focuses on general supportive care and the antiviral drug ribavirin. Prevention strategies include tick control, reducing human transmission, and controlling infection in healthcare settings.
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The document provides an overview of Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its origins, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and recovery. Some key points:
- EVD first appeared in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo. The current 2014 outbreak in West Africa is the largest on record.
- The virus is transmitted through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Early symptoms are nonspecific but progress to hemorrhagic fever, vomiting, diarrhea and organ failure.
- Diagnosis involves detecting the virus or antibodies in blood, with RT-PCR being the most sensitive test. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is largely supportive
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The document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola. It provides information on the history, epidemiology, transmission, pathology, control, diagnosis, treatment, and the role of pharmacists regarding Ebola. Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa and is a serious, often fatal disease in humans. It spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected people or animals. Current treatment focuses on supportive care since there is no approved vaccine, though vaccines are in development.
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease endemic in Pakistan, with outbreaks occurring seasonally. The virus is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks or through contact with infected animal blood or tissues. CCHF has a high mortality rate and presents as a sudden onset fever with hemorrhagic symptoms. Treatment involves supportive care and ribavirin. Prevention focuses on reducing human exposure to ticks through protective clothing, repellents and tick control; as well as safe practices when handling animals or working in healthcare settings.
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- The virus is transmitted through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Early symptoms are nonspecific but progress to hemorrhagic fever, vomiting, diarrhea and organ failure.
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1. The document provides guidelines for HIV testing, treatment, and management in Nepal. It summarizes global HIV statistics and outlines the epidemiology of HIV in Nepal.
2. Guidelines are provided for HIV testing services, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring of people on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and management of coinfections. Recommendations include "treat all" and early infant diagnosis.
3. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), ART for prevention, post-exposure prophylaxis, and combination prevention are discussed. Clinical features and management of pediatric HIV are also reviewed.
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This document discusses opportunistic infections (OIs) that occur in patients with AIDS. It defines AIDS according to CDC and NACO criteria involving OIs or low CD4 counts. Common OIs seen in India are described such as tuberculosis, candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, herpes zoster, toxoplasmosis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these OIs are outlined. The role of patient education in prevention and treatment adherence is also discussed.
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This document discusses HIV/AIDS and opportunistic infections. It begins by defining HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV damages the immune system over time leading to AIDS. It then covers the epidemiology, symptoms, pathophysiology and stages of HIV infection. It discusses transmission methods and treatment, focusing on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and classes of antiretroviral drugs. The document concludes by examining common opportunistic infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system in AIDS patients.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which destroys CD4 T cells leading to immune system failure. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue having claimed over 36 million lives, with 37.7 million people living with HIV in 2020. The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, clinical stages and manifestations, diagnostic testing, treatment and management of HIV/AIDS.
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- 1. PREVENTION & CONTROL OF EBOLA By- Dr Debasis Paramanik
- 2. PREVENTION & CONTROL OF EBOLA
- 3. Why should we Prevent ??
- 4. Chart1:Yearly No. of Cases & Deaths 425 124 178 17 12 413 32 1 88 15351 224 97 157 7 10 224 14 1 50 6202 Cases Death
- 5. high risk of death, killing between 25-90% (averaging 50 percent) No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is commercially available
- 6. How to Prevent: Medical personnel should receive training on the proper suit-up and removal of personal protective equipment (PPE) wearing proper protective clothing Frequent washing hands when around a person with the disease. Samples of body fluids and tissues from diseased should be handled with special caution A appropriately trained designated person should be watching each step of waste management
- 9. How to Control??? Co-ordinated medical services - Rapid detection of cases of disease - Contact tracing for 21 days - Proper care and management of those who are infected - Barrier-isolation - Proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial Contd...
- 10. Community engagement Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks Isolate yourself & seek medial care - If you’ve been in an infected country & - had contact with seek person & - begin to have symptoms Contd...
- 11. Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission Outbreak containment measures
- 13. Chart 2: Case Fatality Rate of Ebola Cases Deaths Percentage 2000 425 224 52.71 2001-02 124 97 78.23 2003 178 157 88.20 2004 17 7 41.18 2005 12 10 83.33 2007 413 224 54.24 2008 32 14 43.75 2011 1 1 100.00 2012 88 50 56.82 2014 15351 6202 40.40
- 14. Clinical features Incubation period 8-10 days (range 2-21) • Sudden onset of Fever >38.60C • Chills, myalgia, malaise, sore throat • Nausea, vomiting , abdominal pain, diarrhea • Rash occurs around day 5
- 15. Contd.. Hypotension, peripheral edema • Bleeding manifestations may develop (internal/external) • Can vary from petechiae & easy bruising, to mucosal hemorrhage, uncontrolled bleeding and massive GI blood loss • CNS symptoms: Headache, confusion and coma • Multi-organ dysfunction : kidneys and Liver
- 17. DIAGNOSIS Non-Specific Lab. Tests: Routine Blood tests Coagulopathy L.F.T. Others
- 18. Specific lab. Tests: Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Antigen-capture detection (ELISA) tests Serum neutralization test Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay Electron microscopy Virus isolation by cell culture
- 19. No proven drug for cure No vaccine Treatment is supportive care • Ig G response appears to be protective • Survivors may have persistent high antibody titres • Previous observation was that serum from an Ebola survivor was therapeutic • Anecdotal reports of Mab therapy being successful
- 20. Drugs under trial: Z Mapp Favipiravir Brincidofovir Lamivudine
- 21. Social and economic impact in affected countries Trade, industry, agriculture, tourism • Worsening poverty • Hunger • Orphans • Stigma • School closures • Over-burdened and ineffective health care delivery
- 22. Efforts by the Central and State Governments High political commitment Surveillance at the Point of Entries Community Surveillance and tracking of contacts Laboratories identified for testing clinical samples. States have identified isolation facilities Personal Protective Equipments are available Risk Communication materials prepared for roll out at appropriate time. Training across the country being undertaken. Guidance made available on key activities. 24x7 helpline
- 23. To conclude: There is risk of importation of EVD to India. Only spread by direct contact with blood and body fluids; not airborne. Only infectious when symptomatic. Previous outbreaks have been contained. Unlikely to see widespread onward transmission of Ebola virus disease following an imported case. Community engagement is key to successfully containing outbreaks.