The document provides information on eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. It discusses the typical age of onset, gender differences in prevalence, and biological, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors for developing an eating disorder. Examples are given of celebrities who suffered from eating disorders, including Princess Diana, Brazilian model Ana Carolina Reston, and tennis player Monica Seles. Their experiences illustrate several risk factors such as pressures from family or society to be thin, trauma, and internalizing the thin ideal promoted by the media.

1. Lavanya, Natasha, Lehar

2. Eating Disorders
Eating
Disorders
Anorexia
Nervosa
Bulimia
Nervosa
Bing
eating

3. Age of Onset
Anorexia
Nervosa: 15-19
Years
Bulimia Nervosa:
20-24 Years
Binge Eating: 30-
50 Years

4. Gender Differences
Although in the
past it was
thought that
gender ratio was as
high as 10:1, more
recent estimates
suggest that there
are 3 females for
every male with an
eating disorder
(Jones & Morgan,
2010).

5. Prevalence of Eating Disorders
 Lifetime
Prevalence of
Binge Eating: 3.5%
in women and 2%
in men
 Bulimia Nervosa:
1.5% in women
and 0.5% in men
 Anorexia Nervosa:
0.9% in women
and 0.3% in men

6. Other Facts
 Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa
-break their bones easily
-have brittle hair and nails
-pale skin
-growth of hair all over the body
-anemia
-heart damage
-constipation,
-cold blood temperature
-infertility
 Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa
-sore throat
-swollen and bleeding gums
-decaying teeth due to exposure to
stomach acid
-severe dehydration

7.  Mortality rate – highest of any
psychiatric disorder
 Suicide - One of five deaths in people
with anorexia is the result of suicide
 Chances of recovery – Bulimia and
Binge Eating have more chances of
recovering
 Diagnostic Crossover very common
 Co morbidity rate with other disorders
very high. Especially Depression and
Substance Abuse
 Fasting during Middle Ages
 Anorexia Nervosa during the Victorian
Era
 “Rich Girl’s Syndrome”
 Anorexia Nervosa – The Disorder of the
‘80s
 Eating Disorder for the Fijians
 Eating Disorders due to fasting in India

8. Stories of
celebrities with
Eating Disorders

9. Ana Carolina
 Born in 1985
 From an early age, wanted to
be a model
 Father diagnosed with
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
disease
 Won a local beauty contest in
1999
 Mother's reaction : “She won
because she was slim and
elegant. Other girls were
slightly fat".
 Soon after, offered by Ford
 In 2003, signed to Elite

10.  In 2004, 1st trip overseas
 In China, was tagged "Fat“
 Laura Ancona sensed that something was wrong with
Ana
 In 2005, left Elite to work in Mexico
 Back to Brazil, in late 2005
 In October 2006, complained of pain in kidneys.
 Admitted to hospital
 Death after 21 days

11. Princess Diana
 Considered to be an unwanted mistake by parents
because she wasn’t a boy
 Accumulated a great deal of stress through means
of unhappily married parents
 Lived in a privileged atmosphere and enjoyed the
best of society
 Unable to discuss with her parents their
separation
 Distress manifested in means of cleanliness and
compulsive talking and socializing
 Her father’s remarriage negatively impacted her
 Diana and Prince Charles wed. She loved him,
but Charles did not reciprocate the love
 Just prior to the wedding is when Diana began
purging.
 Stress from the Royal Family as well as the press
pushed her beyond her limits
 She quickly learned that Charles was in love with
an old flame

12.  Charles wore cufflinks that had Camilla’s initials on them over the
duration of their honeymoon, where she began purging 6-8 times a day
 After turning to Charles and not receiving any help, she threatened
suicide. Charles did not listen
 Charles called her chubby, often inducing a fir of purging
 Felt the need to be photo ready all the times
 Bulimia ceased temporarily with birth of first son, only to come back
with a vengeance paired with postpartum
 Pushed family, friends and royals away.
 Charles was disappointed with the birth of Harry, he wanted a girl.
 Began seeking treatment for Bulimia again
 Consulting with a therapist specializing in eating disorders on a weekly
basis. She began a slow recovery
 At 6 months, Diana had transitioned from purging 4-5 times a day to
only once every 3 weeks
 Tried hypnotherapy, astrological counseling, deep tissue masseuse,
aroma therapy, acupuncture, cranial masseuse, osteotherapy, colonic
irrigation, new-age therapy(similar to primal scream therapy)
 Got divorced in 1996
 Diana died on August 31, 1997 and the age of 36 due to a drunk driver

13. Monica Seles
 Born December 2, 1973
 In 1990, Seles became the youngest-ever French
Open champion at the age of 16.
 In 1993 Seles was stabbed in the back with a boning
knifeon the tennis court in Hamburg
 Father diagnosed with prostate cancer. Eventually
died
 Suffered binge eating for around 10 years without
consulting any doctor
 Her experience
 Turning point: when became bridesmaid at a friend's
wedding
 Consulted and took treatment
 February 2008 retired from professional tennis
 On April 21, 2009 : released her memoir Getting A
Grip: On My Body, My Mind, My Self. became
bestseller
 In June 2011, she was named one of the "30 Legends of
Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" by Time.

14. Causes of Eating Disorders
Biological
Genetic
Brain
Abnormalities
Serotonin

15. Genetic
Genes on
chromosome 1:
Anorexia
Nervosa
Genes on
chromosome 10 :
Bulimia Nervosa

16. Brain abnormalities
 Temporal Cortex : Body Image
Perception
 Frontal cortex : Monitoring
Smell and Taste
 Damage to the Frontal and
Temporal Cortex :
Development of Anorexia or
Bulimia nervosa

17. Serotonin
 Neurotransmitter that
modulates appetite and
feeding behaviour
- Made from
Tryptophan
- Tryptophan, obtained
from Food
 Anorexia : Low levels of
5-HIAA
 Bulimia : Normal levels
of 5-HIAA

18. Situational
Situational
Cross Cultural
Socioeconomic
Status
Acculturation

19. Cross-Cultural
 More common in
Industrialized Societies
 No evidence of Bulimia
outside of a Westernized
Culture (Keel & Klump,
2003)
 Princess Diana belonged
to the United Kingdom

20. Socioeconomic Status
More common in the
upper socioeconomic
families where the
pressure to be thin is
more prevalent (Story
et al., 1995)
Princess Diana
belonged to an upper
class family and was
married in a royal
family

21. Acculturation
 Acculturation is the extent to
which someone assimilated
their own culture with a new
culture. This process can at
times be quite successful and
develop a an Eating Disorder
 Ana - Going to Japan and being
called ‘fat’. Trying to adjust.
 Monica was granted US
citizenship in 1994 the shift
from Hungary to the US which
is an industrialized nation, may
have triggered BED in her.

22. Psychosocial
Psychosocial
Psychodynamic
Gender
Self
Objectification
Family
Childhood
Sexual Abuse

23. Psychodynamic
 Symptoms of an ED fulfill some need,
such as increasing one’s sense of
personal effectiveness (Goodsit, 1997)
 Ana – Sense of personal effectiveness
enhanced by maintaining strict diet
 Monica might have been binging
because of such a reason
 Many psychodynamic theories of eating
disorders propose that the core cause is
to be found in disturbed parent-child
relationships.
 Princess Diana was considered to be an
unwanted mistake by her parents
because she wasn’t a boy and inable to
inherit her father’s estate

24. Gender
Being female is a
strong risk factor
(Jacobi et al., 2004)
Greatest risk occurs
in adolescence
All the three cases
of females
Ana was an
adolescent

25. Self Objectification
 Women see their own bodies through the
eyes of other and it causes them to feel
shame about their bodies when they see a
mismatch between their ideal self and the
objectified view of a woman (Roberts et
al., 1997)
 Ana - Press conference
 Because Princess Diana was a part of the
royal family, she had to be photo ready all
the time. Due to this and the pressure
from the royal family, she began purging
just before her wedding and her waistline
reduced from 29 to 23 inches

26. Family
 Reinforcement given by family members to a person who has
lost weight can result in eating disorders (Polivy & Herman,
2002)
 High parental expectation
 Ana - Mother’s remark at the local beauty contest and
expecting daughter’s income after father fell ill
 Disorganized, unsupportive, conflictual families and less
maternal intimacy can cause eating disorders (May et al.,
2006)
 Princess Diana’s mother left them when she was 6 years old.
Her parents disliked her. And after getting married to Prince
Charles, she came to know that he didn’t love her. He even
passed snide remarks when their second son was born
because he wanted a daughter
 Other stressors in the family can also cause an Eating
Disorder
 Monica says that she started to binge to cope with her father’s
‘Prostate Cancer’

27. Childhood Sexual Abuse
 Can be a cause of ED (Jacobi
et al., 2014)
 Self-Reports of Childhood
Sexual Abuse higher in people
with an ED (Deep et al.,1999)
 Abuse at an early age,
involving force and by a family
member may bear a stronger
relationship to ED (Everill &
Waller, 1995)
 Two variables linked, maybe
indirectly

28. Cognitive
 Body dissatisfaction is a risk as well as
maintaining factor (Stice, 2002)
 Eating disorders can be caused due to a
discrepancy which happens between actual body
image and a perceived ‘ideal’ body image
 Ana - Discrepancy( modeling industry)
 People with Bulimia Nervosa judge their self-
worth mainly by their weight and shape.
 Princess Diana started to purge right before her
wedding
 During her honeymoon.
 She resorted to Bulimia again after the birth of
her second son Harry.
 After binging, feeling of disgust and guilt build
up. And to overcome this, the individual binges
again. This leads to a vicious cycle (Fairburn,
1997)
 Monica went through the same thing. She says,
‘Once the binge was over I felt so upset with
myself’.

29. Behavioral
Behavioral
Internalizing
the Thin Ideal
Perfectionism
Negative
Body Image
Dieting
Negative
Emotionality

30. Internalizing the Thin Ideal
 The extent to which people
internalize the thin ideal is
associated with a range of
problems like body dissatisfaction,
dieting, and negative affect (Stice
et al., 2002)
 It may be an early component of
the causal chain involved in Eating
Disorders (Stice, 2001)
 Ana wanted to be a supermodel
since her childhood. Influence of
media.

31. Perfectionism
 People who want things
exactly right are more prone to
eating disorders (Bruch, 1973)
 Men with eating disorders are
less perfectionist in
comparison to women
(Woodside et al., 2004)
 So was the case with princess
Diana who now belonged to a
royal family and had to be
perfect at all points of time

32. Negative Body image
 Sociocultural influences are implicated
in the discrepancy between the way
many young girls and women perceive
their own bodies and the ‘ideal’ female
form as represented by the media
 Such perceptual biases lead girls and
women to believe tat men prefer more
slender shapes
 Many women also feel evaluated by
other women, believing that their
female peers have more even more
better weight and shape
 Ana - Discrepancy between what media
showed and what she actually was

33. Dieting
 Nearly all instances of ED begin
with the ‘normal’ dieting which
is routine in almost all cultures
 Dieting is a risk factor for the
development or worsening of
ED (Jacobi et al., 2004)
 Ana - Modelling industry.
 In the pursuit to be thin, went
on a diet.
 Slowly decresed food
consumption

34. Negative Emotionality
 Feeling bad is a causal factor for eating
disorders (Stice, 2002)
 When we feel bad, we tend to become self-
critical
 Ana -Felt bad when she was called fat.
 Disregard from her parents, remarks from
Prince Charles and unacceptance by the royal
family might have led Princess Diana to have
negative affect which resulted into Bulimia
 One of Monica’s opponents stabbed her in the
back once. Monica may have binged to
overcome such negative affects.

35. Thank You!