This document provides information about easy learning of the English language. It begins with contact information for the author and organization. It then covers topics like the English alphabet, vowels and consonants, articles, pronouns, verbs, questions words, and parts of speech. Tables are included to illustrate compound letters, subject pronouns, and verb tenses. The document aims to outline fundamental concepts in English grammar for learners.
په پښتو ژبه کی دانګلیسي ژبی اسانه ګرامر ی یواځی ددی لپاره چی ګران لوستونکي ترینه ښه استفاده وکړي او الله دی وکړي چی نورو ته یی هم ورسوي انشاالله په راتلونکي کی به نور هم پدی برخه کی خواري او کوشش وکړو . ګرانو لوستونکو که چیرته کومه نیمګړتیا وی نو زما په ورکړل شوي ایمیل راته صرف یو ایمیل راولیګی ستاسو ورور اظهارالحق کامران
په پښتو ژبه کی دانګلیسي ژبی اسانه ګرامر ی یواځی ددی لپاره چی ګران لوستونکي ترینه ښه استفاده وکړي او الله دی وکړي چی نورو ته یی هم ورسوي انشاالله په راتلونکي کی به نور هم پدی برخه کی خواري او کوشش وکړو . ګرانو لوستونکو که چیرته کومه نیمګړتیا وی نو زما په ورکړل شوي ایمیل راته صرف یو ایمیل راولیګی ستاسو ورور اظهارالحق کامران
Subject : English for Interpersonal and Interactions III
Lecturer : Mrs. Syifa Fadhilah Hamid, S.Pd.,M.Pd.
Arranged by: Nanda Permatasari
College : Universitas Islam Syekh Yusuf Tangerang
This short presentation reviews the English tenses and their appropriate use with examples. Useful for students and teachers who would like to associate tense forms with appropriate uses.
An introductory Thai language course prepared by the U.S. Peace Corps for its volunteers.
View and download the full course (with audio) at:
http://www.101languages.net/peace-corps-courses/
To understand the different sentence patterns in English, we should know the Elements of Sentence Structure in English. They are; Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, and Adverbial. This slideshow explains in details all these elements with examples in the sentences.
سیاست های امریکا در غرب آسیا در سال ۲۰۱۷. پیش بینیها و گزینه هاMajid Zavari
در این نوشتار تلاش بر آن است که در ابتدای امر، به مروری بر پیش بینی ها و تحلیل های ارائه شده در خصوص سیاست خارجی امریکا در غرب آسیا در سال پیش رو بپردازیم و در پایان، نگاهی مقایسه ای نیز نسبت به آن ها ارائه نماییم.
Subject : English for Interpersonal and Interactions III
Lecturer : Mrs. Syifa Fadhilah Hamid, S.Pd.,M.Pd.
Arranged by: Nanda Permatasari
College : Universitas Islam Syekh Yusuf Tangerang
This short presentation reviews the English tenses and their appropriate use with examples. Useful for students and teachers who would like to associate tense forms with appropriate uses.
An introductory Thai language course prepared by the U.S. Peace Corps for its volunteers.
View and download the full course (with audio) at:
http://www.101languages.net/peace-corps-courses/
To understand the different sentence patterns in English, we should know the Elements of Sentence Structure in English. They are; Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, and Adverbial. This slideshow explains in details all these elements with examples in the sentences.
سیاست های امریکا در غرب آسیا در سال ۲۰۱۷. پیش بینیها و گزینه هاMajid Zavari
در این نوشتار تلاش بر آن است که در ابتدای امر، به مروری بر پیش بینی ها و تحلیل های ارائه شده در خصوص سیاست خارجی امریکا در غرب آسیا در سال پیش رو بپردازیم و در پایان، نگاهی مقایسه ای نیز نسبت به آن ها ارائه نماییم.
نقدّم لكم أحد عروض الباور بوينت بعنوان
" لماذا و كيف نصوم رمضان "
من إعداد فريق الباور بوينت بمعهد الدارين للغات والترجمة
Microsoft
http://1drv.ms/1fbZUBL
(يتطلب توفر حساب هوتميل لديك للعرض اونلاين)
أو بدون تسجيل من خلال
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يسعدنا انضمامكم لفرق عمل الدارين
http://goo.gl/FvVUAB
استمارة التطوع للتدريس
http://bit.ly/q3hbJi
مقدمه
اندیشکده روابط بین الملل: پیمان آتلانتیک شمالی (ناتو)در 4 آوریل 1949 بنا به ضرورت زمانی و مکانی با موافقت وزرای خارجه 12 کشوردر واشنگتن به رهبری آمریکا و به منظور دفاع جمعی و جلوگیری از خطر کمونیسم به امضاء رسید.با فروپاشی شوروی و انحلال پیمان ورشو،ضرورت وجودی این سازمان از سوی برخی از کشورها زیر سوال رفت . و از طرفی آمریکا که به عنوان تنها ابرقدرت جهان در صدد اعمال راهبرد تک قطبی در جهان می باشد،در صدد تقویت نقش ناتو و گسترش دامنه نفوذ آن از طریق اصلاحات و تغییرات شد .
در شرایط نوین بین المللی ،آمریکا برای از بین بردن این اعتقاد که فلسفه وجودی ناتو به خطر افتاده ،دست به تعریف ماموریت ها ،اهداف و کارکردهای جدیدی زد. ناتو نیز موضوعاتی نظیر؛اختلافات قومی و نژادی ،جرایم سازمان یافته بینالمللی ،تکثیر سلاحهای کشتار جمعی ،تروریسم و...را به عنوان منابع جدید تهدید علیه منافع اعضاء مورد شناسایی قرار داده و زمینه را برای بقای نقش خویش در آن موارد ،نه تنها در دو سوی آتلانتیک بلکه در هر منطقه از جهان که منافع اعضای آن اقتضا نماید،فراهم ساخته است.در حال حاضر ناتو خود را سازمان فرا منطقه ای اما با ماموریتی جهانی می داند و در پی کسب مشروعیت جهانی نیز می باشد این مشروعیت در بهترین شکل آن از طریق همکاری با سازمان ملل کسب می شود .
پس از واقعه 11سپتامبرافغانستان کانون تروریسم بین المللی اعلام شد و آمریکا با حمله به آن کشور در 7 اکتبر 2001حکومت طالبان را سرنگون کرد.ناتو در آگوست 2003ماموریت یافت تا با ورود به افغانستان و گسترش حوزه نفوذ خود در این کشور سه هدف عمده ؛ایجاد امنیت عمومی در سراسر کشور،حفظ حکومت مرکزی و مبارزه با تروریسم و بنیاد گرایی اسلامی را در پیش رو گیرد.
ناتو به طور رسمی با عهده دار شدن فرماندهی نیروهای بین المللی کمک به امنیت افغانستان (ایساف) عملا تامین امنیت کابل و حومه آن را بر عهده گرفت و با تغییر استراتژی نظامی –امنیتی خود را برای اولین بار در عمر 54 ساله اش از اروپا و شمال آمریکا خارج و وارد آسیا شد.
حضور ناتو در افغانستان موجب نگرانی کشورهایی نظیر؛ ایران ،روسیه ،هند و چین شده است ،چرا که حضور نیروهای ناتو در افغانستان علاوه بر موارد فوق در پی رسیدن به اهدافی از جمله کنترل کشورهای مذکور می باشد. سوال این است که اهداف واقعی ناتو درافغانستان چه بوده است و آیا توانسته است از عهده وظایف خود بر آید ؟و حضور نیروهای ناتو در افغانستان با چه چالشهایی در آینده روبه رو خواهد شد. فرض مقاله بر اینست که کشورهای غربی با بزرگ جلوه دادن تروریسم در خاورمیانه و آسیا و امنیتی کردن این مناطق در پی رسیدن به منافع و اهداف خود می باشند و افغانستان و سپس عراق را به عنوان پایگاههای حضور خود در منطقه قرار داده اند .
Alrasmayat’s Laboratory Management Software is cost-effective and easy to implement. It covers all functions that are necessary for automating all laboratory functions. Through this software it is easy to concrete on business performance by managing and organizing data.
نشره صغيره تعريفيه عن زراعة الاسطح والاكتفاء الذاتى وما يجب القيام به من خطوات قبل البدء مكونه من 5 صفحات اتمنى ان يستفيد منها الجميع وايضا استمرار البحث ونقل ونشر المعلومه ف كل معلومه تصبح ثقافه فيما بعد
An overview of present simple tense for the Elementary level. Appropriate for working adults. Assist in constructing simple sentences, negatives, questions and short answers. Students will be able to practice them effectively in written and in spoken form.
English Grammar for Elementary. An overview of Present Simple tense for working adults. Assist in constructing simple sentences, negative, questions and short answers.
It is good grammar and it is important who learning and we want to know English and good writing, good speaking and listening and this grammar is really advantage for learner
please let see grammar.
Verb Tenses English clearly explained. These tenses are the most frequently used in the English language. Master your verbs and tenses and you will master the English language!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Easy learning of english language د انګلیسی ژبی آسانه زده کړه
1. Easy Learning of English
Language
Attaullah Noori | AREP & OSCEW | English and IT Trainer
Email: attaullah.noori@arep.org.af – attaullah.noori@yahoo.com
Phone: +93 786468237 - +93 744182260
Website: www.arep.org.af Skype: attaullah.noori3
OSCEW
(Organization for Saving the Children and Emprowering of Women)
2. 1| P a g e
۱۲ ۲ ۱
۱۵ ۱۳ ۲
۲۳ ۱۶ ۳
۵۱ ۲۴ ۴
۷۸ ۵۲ ۵
۸۲ ۷۹ ۶
۸۷ ۸۳ ۷
3. 2| P a g e
A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S T
U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j
k l m n o p q r s T
u v w x y Z
A J S
B K T
C L U
D M V
E N W
F O X
G P Y
H Q Z
I R
4. 3| P a g e
T P B A, E, I, O, U
CH J, G S T
KH H Z S
R Z D D
G ZH, J Z R
S KH SH S
A Z T D, Z
K Q, K F GH
N M L G
E, I, Y, U H W, V N
5. 4| P a g e
Compound letters
1. Ch Chalk
2. Sh Shy
3. Zh Zhala
4. Gh Ghulam
5. Kh Khala
6. Ph Phone
7. Ture Nature
8. Tion Nation
9. Sion Television
10. Cient Ancient
11. Cial Special
۱BTBMB
Examples: Break, Debt, Thumb, Comb
۲CCE,I,Y
Examples: City, Center, Cycle, Car
۳DDjGD
Examples: Door, Adjective, Bridge
۴VEV
Example: Live
7. 6| P a g e
Article
ArticleefiniteD
The
sIndefinite Article
AAN
A
A
RulerBookPen
A RulerA bookA pen
AN
AN
EggOrangeApple
An EggAn orangeAn apple
Tobe Verbs
Is, Am, Are
13. 12| P a g e
Possessive Adjectives
1. His –
2. Her –
3. Its –
4. My –
5. Our –
6. Your –
7. Their –
14. 13| P a g e
WH or Information Questions
What?
What is a WH or Information Question which is used to ask about things.
Examples:
1. What is this? This is book 1.
2. What is your name? My name is Jamila.
3. What is in your pocket? Ten dollars.
4. What are these? Mobiles and computers.
5. What is his job? He is a police officer.
Who?
Who is a WH or information question which is used to ask about persons.
Examples:
1. Who is he? He is my brother.
2. Who is your English teacher? Waheedullah Noori
3. Who are them? They are her children.
4. Who is the president of Afghanistan? Mohammad Ashraf Ghani.
5. Who wants to be a doctor? Ahmad wants to be a doctor.
How?
How is a WH or information question which is used to ask about manner and nature.
Examples:
1. How is your father now? He is ok, thanks.
2. How was your exam? Not bad.
3. How is her English? She is good in English.
4. How are your teachers in school? They are good and I respect them a lot.
15. 14| P a g e
Where?
Where is a WH or information question which is used to ask about places.
Examples:
1. Where is located China? It is located in Asia.
2. Where were you born? I was born in Kabul.
3. Where were you last week? I was in New York.
4. Where is she living? She is living in New Delhi.
5. Where should we meet tomorrow? We should meet in the park.
When?
When is a WH or information question which is used to ask about time.
Examples:
1. When is your birthday? Jan, 2nd
2. When will you graduate from LLB Faculty? Next year.
3. When are you going to start your business? May be next month.
4. When did u join the Army? In 2009.
5. When is she coming to the class? Tomorrow.
Why?
Why is a WH or information question which is used to ask about reason?
Example:
1. Why you go to school? To study.
2. Why are you late? Because, I woke up late this morning.
3. Why she wants to be a doctor? Because, she wants to help her own people.
4. Why you want learn English? Because, it is an international language.
5. Why are they studying hard? To get high marks in their exam.
6. Why are you here? I have an appointment with the doctor.
7. Why you don’t come at 02:00 PM? Because, I have another class at 02:00 PM.
8. Why we don’t have security in Afghanistan? Because, we are not honest with our own
country.
9. Why is he laughing? Because, He watching a funny video.
10. Why you don’t watch Pakistani movies? Because, I don’t like Pakistani movies.
16. 15| P a g e
Which?
Which is a WH or information question that is used to ask about persons, places and things.
Examples:
1. Which one is your pen? The red one.
2. Which place is the best place of Kabul? Bagh babur and Qargha.
3. Which one is your brother in this pic? The one with black jacket.
4. Which president has worked the best for Afghanistan? Hamid Karzai.
5. Which part is the best part of Khuda Gawa movie? I love the songs.
Whose?
Whose is a WH or information question which is used to ask about ownership or property.
Examples:
1. Whose pen is this? This is Ahmad’s pen.
2. Whose car is that? That is my car.
3. Whose brother is that? He is her brother.
4. Whose Computer is broken? Maryam’s computer is broken.
5. Whose cell phone is ringing? Her cell phone is ringing.
Whom?
Whom is a WH or information question which is used to ask about persons.
Examples:
1. To whom it may concern? It may concern to all.
2. To whom did you talk today? I talked to my girl friend today.
3. Whom dose Sarah love? She loves Kabeer.
4. With whom are you talking now? I am talking to my mother.
5. Whom did you see? Maryam.
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Tense
Tense is a word which shows form of verb whether it's in present form, past form or in future form.
Tense is generally divided into three categories.
▪ Past tenses:
▪ Present tenses:
▪ Future tenses:
Past tenses
Simple past
tense
Past continuous
tense
Past perfect
tense
Past perfect
continuous
tense
Present tenses
Simple present
tense
Present
continuous
tense
Present perfect
tense
Present perfect
continuous
tense
Future tenses
Simple future
tense
Future
continuous tense
Future perfect
tense
Future perfect
continuous tense
18. 17| P a g e
Past Tenses
Simple past tense
Simple past tense talks about an action or situation which started and completed at a particular time in
the past.
Structures
▪ Subject + 2nd
form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Subject + did not + base form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Did + subject + base form the verb + comp +?
Examples
▪ Nadia went to Logar last week.
▪ Nadia didn't go to Logar last week.
▪ Did Nadia go to Logar last week?
Past progressive tense
Past progressive tense shows an action which was or wasn't in progressive for some time in the past.
Structures
▪ Subject + was/were + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Subject + was/were + not + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Was/were + subject + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples
▪ Jamila was watching television when I called her.
▪ Jamila was not watching television when I called her.
▪ Was Jamila watching television when I called her?
19. 18| P a g e
Past perfect tense
Past perfect tense expresses an action which took place or didn't take place before another action or time
in the past.
Structures
▪ Subject + had + third form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Subject + had + not + third form the verb + comp +.
▪ Had + subject + third form of the verb + comp +?
Examples
▪They had finished level tow before level three.
▪They hadn't finished level tow before level three.
▪Had they finished level tow before level three?
Past perfect progressive tense
Past perfect progressive tense expresses an action which was or wasn't in progress before another
action or time in the past.
Structures:
▪ Sub + had + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Sub + had + not + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Had + sub + been + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples:
▪ We had been studying level three by the time we started intensive.
▪ We had not been studying level three.
▪ Had we been studying level three?
20. 19| P a g e
Present Tenses
Simple present tense
Simple present tense shows habitual action, daily activities and general fact.
Structures
▪ He, she, it + verb + (s/es) + complement +.
▪ I, You, We, They + verb + complement +.
▪ Subject + verb + (does not/do not) + complement +.
▪ Do/Does + sub + verb + complement +?
Examples
▪ He studies English every day.
▪ He does not study English every day.
▪ Does he studies English every day?
Present continuous tense
Present continuous tense shows an action which is happening right now.
Structures
▪ Subject + is, am, are + verb + ing + complement +.
▪ Subject + is, am, are + not + verb + ing + complement +.
▪ Is, am, are + sub + verb + ing + complement+?
Examples
▪ She is looking to me.
▪ She is not looking to me.
▪ Is she looking to me?
Present perfect tense
21. 20| P a g e
Expresses an action that happened or did not happen before another action in present or in the past in
an unspecified time.
Structures
▪ Sub + have/has + 3rd
form of the verb + complement +.
▪ Sub + have/has + not + 3rd
form of the verb + complement +.
▪ Have/has + sub + 3rd
form of the verb + complement +?
Examples
▪She has studied level four.
▪She hasn't studied level four.
▪Has she studied level four?
Note: In present perfect tense we have the following different usages.
Many times, several times, twice, since and for.
Since: is a word which shows the specific time in the sentences.
Ex. I have taught English since 1990.
For: is a word which shows the duration of an action in the sentences.
Ex. I have taught English for 5 years.
22. 21| P a g e
Present perfect progressive tense
Present perfect progressive or continuous tense express the duration of an action which started in the
past, comes to present, may or may not go to the future.
Structures
▪ Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Subject + have/ has + not + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ have/has + subject + been + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples
▪ She has been studying English.
▪ She hasn't been studying English.
▪ has she been studying English?
23. 22| P a g e
Future Tenses
Simple future tense
Simple future tense expresses which will or will not take place in the coming time.
Structures:
▪ Sub + will/ be going to + verb + comp +.
▪ Sub + will + not + verb + comp +.
▪ Will/ be going to + sub + verb + comp +?
Examples:
▪She will finish level 1 next week.
▪She will not finish level 1 next week.
▪Will she finish level 1 next week?
Future progressive tense
Future progressive tense shows an action which will be or won't be in progressive for some time in the
future.
Structures:
▪ Subject + will/be going to + be + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Subject + will/be going to + not + be + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Will/be going to + sub + be + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples:
▪She will be working in this morning.
▪She will not be working in this morning.
▪Will she be working in this morning?
24. 23| P a g e
Future perfect tense
Future perfect tense expresses an action which will be or won't be completed before another action or
time in the past.
Structures:
▪ Subject + will/be going to + have + 3rd
form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Subject + will/be going to + not + have + 3rd
form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Will + subject + have + III verb + comp +?
Examples:
▪ She will have finished the work.
▪ She will not have finished the work.
▪ Will she have finished the work?
Future perfect progressive tense
Shows the duration of an action which will be continuing before another action or time in the future.
Structures:
▪ Subject + will/shall + have + been + verb + ing + complement+.
▪ Subject + will/shall + not + have + been + verb + ing + complement+.
▪ will/shall + Subject + have + been + verb + ing + complement+.
Examples:
▪ Ajmal will have been studying English.
▪ Ajmal will not have been studying English.
▪ Will Ajmal have been studying English?
25. 24| P a g e
Parts of Speech
The words which are classified according to their functions in the sentences are called parts of speech.
Parts of speech can be divided into two categories:
1. Open system items: The number of open system items are not limited.
Open system items are:
- Noun
- Verb
- Adverb
- Adjective
2. Closed system items: The number of closed system items are limited.
Closed system items are:
1- Pronoun
2- Conjunction
3- Preposition
4- Interjection
Difference between Open and Closed system items
Open system items Closed system items
Their number is not limited.
They are (adjective, adverb, Verb &
Noun)
We can use affixes (Prefixes, Suffixes)
to change either their meaning or
structure.
Ex: -King --------- Reading
Prefix- Noun Verb-Suff
Their number is limited.
They are (Conjunction, interjection,
pronoun & preposition)
We can't add affixes to them.
New words are not coined in closed
system.
They don’t make the major part of the
English vocabulary since they are few
in numbers.
26. 25| P a g e
a lot of new words come into English
every year. When a new word is
coined it must be of open system
items.
Ex: Online --------Mail etc
They make a major parts of the English
vocabulary viz they are more in
number.
They can be changed into one
another. For example, we can change
a verb into a noun and vice versa.
Ex: Introduce -------- Introduction
Verb Noun
Ex: Danger --------- Endanger
Noun Verb
We cannot change into one another.
For example, a conjunction with
pronoun, and vice – versa.
Noun:
Noun is a naming word.
Noun names place, person, thing, animal, quality, idea & substance.
NO Nouns Meanings Used for?
1 Laghman Place
2 Majabeeen Person
3 Buffalo Animal
4 Skills, Talent Quality
5 Sadness, Happiness Idea
6 Ruby, Emerald Substance
Types or kinds of noun
1. Proper Noun
2. Common Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Material Noun
5. Abstract Noun
6. Concrete Noun
7. Compound Noun
27. 26| P a g e
Proper Nouns: are those nouns, which refer to proper person, or place. Or those nouns,
which name particular person and place.
Note: Proper nouns are usually written with capital letter and we don't use the articles (a/an)
with Proper noun.
No Examples of Proper Nouns Used for?
1 Shabnam Person
2 New York Place
Common Nouns: are those nouns, which refer to common people, places and things or
items.
No Examples of Common Nouns Meanings
1 Girl
2 Pen
3 Car
4 Computer
5 Mobile
Collective Nouns: are those nouns, which are singular in form, but plural in meaning.
No Examples of Collective Nouns Meanings
1 Army
2 Marines
3 Family
4 Staff
Note:
Collective Nouns either take singular and plural verb with different meaning.
Ex: Team is ready. (as a whole)
Ex: Team are ready. (all members are individually ready)
Ex: Team are ready. (Different team from different countries)
Material Nouns: are those nouns, which refer to the substance from which other nouns are
made.
No Examples of Material Nouns Meanings
1 Emerald
2 Ruby
28. 27| P a g e
Abstract Noun: are those nouns that don't have physical shape or existence.
Or those nouns, which cannot be seen or touched.
No Examples of Abstract Nouns Meanings
1 Education
2 Love
3 Sadness
4 hate
5 Experience
Concrete Nouns: are those nouns, which have physical shape or existence.
Or those nouns, which can be seen or touched.
No Examples of Concrete Nouns Meanings
1 Computer
2 Pen
3 Carpet
4 Chair
5 Bell
Compound Nouns: are those nouns, which are usually made of two or three words.
No Examples of compound Nouns Meanings
1 Bus driver
2 English teacher
3 Goalkeeper
Kinds of Compound Nouns
1. Closed compound Nouns
2. Open compound Nouns
3. Hyphenated compound Nouns
Closed Compound: When a compound noun is spelled, as one word is known as closed
compound.
No Examples of Closed Compound Nouns Meanings
1 Dishwasher
2 Beeswax
29. 28| P a g e
Open Compound: When a compound noun is spelled as two words is known as open
compound.
No Examples of Open Compound Nouns Meanings
1 Bus driver
2 Candy store
3 English teacher
Hyphenated Compound: When we use a hyphen between or among noun is called
hyphenated compound.
No Examples of Hyphenated Compound Nouns Meanings
1 Father-in-law
2 Mother-in-law
3 Editor-in-chief
Formations of Compound Noun
Noun + Noun:
Ex: Grammar book --- bus driver. (etc)
Note: In this formation the first noun, function as an adjective and it's usually singular in form.
Noun + Gerund:
Ex: Room cleaning --- Staff training. (etc)
Gerund + Noun:
Ex: Bed room --- Dining room. (etc)
Verb + Noun:
Ex: Pick pocket. (etc)
Noun + Verb:
Ex: Handshake --- Milk shake. (etc)
Adjective + Noun:
Ex: White board --- Sweet heart. (etc)
Noun + Preposition + Noun:
Ex: Sister-in-law --- brother-in-law. (etc)
30. 29| P a g e
Numbers of Noun
Are used to show whether a noun is singular or plural
(a) Singular nouns:
(b) Plural nouns:
Singular Nouns: Are those nouns, which don't usually have (s, es).
Plural Nouns: Are those nouns, which usually have (s, es).
How to change Singular to Plural nouns
Singular nouns can be changed to plural by adding (s).
Singular Plural
Pen Pens
Hen Hens
Nouns that end in (ch, sh, s, o, x, z, zz, ss) can be changed to plural by adding (es).
Ch, Sh, S, O, X, Z, ZZ, SSES
Singular Meanings Plural Meanings
Watch Watches
Fish Fishes
Quiz Quizzes
Glass Glasses
Box Boxes
Bus Buses
Mango Mangoes
Exceptions: These nouns end in (o), but take only (s).
Singular: Plural:
Dynamo Dynamos
Kilo Kilos
Photo Photos
Piano Pianos
31. 30| P a g e
Nouns that end in consonant plus (y) are changed to plural by changing (y) to (i) and add (es).
YY
YIES
MeaningsPluralMeaningsSingular
CitiesCity
BabiesBaby
LadiesLady
CountriesCountry
Nouns end in (f, fe) are changed to plural by changing (f, fe) to (v) and add (es).
FFeFFeVES
MeaningsPluralMeaningsSingular
WivesWife
LivesLife
ThievesThief
Exceptions: These nouns end in (f, fe), but take only (s).
S
Chief Chiefs
Cliff Cliffs
Chef Chefs
Irregular nouns can be changed to plural form as:
MeaningsPluralMeaningsSingular
MenMan
WomenWoman
ChildrenChild
TeethTooth
MiceMouse
LiceLouse
32. 31| P a g e
Pronoun
Is a word used in place of a noun in order to avoid the repetition of a noun.
Kinds of Pronoun
1. Subject Pronouns
2. Object Pronouns
3. Possessive Pronouns
4. Reflexive Pronouns
5. Demonstrative Pronouns
6. Indefinite Pronouns
7. Interrogative Pronouns
8. Relative Pronouns
9. Reciprocal Pronouns
10. Distribute Pronouns
11. Emphatic Pronouns
Subject Pronouns:
Are those pronouns, which are normally used before main verb in order to function as a subject of a
sentence.
Subject Pronouns are:
Subject pronouns Meanings Details
He
She
It
I
You
We
They
33. 32| P a g e
Object Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are normally used after main verb, in order to
function as the object of the sentence.
Object Pronouns are:
1. Him
2. Her
3. It
4. Me
5. Us
6. You
7. Them
Ex: He teaches them.
Ex: She loves Him.
-----------------
Possessive Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to show possession or
ownership.
Possessive Pronouns are
1. His
2. Hers
3. Mine
4. Ours
5. Yours
6. Theirs
Note: Possessive Pronouns can be used before main verb at the beginning of a sentence and after main
verb at the end of a sentence.
Ex: Yours is so expensive.
Ex: His is cheap.
Ex: This mobile is yours.
----------------
Reflexive Pronouns: Are those pronouns in which the action of the sentence reflects or turn
back to the subject of a sentence is called reflexive pronoun.
Or when the object or subject of a sentence is the same people or things
Note: Reflexive pronouns contain two suffixes at the end.
Self => Singular
Selves => Plural
34. 33| P a g e
Reflexive pronouns are:
1. Himself
2. Herself
3. Yourself
4. Themselves
5. Ourselves
6. Myself
7. Yourselves
8. Itself
Ex: I Work myself.
Ex: He called himself a great doctor.
Ex: She went to Kabul herself.
By + Reflexive pronoun: Means only or without help.
Ex: She went to Kabul by Herself.
Ex: We Talked to the Prime minister of India by ourselves.
-------------------
Demonstrative Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to demonstrate or point out
person, place, and things. Demonstrative pronouns are also called Dem-pronouns.
Some Demonstrative Pronouns are listed here:
This: Used for singular near place, person, and thing.
That: Used for singular far place, person, and thing.
These: Used for plural near places, persons, and things.
Those: Used for plural far places, persons, and things.
Note: The words (this, that, these, those) can be demonstrative pronouns and can be demonstrative
adjective.
This, that, these, those => As demonstrative pronouns: In this case after these words a noun is not used
directly.
Ex: This is Cheap.
Ex: Those are nice pens.
35. 34| P a g e
This, that, these, those => As demonstrative adjective: In this case after these words a noun is used
directly.
Ex: This chair is mine.
Ex: Those tables are expensive.
----------------
Indefinite Pronoun: Are those pronouns, which are used to show indefinite place, person,
and thing. And they are singular and take singular verb when they function as a subject of a
sentence.
Note: Indefinite pronouns contain three compounds (some, any, no)
The following indefinite pronouns are grouped:
1. Someone (body
2. Something
3. Some where
4. Any one (body)
5. Any thing
6. Any where
7. No one (body)
8. No thing
9. No where
Those indefinite pronouns that start with (some), like (some one (body), some thing,
some where) can be used:
A. In Positive Statements
Ex: I want to go somewhere.
Ex: She likes to drink something.
B. In Question when we offer food, drink, or help.
Ex: Would you like something to drink?
C. In question expecting the answer with (yes).
Ex: Do you have something to eat?
Yes, I have.
36. 35| P a g e
Those indefinite pronouns that start with (any), like (any one (body), anything, any
where) can be used in negative in question statements.
Ex: Does she give anything to you?
Ex: She didn't eat anywhere?
Those indefinite pronouns that start with (no), like (no one (body), nothing, no
where) can be used in positive statements, but give negative meanings.
Ex: I want nothing from her.
Ex: She has nothing in her pocket.
Interrogative Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to interrogate or ask about a
noun or pronoun.
Interrogative pronouns are:
1. Who
2. Which
3. That
4. Whose (etc)
Ex: Who Studies hard?
Ex: Which is cheap?
Ex: Whose is this notebook?
-------------------
Relative Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to combine dependent clause or
adjective clause with an independent clause.
Or those pronouns, which are used to introduce adjective clause
Relative Pronouns are:
1. Who
2. Whom
3. Which
4. That
5. Whose (etc)
Who: Is used in subjective and objective case for persons.
Ex: I have a girlfriend. She lives in New York.
Adjective Clause: I have a girlfriend, who lives in London.
37. 36| P a g e
Ex: I have a brother. I saw him at school.
Adjective Clause: I have a brother who I saw at school.
Whom: Is used in objective case for persons.
Ex: I know Dildar. I saw him in the zoo.
Adjective Clause: I know Dildar whom I saw in the zoo.
Which: Is used in subjective and objective case for things.
Ex: She has a pen. It is red.
Adjective Clause: She has a pen which is red.
Ex: I bought a grammar book. I saw it last night.
Adjective Clause: I bought a grammar book which I saw last night.
That: Is used for both people and things in subjective and objective case.
Ex: I bought her a necklace. It is nice.
Adjective Clause: I bought her a necklace that is nice.
Ex: I know Khalid. I met him last night.
Adjective Clause: I know Khalid that I met him last night.
Whose: Is used for both people and things in possessive case.
Ex: I saw Ali. His father is a doctor.
Adjective Clause: I saw Ali whose father is a doctor.
------------------
Emphatic Pronouns: Are also called intensive or emphasizing pronouns when reflexive
pronouns are used to emphasize noun or pronouns, so they are called emphatic pronoun.
Note: Emphatic pronouns are normally used in three position of a sentence.
A. Before main verb after subject.
Ex: He himself play soccer.
Ex: They themselves made a big mistake.
B. At the end of a sentence or clause.
Ex: He worked hard himself.
Ex: We learned English ourselves.
38. 37| P a g e
C. At the beginning of a sentence with a comma.
Ex: Myself, I wrote homework.
Ex: Ourselves, we feel sad about the bad situations here in Afghanistan.
-------------
Reciprocal Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which refer to a noun mutually or equally.
Reciprocal pronouns are (one another, each other)
Ex: Help with each other.
Ex: Talk with one another.
-------------
Distributive Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which refer to a noun individually.
Distributive pronouns are:
1. Each
2. Every
3. Either
4. Neither
Examples:
1. Every student should study hard for their exam.
2. The belong to each other.
3. I don’t like it either.
4. Neither, I am a Pakistani.
39. 38| P a g e
Adjective
Is a word, which is used to modify noun or pronoun or gives extra information about noun or pronoun.
Comparison of an adjective
In English grammar while knowing about high, higher and the highest quality of a noun here, an
adjective is used in three different degrees.
Degrees of an adjective
1. Positive degree
2. Comparative degree
3. Superlative degree
1. Positive degree of an adjective:- Is also called absolute adjective is a degree in which we add
neither suffixes (r) (er) (est) nor prefixes (less, more)
Examples:
1. The flower is beautiful.
2. Jamila is an intelligent student.
3. Bibi Gull is good woman.
2. Comparative degree: This degree denotes a higher degree of the quality then the positive and
we used this degree when we want to compare two things, two places, and two people with
each other.
Examples:
1. Ghofran is taller than Sabawoon.
2. Zarmina is sweeter than Maryem.
3. I am better than you.
3. Superlative degree: We used this degree when we want to compare one person with the group
of people, one thing with a group of things, one place with a group of place and we used the
definite article (the) before superlative.
Examples:
1. Bamyan is the coldest city in Afghanistan.
2. Muska is the best girl in the class.
3. Sangar is the tallest guy in the class.
40. 39| P a g e
Formation of comparative and superlative
For one syllable adjective we add (er) in comparative and (est) in superlative
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Great Greater Greatest
Tall Taller Tallest
Small Smaller Smallest
Neat Neater Neatest
When an adjective ends in (e) we add only comparative (r) and super (st)
Positive Comparative Superlative
Brave Braver The Bravest
Fine Finer The finest
Large Larger The largest
White Whiter The whitest
When an adjective ends in a single vowel +consonant, we double the consonant and
add (er) in comparative and (est) in super.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger The Biggest
Red Redder The Reddest
Hot Hotter The hottest
Fat Fatter The fattest
When an adjective ends in a double vowel +consonant, here we don’t double
The consonant.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet Sweeter The Sweetest
Great Greater Greatest
When an adjective ends in {consonant +y}, we change (y) to (i) and add (er) in
comparative and (est) superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Happy Happier The Happiest
Heavy Heavier The Heaviest
Easy Easier The Easiest
41. 40| P a g e
For two or more than two syllable adjective we add (less and more) in comparative
and (the least and the most) in superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Interesting more Interesting The most Interesting
Intelligent more Intelligent The most Intelligent
Modern more Modern The most Modern
Famous more Famous The most Famous
Some adjectives have two possibilities, we can add (r, er, more) comparative and
(st,est, the most) in superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Polite Politer/ more politer Politest/ most politest
Simple Simpler/ more simple Simplest/ most simplest
Cruel Crueler/ more crueler Cruelest/ more cruelest
Some adjective don’t have comparative and superlative forms, such adjectives are called absolute
adjective.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Excellent ? ?
Wrong ? ?
Modern ? ?
Famous ? ?
Perfect ? ?
Right ? ?
The comparative and superlative form of irregular adjectives.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better The Best
Bad, ill, Evil Worse The worst
Far Farther Farthest
Late Later The latest
Old Older The Oldest
Many More The most
Much More The most
Little Less, lesser The least
42. 41| P a g e
Conjunction
Is a word or group of words that is used to combine two sentences or clauses, two phrases and two
words.
Examples:
1. I am a boy and you are a girl.
2. Jamila and Maryem.
3. At home and at office.
44. 43| P a g e
VERB
Verb is a word which shows an action, state of being and time in a sentence.
Ex: He drives a car.
Shows action
Ex: She is in the office.
State of being
Ex: he was a student.
Shows time
Verb List
45. 44| P a g e
Verb is generally divided into two groups:
(1) Ordinary verb
(2) Auxiliary verb
(1) Ordinary verb: Are also called main verbs.
Are those verbs which function only as a main verb in the sentence.
No Ordinary Verbs Meanings
1 Teach
2 Sing
3 Read
4 Write
5 Study
6 Walk
7 Talk
Ordinary verbs are generally divided into three groups:
(1) Transitive verbs
(2) Intransitive verbs
(3) Linking verbs
(1) Transitive verbs: Are those verbs which take or needs an object.
Structure:
Subject + transitive verb + object
Ex: He eats lunch.
Tran-v
Ex: She plays cricket.
Tran-v
46. 45| P a g e
(2) Intransitive Verbs: Are those verbs which don’t need or take an object
Structure:
Sub + intransitive verb+ complement.
Intransitive verbs are {walk, go, live, climb, occur etc}
EX: He lives in New York.
Intra-v complement
EX: We go to school yesterday.
Intra-v complement.
Note: An object can’t be a complement, but a complement can be an object
----------------------
(3) Linking verbs: Are also called copulative or copular verbs,
Are those verbs which are used to connect a subject with a complement of a sentence, complement is a
word which completes the meaning of a sentence.
Complement must be either a noun or an adjective, (If it is a noun it is called a noun complement, if it is
an adjective it is called adjective complement)
Linking verbs are [is, am, are, was, were, get, taste, smell, look etc]
EX: He is a doctor.
Linking-v noun
Ex: She is pretty.
Linking- v adj
47. 46| P a g e
Auxiliary Verbs
Are those verbs which are used to show the mood of a sentence and help the main verb of a sentence
Auxiliary verbs have two meaning:
Dictionary meaning: Less important, the staff of low rank
Grammatical meaning: Helping or helpful,
Usages of Auxiliary Verbs:
Used to show degree of certainty.
Ex: She will Go to Kabul. (70%75)
Ex: She may Go to Kabul. (50%)
Ex: She might Go to Kabul. (30%)
Used to show stages of obligation.
Ex: You should work hard. (70%75)
Ex: You must work hard. (95%98)
Used to show habitual action.
Ex: He would play with children when he was a child.
48. 47| P a g e
Preposition
In a word or group of words, used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun with the rest of a
sentence.
Ex: The pen is on the desk.
Pre noun
Prepositions:
No Some Prepositions Meanings
1 In
2 On
3 To
4 At
5 Next to
6 Behind
7 In front of
8 Under
9 Top
10 Inside
11 Near
12 With
13 Between
15 Up
16 By
17 From
18 Into
19 Until
20 Outside
51. 50| P a g e
Prepositions of Time and Locations
Adverb
The word (adverb) means to add something extra to the meaning of a verb. Is a word which is used to
modify a verb, noun, an adjective, an adverb, prepositional phrase and sometimes the whole sentence?
Ex: She dances beautifully.
Verb adverb
Ex: The girl over there is an actress.
Noun adverb
Ex: That Pen is very light.
Adv Adj
Ex: She speaks pretty fast.
Adv Adv
Ex: Unfortunately, no one was present.
Adverb whole sentence
52. 51| P a g e
Interjection
Are words, which are used to express sudden feeling or emotion?
Interjections are : {oh, ah, alas, hurrah, huzza, bravo, wow, ouch, oops etc}
Interjections are used to show:
(a) Joy:
Ex: Hurrah, huzza (etc)
(b) Grief:
Ex: Alas (etc)
(c) Surprise:
Ex: Oh, ah, wow (etc)
(d) Approval:
Ex: Bravo (etc)