9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
English easy grammar in pashto language
1. Easy Learning of English
Language
Izharulhaq Kamran | AREP | Provical Coordinator
Email: i.kamran@arep.org.af – izharulhaqkamran@gmail.com
Phone: +93 781684958
Website: www.arep.org.af Skype: kamran201281
OSCEW
(Organization for Saving the Children and Emprowering of Women)
Laghman Branch
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لړليک
۲۱ ۱ ۲
۲۱ ۲۱ ۱
۱۱ ۲۱ ۱
۱۲ ۱۲ ۲
۸۷ ۱۱ ۱
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برخه لومړی
(عموميات)
الفباء لوی ژبې انګليسي د
A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S T
U V W X Y Z
الفباء کوچني ژبې انګليسي د
a b c d e f g h i j
k l m n o p q r s T
u v w x y Z
کې ژبه پښتو په استعمال الفباؤ انګليسي د
A J S
B K T
C L U
D M V
E N W
F O X
G P Y
H Q Z
I R
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کې ژبه انګليسي په استعمال الفباؤ ژبې پښتو د
T P B A, E, I, O, U
CH J, G S T
KH H Z S
R Z D D
G ZH, J Z R
S KH SH S
A Z T D, Z
K Q, K F GH
N M L G
E, I, Y, U H W, V N
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ترکيبي يا مرکبتوري
Compound letters
1. Ch Chalk
2. Sh Shy
3. Zh Zhala
4. Gh Ghulam
5. Kh Khala
6. Ph Phone
7. Ture Nature
8. Tion Nation
9. Sion Television
01. Cient Ancient
11. Cial Special
قاعدې تلفظ د ژبې انګليسي د
۱BTBMB
Examples: Break, Debt, Thumb, Comb
۲CCE,I,Y
Examples: City, Center, Cycle, Car
۳DDjGD
Examples: Door, Adjective, Bridge
۴VEV
Example: Live
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توری تعريف د(Article:)
ArticleefiniteD
The
sIndefinite Article
AAN
A
A
RulerBookPen
A RulerA bookA pen
AN
AN
EggOrangeApple
An EggAn orangeAn apple
( افعال کومکيTobe Verbs:)
Is, Am, Are
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فاعليضميرونه(Subject Pronouns:)
,
He, She, It,I,You,We,They
Complement.Not
IS
He
IS She
It
AMIAm
Are
You
Are We
They
م( ضميرونه فعوليObject Pronouns:)
Object
1. Him –
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2. Her –
3. It –
4. Me –
5. Us –
6. You –
7. Them –
( ضماير اشاريDemonstrative Pronouns:)
This is a boy.This
These are boys.These
That is a girl.That
These are girls.Those
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( ضماير ملکيPossessive Pronouns:)
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ملکيصفات(Possessive Adjectives:)
1. His –
2. Her –
3. Its –
4. My –
5. Our –
6. Your –
7. Their –
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برخه دوهمه
سوالونه معلوماتي
WH or Information Questions
What?
What is a WH or Information Question which is used to ask about things.
شی؟ څه يا څه
Examples:
1. What is this? This is book 1.
2. What is your name? My name is Jamila.
3. What is in your pocket? Ten dollars.
4. What are these? Mobiles and computers.
5. What is his job? He is a police officer.
Who?
Who is a WH or information question which is used to ask about persons.
څوک؟
Examples:
1. Who is he? He is my brother.
2. Who is your English teacher? Shaista Noori
3. Who are them? They are her children.
4. Who is he president of Afghanistan? Mohammad Ashraf Ghani
5. Who wants to be a doctor? Ahmad wants to be a doctor.
How?
How is a WH or information question which is used to ask about manner and nature.
څنګه؟
Examples:
1. How is your father now? He is ok, thanks.
2. How was your exam? Not bad.
3. How is her English? She is good in English.
4. How are your teachers in school? They are good and I respect them a lot.
Where?
Where is a WH or information question which is used to ask about places.
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چيرته؟
Examples:
1. Where is located China? It located in Asia.
2. Where were you born? I was born in Kabul.
3. Where were you last week? I was in New York.
4. Where is she living? She lives in New Delhi.
5. Where should we meet tomorrow? We should meet in the park.
When?
When is a WH or information question which is used to ask about time.
وخت؟ څه يا کله
Examples:
1. When is your birthday? On 02, jan,1990
2. When will you graduate from LLB Faculty? Next year.
3. When are you going to start your business? May be next month.
4. When did u join the Army? In 2009.
5. When is she coming to the class? Tomorrow.
Why?
Why is a WH or information question which is used to ask about reason?
ولی؟
Example:
1. Why you go to school? To study.
2. Why are you late? Because, I woke up late this morning.
3. Why she wants to be a doctor? Because, she wants to help her own people.
4. Why you want learn English? Because, it is an international language.
5. Why are they studying hard? To get high marks in their exam.
6. Why are you here? I have an appointment with the doctor.
7. Why you don’t come at 12:11 PM? Because, I have another class at 02:00 PM.
8. Why we don’t have security in Afghanistan? Because, we are honest with our own
country.
9. Why he is laughing? He watching a funny video.
10. Why you don’t watch Pakistani movies? Because, I don’t like Pakistani movies.
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Which?
Which is a WH or information question that is used to ask about persons, places and things.
کوم؟
Examples:
1. Which one is your pen? The red one.
2. Which place is the best place of Kabul? Bagh babur and Qargha.
3. Which one is your brother in this pic? The one with black jacket.
4. Which president has worked the best for Afghanistan? Hamid Karzai.
5. Which part is the best part of Khuda Gawa movie? I love the songs.
Whose?
Whose is a WH or information question which is used to ask about ownership or property.
چا؟ د
Examples:
1. Whose pen is this? This is Ahmad’s pen.
2. Whose car is that? That is my car.
3. Whose brother is that? He is her brother.
4. Whose Computer is broken? Maryam’s computer is broken.
5. Whose cell phone keeps ringing? Shabnam’s cell phone is ringing.
Whom?
Whom is a WH or information question which is used to ask about persons.
چاچاته يا؟
Examples:
1. To whom it may concern? It may concern to all.
2. To whom did you talk today? I talked to my girl today.
3. Whom dose Sarah love? Kabeer.
4. With whom are you talking now? I am talking to my mother.
5. Whom did you see? Maryam.
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برخه دريمه
Tense
Tense is a word which shows form of verb whether it's in present form, past form or in future form.
Tense is generally divided into three categories.
▪ Past tenses:
▪ Present tenses:
▪ Future tenses:
Past tenses
Simple past
tense
Past continuous
tense
Past perfect
tense
Past perfect
continuous
tense
Present tenses
Simple present
tense
Present
continuous
tense
Present perfect
tense
Present perfect
continuous
tense
Future tenses
Simple future
tense
Future
continuous tense
Future perfect
tense
Future perfect
continuous tense
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Past Tenses
تيزمانې ری
Simple past tense
Simple past tense talks about an action or situation which started and completed at a particular time
in the past.
Structures
▪ Subject + 2nd
form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Subject + did not + base form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Did + subject + base form the verb + comp +?
Examples
▪ Nadia went to Logar last week.
▪ Nadia didn't go to Logar last week.
▪ Did Nadia go to Logar last week?
Past progressive tense
Past progressive tense shows an action which was or wasn't in progressive for some time in the past.
Structures
▪ Subject + was/were + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Subject + was/were + not + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Was/were + subject + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples
▪ Jamila was watching television when I called her.
▪ Jamila was not watching television when I called her.
▪ Was Jamila watching television when I called her?
Past perfect tense
Past perfect tense expresses an action which took place or didn't take place before another action or
time in the past.
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Structures
▪ Subject + had + third form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Subject + had + not + third form the verb + comp +.
▪ Had + subject + third form of the verb + comp +?
Examples
▪They had finished level tow before level three.
▪They hadn't finished level tow before level three.
▪Had they finished level tow before level three?
Past perfect progressive tense
Past perfect progressive tense expresses an action which was or wasn't in progress before another
action or time in the past.
Structures:
▪ Sub + had + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Sub + had + not + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Had + sub + been + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples:
▪ We had been studying level three by the time we started intensive.
▪ We had not been studying level three.
▪ Had we been studying level three?
Present Tenses
حالزمانې
Simple present tense
Simple present tense shows habitual action, daily activities and general fact.
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Structures
▪ Subject + verb + (s/es) + complement +.
▪Subject + verb + (does not/do not) + complement +.
▪ Do/Does + sub + verb + complement +?
Examples
▪ He studies English every day.
▪ He does not study English every day.
▪ Does he studies English every day?
Present continuous tense
Present continuous tense shows an action which is happening right now.
Structures
▪ Subject + is, am, are + verb + ing + complement +.
▪ Subject + is, am, are + not + verb + ing + complement +.
▪ Is, am, are + sub + verb + ing + complement+?
Examples
▪ She is looking to me.
▪ She is not looking to me.
▪ Is she looking to me?
Present perfect tense
Expresses an action that happened or did not happen before another action in present or in the past
in an unspecified time.
Structures
▪ Sub + have/has + 3rd
form of the verb + complement +.
▪ Sub + have/has + not + 3rd
form of the verb + complement +.
▪ Have/has + sub + 3rd
form of the verb + complement +?
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Examples
▪She has studied level four.
▪She hasn't studied level four.
▪Has she studied level four?
Note: In present perfect tense we have the following different usages.
Many times, several times, twice, since and for.
Since: is a word which shows the specific time in the sentences.
Ex. I have taught English since 1990.
For: is a word which shows the duration of an action in the sentences.
Ex. I have taught English for 5 years.
Present perfect progressive tense
Present perfect progressive or continuous tense express the duration of an action which started in
the past, comes to present, may or may not go to the future.
Structures
▪ Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Subject + have/ has + not + been + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ have/has + subject + been + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples
▪ She has been studying English.
▪ She hasn't been studying English.
▪ has she been studying English?
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Future Tenses
راتلونکيزمانې
Simple future tense
Simple future tense expresses which will or will not take place in the coming time.
Structures:
▪ Sub + will/ be going to + verb + comp +.
▪ Sub + will + not + verb + comp +.
▪ Will/ be going to + sub + verb + comp +?
Examples:
▪She will finish level 1 next week.
▪She will not finish level 1 next week.
▪Will she finish level 1 next week?
Future progressive tense
Future progressive tense shows an action which will be or won't be in progressive for some time in
the future.
Structures:
▪ Subject + will/be going to + be + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Subject + will/be going to + not + be + verb + ing + comp +.
▪ Will/be going to + sub + be + verb + ing + comp +?
Examples:
▪She will be working in this morning.
▪She will not be working in this morning.
▪Will she be working in this morning?
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Future perfect tense
Future perfect tense expresses an action which will be or won't be completed before another action
or time in the past.
Structures:
▪ Subject + will/be going to + have + 3rd
form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Subject + will/be going to + not + have + 3rd
form of the verb + comp +.
▪ Will + subject + have + III verb + comp +?
Examples:
▪ She will have finished the work.
▪ She will not have finished the work.
▪ Will she have finished the work?
Future perfect progressive tense
Shows the duration of an action which will be continuing before another action or time in the future.
Structures:
▪ Subject + will/shall + have + been + verb + ing + complement+.
▪ Subject + will/shall + not + have + been + verb + ing + complement+.
▪ will/shall + Subject + have + been + verb + ing + complement+.
Examples:
▪ Ajmal will have been studying English.
▪Ajmal will not have been studying English.
▪ Will Ajmal have been studying English?
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برخه څلورمه
Parts of Speech
دکالماجزاوې
The words which are classified according to their functions in the sentences are called parts of
speech.
Parts of speech can be divided into two categories:
1. Open system items: The number of open system items are not limited.
Open system items are:
- Noun
- Verb
- Adverb
- Adjective
2. Closed system items: The number of closed system items are limited.
Closed system items are:
1- Pronoun
2- Conjunction
3- Preposition
4- Interjection
Difference between Open and Closed system items
Open system items Closed system items
Their number is not limited.
They are (adjective, adverb, Verb &
Noun)
We can use affixes (Prefixes, Suffixes)
to change either their meaning or
structure.
Ex: -King --------- Reading
Prefix- NounVerb-Suff
a lot of new words come into English
every year. When a new word is
Their number is limited.
They are (Conjunction, interjection,
pronoun & preposition)
We can't add affixes to them.
New words are not coined in closed
system.
They don’t make the major part of the
English vocabulary since they are few
in numbers.
We cannot change into one another.
For example, a conjunction with
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coined it must be of open system
items.
Ex: Online --------Mail etc
They make a major parts of the English
vocabulary viz they are more in
number.
They can be changed into one
another. For example, we can change
a verb into a noun and vice versa.
Ex: Introduce--------Introduction
Verb Noun
Ex:Danger ---------Endanger
Noun Verb
pronoun, and vice – versa.
Noun:
Noun is a naming word.
Noun names place, person, thing, animal, quality, idea & substance.
NO Nouns Meanings Used for?
1 Laghman Place
2 Majabeeen Person
3 Buffalo Animal
4 Skills, Talent Quality
5 Sadness, Happiness Idea
6 Ruby, Emerald Substance
Types or kinds of noun
1. Proper Noun
2. Common Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Material Noun
5. Abstract Noun
6. Concrete Noun
7. Compound Noun
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Proper Nouns: are those nouns, which refer to proper person, or place. Or those nouns,
which name particular person and place.
Note: Proper nouns are usually written with capital letter and we don't use the articles
(a/an) with Proper noun.
No Examples of Proper Nouns Used for?
1 Shabnam Person
2 New York Place
Common Nouns: are those nouns, which refer to common people, places and things or
items.
No Examples of Common Nouns Meanings
1 Girl
2 Pen
3 Car
4 Computer
5 Mobile
Collective Nouns: are those nouns, which are singular in form, but plural in meaning.
No Examples of Collective Nouns Meanings
1 Army
2 Marines
3 Family
4 Staff
Note:
Collective Nouns either take singular and plural verb with different meaning.
Ex: Team is ready. (as a whole)
Ex: Team are ready. (all members are individually ready)
Ex: Team are ready. (Different team from different countries)
Material Nouns: are those nouns, which refer to the substance from which other nouns
are made.
No Examples of Material Nouns Meanings
1 Emerald
2 Ruby
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Abstract Noun: are those nouns that don't have physical shape or existence.
Or those nouns, which cannot be seen or touched.
No Examples of Abstract Nouns Meanings
1 Education
2 Love
3 Sadness
4 hate
5 Experience
Concrete Nouns: are those nouns, which have physical shape or existence.
Or those nouns, which can be seen or touched.
No Examples of Concrete Nouns Meanings
1 Computer
2 Pen
3 Carpet
4 Chair
5 Bell
Compound Nouns: are those nouns, which are usually made of two or three words.
No Examples of compound Nouns Meanings
1 Bus driver
2 English teacher
3 Goalkeeper
Kinds of Compound Nouns
1. Closed compound Nouns
2. Open compoundNouns
3. Hyphenated compound Nouns
Closed Compound: When a compound noun is spelled, as one word is known as closed
compound.
No Examples of Closed Compound Nouns Meanings
1 Dishwasher
2 Beeswax
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Open Compound: When a compound noun is spelled as two words is known as open
compound.
No Examples of Open Compound Nouns Meanings
1 Bus driver
2 Candy store
3 English teacher
Hyphenated Compound: When we use a hyphen between or among noun is called
hyphenated compound.
No Examples of Hyphenated Compound Nouns Meanings
1 Father-in-law
2 Mother-in-law
3 Editor-in-chief
Formations of Compound Noun ()جوړښټ اسمونو مرکب د
Noun + Noun:
Ex: Grammar book --- bus driver.(etc)
Note: In this formation the first noun, function as an adjective and it's usually singular in
form.
Noun + Gerund:
Ex:Room cleaning --- Staff training. (etc)
Gerund + Noun:
Ex:Bed room --- Dining room.(etc)
Verb + Noun:
Ex: Pick pocket.(etc)
Noun + Verb:
Ex: Handshake --- Milk shake.(etc)
Adjective + Noun:
Ex:White board --- Sweet heart. (etc)
Noun + Preposition + Noun:
Ex:Sister-in-law --- brother-in-law.(etc)
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Numbers of Noun
Are used to show whether a noun is singular or plural
(a) Singular nouns:
(b) Plural nouns:
Singular Nouns: Are those nouns, which don't usually have (s, es).
مفرد:اسمونهs,es
Plural Nouns: Are those nouns, which usually have (s, es).
جمعاسمونه:s,es
How to change Singular to Plural nouns
Singular nouns can be changed to plural by adding (s).
Singular Plural
Pen Pens
Hen Hens
Nouns that end in (ch, sh, s, o, x, z, zz, ss) can be changed to plural by adding (es).
Ch, Sh, S, O, X, Z, ZZ, SSES
Singular Meanings Plural Meanings
Watch Watches
Fish Fishes
Quiz Quizzes
Glass Glasses
Box Boxes
Bus Buses
Mango Mangoes
Exceptions: These nouns end in (o), but take only (s).
استثنا
Singular: Plural:
Dynamo Dynamos
Kilo Kilos
Photo Photos
Piano Pianos
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Nouns that end in consonant plus (y) are changed to plural by changing (y) to (i) and add (es).
YY
YIES
MeaningsPluralMeaningsSingular
CitiesCity
BabiesBaby
LadiesLady
CountriesCountry
Nouns end in (f, fe) are changed to plural by changing (f, fe) to (v) and add (es).
FFeFFeVES
MeaningsPluralMeaningsSingular
WivesWife
LivesLife
ThievesThief
Exceptions: These nouns end in (f, fe), but take only (s).
استثنا
S
Chief Chiefs
Cliff Cliffs
Chef Chefs
Irregular nouns can be changed to plural form as:
MeaningsPluralMeaningsSingular
MenMan
WomenWoman
ChildrenChild
TeethTooth
MiceMouse
LiceLouse
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Pronoun ضمير
Is a word used in place of a noun in order to avoid the repetition of a noun.
Kinds of Pronoun
1. Subject Pronouns
2. Object Pronouns
3. Possessive Pronouns
4. Reflexive Pronouns
5. Demonstrative Pronouns
6. Indefinite Pronouns
7. Interrogative Pronouns
8. Relative Pronouns
9. Reciprocal Pronouns
10. Distribute Pronouns
11. Emphatic Pronouns
Subject Pronouns: ضميرونه فاعلي
Are those pronouns, which are normally used before main verb in order to function as a subject of a
sentence.
Subject Pronouns are:
Subject pronouns Meanings Details
He
She
It
I
You
We
They
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Object Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are normally used after main verb, in order
to function as the object of the sentence.
Object Pronouns are:
1. Him
2. Her
3. It
4. Me
5. Us
6. You
7. Them
Ex: He teaches them.
Ex:She loves Him.
-----------------
Possessive Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to show possession or
ownership.
Possessive Pronouns are
1. His
2. Hers
3. Mine
4. Ours
5. Yours
6. Theirs
Note: Possessive Pronouns can be used before main verb at the beginning of a sentence and after
main verb at the end of a sentence.
Ex:Yours is so expensive.
Ex:His is cheap.
Ex:This mobile is yours.
----------------
Reflexive Pronouns: Are those pronouns in which the action of the sentence reflects or
turn back to the subject of a sentence is called reflexive pronoun.
Or when the object or subject of a sentence is the same people or things
Note: Reflexive pronouns contain two suffixes at the end.
Self =>Singular
Selves =>Plural
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Reflexive pronouns are:
1. Himself
2. Herself
3. Yourself
4. Themselves
5. Ourselves
6. Myself
7. Yourselves
8. Itself
Ex: I Workmyself.
Ex: He calledhimself a great doctor.
Ex:She went to Kabul herself.
By + Reflexive pronoun: Means only or without help.
Ex:She went to Kabul by Herself.
Ex:WeTalked to the Prime minister of India by ourselves.
-------------------
Demonstrative Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to demonstrate or point
out person, place, and things. Demonstrative pronouns are also called Dem-pronouns.
ضماير اشاری
Some Demonstrative Pronouns are listed here:
This: Used for singular near place, person, and thing.
That: Used for singular far place, person, and thing.
These: Used for plural near places, persons, and things.
Those: Used for plural far places, persons, and things.
Note: The words (this, that, these, those) can be demonstrative pronouns and can be demonstrative
adjective.
This, that, these, those => As demonstrative pronouns: In this case after these words a noun is not
used directly.
Ex:ThisisCheap.
Ex: Those arenicepens.
This, that, these, those => As demonstrative adjective: In this case after these words a noun is used
directly.
Ex:This chair is mine.
Ex:Those tables are expensive.
----------------
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Indefinite Pronoun: Are those pronouns, which are used to show indefinite place,
person, and thing. And they are singular and take singular verb when they function as a
subject of a sentence.
Note: Indefinite pronouns contain three compounds (some, any, no)
The following indefinite pronouns are grouped:
1. Someone (body
2. Something
3. Some where
4. Any one (body)
5. Any thing
6. Any where
7. No one (body)
8. No thing
9. No where
Those indefinite pronouns that start with (some), like (some one (body), some thing,
some where) can be used:
A. In Positive Statements
Ex: I want to go somewhere.
Ex: She likes to drinksomething.
B. In Question when we offer food, drink, or help.
Ex: Would you like something to drink?
C. In question expecting the answer with (yes).
Ex: Do you have somethingto eat?
Yes, I have.
Those indefinite pronouns that start with (any), like (any one (body), anything,
any where) can be used in negative in question statements.
Ex: Does she give anything to you?
Ex:She didn't eatanywhere?
Those indefinite pronouns that start with (no), like (no one (body), nothing, no
where) can be used in positive statements, but give negative meanings.
Ex:I want nothing from her.
Ex:She has nothing in her pocket.
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Interrogative Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to interrogate or ask
about a noun or pronoun.
ضماير پوښتونکي
Interrogative pronouns are:
1. Who
2. Which
3. That
4. Whose (etc)
Ex: Who Studies hard?
Ex: Which is cheap?
Ex: Whose is this notebook?
-------------------
Relative Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which are used to combine dependent clause or
adjective clause with an independent clause.
Or those pronouns, which are used to introduce adjective clause
Relative Pronouns are:
1. Who
2. Whom
3. Which
4. That
5. Whose (etc)
Who: Is used in subjective and objective case for persons.
Ex: I have a girlfriend. She lives in New York.
Adjective Clause: I have a girlfriend, who lives in London.
Ex: I have a brother. I saw him at school.
Adjective Clause: I have a brother who I saw at school.
Whom: Is used in objective case for persons.
Ex: I know Dildar. I saw him in the zoo.
Adjective Clause: I know Dildar whom I saw in the zoo.
Which: Is used in subjective and objective case for things.
Ex:She has a pen. It is red.
Adjective Clause:She has a penwhich is red.
Ex: I bought a grammar book. I saw it last night.
Adjective Clause: I bought a grammar book which I saw last night.
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That: Is used for both people and things in subjective and objective case.
Ex:I bought her a necklace. It is nice.
Adjective Clause:I bought her a necklacethat is nice.
Ex: I know Khalid. I met him last night.
Adjective Clause: I know Khalid that I met him last night.
Whose: Is used for both people and things in possessive case.
Ex: I saw Ali. His father is a doctor.
Adjective Clause: I saw Ali whose father is a doctor.
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Emphatic Pronouns: Are also called intensive or emphasizing pronouns when reflexive
pronouns are used to emphasize noun or pronouns, so they are called emphatic pronoun.
Note: Emphatic pronouns are normally used in three position of a sentence.
A. Before main verb after subject.
Ex:Hehimselfplay soccer.
Ex: They themselvesmade a big mistake.
B. At the end of a sentence or clause.
Ex: He worked hardhimself.
Ex:We learned Englishourselves.
C. At the beginning of a sentence with a comma.
Ex: Myself, I wrote homework.
Ex:Ourselves, we feel sad about the bad situations here in Afghanistan.
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Reciprocal Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which refer to a noun mutually or equally.
Reciprocal pronouns are (one another, each other)
Ex:Help with each other.
Ex:Talk with one another.
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Distributive Pronouns: Are those pronouns, which refer to a noun individually.
Distributive pronouns are:
1. Each
2. Every
3. Either
4. Neither
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Examples:
1. Every student should study hard for their exam.
2. The belong to each other.
3. I don’t like it either.
4. Neither, I am a Pakistani.
Adjectiveصفت
Is a word, which is used to modify noun or pronoun or gives extra information about noun or
pronoun.
صفت
Comparison of an adjective
In English grammar while knowing about high, higher and the highest quality of a noun here, an
adjective is used in three different degrees.
Degrees of an adjective
1. Positive degree
2. Comparative degree
3. Superlative degree
1. Positive degree of an adjective:- Is also called absolute adjective is a degree in which we
add neither suffixes (r) (er) (est) nor prefixes (less, more)
Examples:
1. The flower is beautiful.
2. Jamila is an intelligent student.
3. Bibi Gull is good woman.
2. Comparative degree: This degree denotes a higher degree of the quality then the positive
and we used this degree when we want to compare two things, two places, and two people
with each other.
Examples:
1. Ghofran is taller than Sabawoon.
2. Zarmina is sweeter than Maryem.
3. I am better than you.
3. Superlative degree: We used this degree when we want to compare one person with the
group of people, one thing with a group of things, one place with a group of place and we
used the definite article (the) before superlative.
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Examples:
1. Bamyan is the coldest city in Afghanistan.
2. Muska is the best girl in the class.
3. Sangar is the tallest guy in the class.
Formation of comparative and superlative
For one syllable adjective we add (er) in comparative and (est) in superlative
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Great Greater Greatest
Tall Taller Tallest
Small Smaller Smallest
Neat Neater Neatest
When an adjective ends in (e) we add only comparative (r) and super (st)
Positive Comparative Superlative
Brave Braver The Bravest
Fine Finer The finest
Large Larger The largest
White Whiter The whitest
When an adjective ends in a single vowel +consonant, we double the consonant and
add (er) in comparative and (est) in super.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger The Biggest
Red Redder The Reddest
Hot Hotter The hottest
Fat Fatter The fattest
When an adjective ends in a double vowel +consonant, here we don’t double
The consonant.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet Sweeter The Sweetest
Great Greater Greatest
When an adjective ends in {consonant +y}, we change (y) to (i) and add (er) in
comparative and (est) superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Happy Happier The Happiest
Heavy Heavier The Heaviest
Easy Easier The Easiest
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For two or more than two syllable adjective we add (less and more) in comparative
and (the least and the most) in superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Interesting more Interesting The most Interesting
Intelligent more Intelligent The most Intelligent
Modern more Modern The most Modern
Famous more Famous The most Famous
Some adjectives have two possibilities, we can add (r, er, more) comparative and
(st,est, the most) in superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Polite Politer/ more politer Politest/ most politest
Simple Simpler/ more simple Simplest/ most simplest
Cruel Crueler/ more crueler Cruelest/ more cruelest
Some adjective don’t have comparative and superlative forms, such adjectives are called absolute
adjective.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Excellent ? ?
Wrong ? ?
Modern ? ?
Famous ? ?
Perfect ? ?
Right ? ?
The comparative and superlative form of irregular adjectives.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better The Best
Bad, ill, Evil Worse The worst
Far Farther Farthest
Late Later The latest
Old Older The Oldest
Many More The most
Much More The most
Little Less, lesser The least
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Conjunction توري ارتباطي
Is a word or group of words that is used to combine two sentences or clauses, two phrases and two
words.
توری ارتباطی:
Examples:
1. I am a boy and you are a girl.
2. Jamila and Maryem.
3. At home and at office.
نوټ
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VERB فعل
Verb is a word which shows an action, state of being and time in a sentence.
فعل
Ex: He drivesa car.
Shows action
Ex:Sheis in the office.
State of being
Ex:he was a student.
Shows time
Verb List
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Verb is generally divided into two groups:
(1) Ordinary verb
(2) Auxiliary verb
(1) Ordinary verb: Are also called main verbs.
Are those verbs which function only as a main verb in the sentence.
No Ordinary Verbs Meanings
1 Teach
2 Sing
3 Read
4 Write
5 Study
6 Walk
7 Talk
Ordinary verbs are generally divided into three groups:
(1) Transitive verbs
(2) Intransitive verbs
(3) Linking verbs
(1) Transitive verbs: Are those verbs which take or needs an object.
Structure:
Subject + transitive verb + object
Ex: He eats lunch.
Tran-v
Ex: She plays cricket.
Tran-v
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(2) Intransitive Verbs: Are those verbs which don’t need or take an object
Structure:
Sub + intransitive verb+ complement.
Intransitive verbs are {walk, go, live, climb, occur etc}
EX: Helives in New York.
Intra-v complement
EX: We go to school yesterday.
Intra-v complement.
Note:An object can’t be a complement, but a complement can be an object
----------------------
(3) Linking verbs: Are also called copulative or copular verbs,
Are those verbs which are used to connect a subject with a complement of a sentence, complement
is a word which completes the meaning of a sentence.
Complement must be either a noun or an adjective, (If it is a noun it is called a nouncomplement, if
it is an adjective it is called adjective complement)
Linking verbs are [is, am, are, was, were, get, taste, smell, look etc]
EX: He is a doctor.
Linking-v noun
Ex: She ispretty.
Linking- v adj
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Auxiliary Verbs
Are those verbs which are used to show the mood of a sentence and help the main verb of a
sentence
Auxiliary verbs have two meaning:
Dictionary meaning: Less important, the staff of low rank
Grammatical meaning: Helping or helpful,
Usages of Auxiliary Verbs:
Used to show degree of certainty.
Ex: She will Go to Kabul. (70%75)
Ex: She may Go to Kabul. (50%)
Ex: She might Go to Kabul. (30%)
Used to show stages of obligation.
Ex: You should work hard. (70%75)
Ex: You must work hard. (95%98)
Used to show habitual action.
Ex: He would play with children when he was a child.
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Preposition توري اضافي
In a word or group of words, used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun with the rest of a
sentence.
Ex: The pen is on the desk.
Pre noun
Prepositions:
No Some Prepositions Meanings
1 In
2 On
3 To
4 At
5 Next to
6 Behind
7 In front of
8 Under
9 Top
10 Inside
11 Near
12 With
13 Between
15 Up
16 By
17 From
18 Into
19 Until
20 Outside
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Prepositions of Time and Locations
Adverbقيد
The word (adverb) means to add something extra to the meaning of a verb.Is a wordwhich is used to
modify a verb, noun, an adjective, an adverb, prepositional phrase and sometimes the whole
sentence?
Ex: Shedancesbeautifully.
Verb adverb
Ex: The girlover there is an actress.
Noun adverb
Ex: That Pen is verylight.
Adv Adj
Ex: She speaks prettyfast.
Adv Adv
Ex:Unfortunately,no one was present.
Adverb whole sentence
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Interjection توري دغږ
Are words, which are used to express sudden feeling or emotion?
Interjections are :{oh, ah, alas, hurrah, huzza, bravo, wow, ouch, oops etc}
Interjections are used to show:
(a) Joy:
Ex: Hurrah, huzza (etc)
(b) Grief:
Ex: Alas (etc)
(c) Surprise:
Ex: Oh, ah, wow (etc)
(d) Approval:
Ex: Bravo (etc)
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برخه پنځمه
Daily Words
01
RELATIVES خویشاوندان خپلوان
Parents والدين موروپالر
02 Father پدر پالر
03 Mother مادر مور
04 Sister خواهر خور
05 Brother برادر ورور
06 Son پسر زوی
07 Daughter دختر لور
08 Uncle کاکا ،ترهکاکا
09 Ante خاله خاله
10 Cousin پسرکاکاياماما دترهيادمامازوی
11 Nephew برادرياخواهرزاده(بچه) وراره
12 Niece برادرياخواهرزاده(دختر) وريره
13 Grand father پدرکالن نيکه
14 Grand mother مادرکالن نيا
15 Grand son نواسه(بچه) مسی
16 Grand daughter نواسه(دختر) مسۍ
17 Grand child نواسه مسيان
18 Great grand son کواسه(پسر) کړوسه
19 Great grand daughter کواسه(دختر) کړوسۍ
20 Step father پدراندر ناسکهپالر
21 Step mother مادراندر ناسکهمور
22 Step son پسراندر ناسکهزوی
23 Step daughter دختراندر ناسکهلور
24 Step wife امباق بنه
25 Husband شوهر ميړه
26 Wife خانم ښځه
27 Fiancé نامزد(بچه) نامزد(هلک)
28 Fiancée نامزد(دختر) نامزد(لور)چنګله
29 Foster father پدررضايی رضايیپالر
30 Foster mother مادررضايی رضايیمور
31 Foster brother برادررضايی رضايیورور
32 Foster sister خواهررضايی رضايیخور
33 Foster daughter دختررضايی رضايیلور
34 In-laws خسران خسرخيل
35 Father-in-law خسر خسر
36 Mother-in-law خشو خواښی
37 Brother-in-law ،خسربره،يازنهباجه ،اوښیباجه
38 Sister-in-law ،خياشنهخانمبرادر ،ښينهدورورښځه(ورندار)
39 Daughter-in-law عروشخشو اينګور
40 Bride عروس ناوی
41 Bridegroom شاه شاه
22 Half-blood brother برادرنيمهسکه نيمسکهورور
43 Full blood brother برادرسکه سکهورور