This document provides information about Earth's spheres and mapping locations on Earth. It discusses the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It describes latitude and longitude and how they are used in a coordinate system to locate positions on Earth. It also covers topics like time zones, topographic maps, and drawing contour lines.

1. I get around the topography with no problem dude!!! …P.S. I’m RockyUnit 3: Earth’s Dimensions

2. The Earth’s Four SpheresGeosphereAtmosphereHydrosphereBiosphere

3. GeosphereSolid EarthAll interior layers of the Earth, from the surface to the core.

7. AtmosphereGaseous envelope surrounding the Earth.

9. HydrosphereAll liquid and solid water on the Earth.OceansLakes RiversGroundwater…and Polar and high altitude ice caps.Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Only 3% of that water is fresh water.

12. BiosphereAll forms of lifeSingle celled protozoans to plant life to people.

13. Interactions Among The Spheres

14. The Spheres of Earth!Put these in order of increasing density:AsthenosphereHydrosphereLithosphereGeosphere

15. What is the best map of the earth’s surface? A globeBest model of earth’s shape= ping pong ball!

16. Latitude and Longitude

17. How do we communicate an exact location on earth’s surface to another person?What information do you need to locate a point on the earth’s surface?You need a coordinate system!

18. Coordinate SystemA system or group of defined imaginary lines forming a grid used for the determination or location of a point on the surface of an object.Two intersecting lines are needed to locate a point on a 2d surface.latitude/longitude system used to determine exact locations on the surface of the Earth

19. Latitude and LongitudeHow can positions on a sphere be located?

20. LatitudeAngular distance north or south of the equator, measured from the center of the earth [the core].They are Horizontal Lines running east-west, but, measure north-south.Measured in degrees, minutes, and second.

21. LatitudeLike climbing a ladder, N is up the ladder S is downThe equator is 0 degrees and the poles are at 90 degrees.Latitude

22. rungs of a ladder

23. LatitudeLatitude lines are parallel to each other and are therefore also called parallels

24. Lines get shorter in length as you move away from the equator

25. if you drive east or west along a line of latitude, the altitude of Polaris remains the same

26. Recall the Altitude of Polaris equals the latitude of the observer

27. LongitudeAngular distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured from the center of the earth [the core].Vertical Lines running north-south through the poles, but, measure east-west.180° east or west or the prime meridian is the largest longitude there isThe prime meridian is 0 degrees and the International Date Line is 180 degrees.

28. LongitudeLongitude

29. orange peels

30. the long way

31. LongitudeLines of Longitude (Meridian)

32. lines are not parallel

33. lines meet at the poles

34. Also called meridians

35. Lines are all of equal length

36. As you travel N & S along a Meridian your time stays the same

37. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes.

38. Each minute of a degree is divided into 60 equal parts called seconds.

41. EquatorAn imaginary horizontal line circling the Earth halfway between the north and south poles. It is areferenceline for latitude.0° latitude

42. Prime MeridianImaginary vertical line from the N pole to S pole that passes through Greenwich EnglandReference line for longitude0° Longitude on the Earth.

43. Other Reference PointsNorth Pole – The point at 90°North of the equator. Very top of earthSouth Pole – The point 90°South of the equator. Very bottom of earth

44. International Date Line180° East or West of the Prime MeridianOn the direct opposite side of the earth from the prime meridian.The Prime Meridian and the International Date form a vertical circle that cuts the earth in ½ vertically

45. East of the International Date Line is a day earlier with the same time. West of the International Date Line is a day later with the same time

46. Time ZonesThe Earth rotates from west to east at a rate of 15°/hour.Time zones are divided up by 1hour/15°Travel to the west and the time gets earlier and travel to the east and the time gets later.

48. Time Zones+ New Day- New DayNoonAMPM1024682468100o30o60o90o180o150o120o30o60o90o180o150o120o(GMT)EastWest

49. If it is 3:00 PM for a person located on the tip of India, what time is it for people in the following locations?New York:______________Alaska:________Florida: _________________Italy:___________________California: ________________5 AM12 AM5 AM11 AM2 AM

50. Topographic Maps!

51. Earths Fields and Field MapsWhat is a field?What is a field map?

52. Describing Earth’s FieldsField – a region which contains measurable quantities at every location. (i.e. elevation, temperature, pressure…)Field Value – the value of what is being measured. (i.e. temperature, elevation, pollution concentrations…)Magnitude – Value for a point on a field.

53. Field Values (cont.)Scalar Field – A field described in terms of magnitude alone (i.e. temp., pressure, humidity)Vector Field – A field described with both magnitude and direction (i.e. wind velocity, gravity, magnetic fields)

54. IsolinesA line on a field map that connects all points of equal value.Note: ES0304

56. Types of IsolinesContour Line – Isoline that connects points of equal elevations on a contour map.Isotherm - Isoline that connects points of equal temperature on a field map.Isobar – Isoline that connects points of equal pressure on a field map.

61. IsosurfaceA surface in a field that has the same field valuethroughout.

63. Important Field Map TermsTopographic map/Contour map – A map that uses contour lines to show elevation and landforms.Elevation– Height above mean(average) sea level.Contour interval – Vertical distance, or change in elevation, between adjacent or consecutive contour lines.

65. ScaleThe ratio of a model to the object. (i.e. globe to earth)Use the scale on the map as the ruler to measure that map.

66. Angle of Declinationor Magnetic DeclinationThe angle between true north (geographic north, north pole) and magnetic north.The angle of declination variesdepending on your position on the earth.

67. General Contour Map RulesRule of ‘V’s – as contour lines cross a stream they bend uphill.The steeper the slope the closer the lines are to each other.

68. CONTOUR LINES BEND WHEN CROSS STREAMSUPSIDE DOWN V’S POINT UPSTREAM STREAMS FLOW DOWN

69. CLOSER CONTOUR LINES = STEEPER GRADIENTTOPOGRAPHIC MAPS WOULD BE VERY CLUTTERED IF ALL CONTOUR LINES WERE LABELED, SO ONLY HEAVIER LINES called an index contour SHOW LABELS

73. Rules for Drawing Isolines:1. Isolines connect points of equal value.55101010101515

74. 2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- no sharp corners.55101010101515

75. 3. Isolines are always closed curves even though the map might only show part of it.

76. 4. Isolines NEVER cross- this would mean that one point has two different values. Ex: one spot has two temperatures?60 °50 °40 °30 °X20°ZY

77. 5. Isolines usually are parallel. (They have a parallel trend.)

78. Visualizations of contour lineshttp://geology.asu.edu/~sreynolds/topo_gallery/topo_gallery.htm

79. Tips on Drawing Contour LinesAlways draw a contour line so that elevation reading is higher on one side of the contour line and lower on the other side.

80. Assume a steady elevation change between neighboring readings when positioning contour lines.

81. Adjacent contour lines tend to look alike.

82. Continue drawing a contour line until it reaches the boundary of plotted data or “closes” to form a loop by making its way to its starting point.

83. Contour lines never stop or end within a data field, and they never fork, touch or cross one another.

84. Contour lines cannot skip values and must always appear in sequence.

85. Only draw contour lines that fall within the range of data reported on the map.

86. Always label all contour lines.8080909080909010012010080909012011212080908090110100Elevations in meters above sea level9090708080Draw Isolines Connection equal values of elevationNote: ES0304

87. Highlight data points.

88. Fill in gaps in data.

89. Connect the dots.

90. Go on to the next value.

91. Making a Contour Map II

93. Drawing Contour Maps III

95. 100m 90m 10km=9m/km10m100m – 10m 10km==10kmGradient –a measure of how a field value changes with distance.Gradient = Change in field value Distance

96. GradientGradient shows how quickly the value changes from one point to another.

97. A steep (high)gradient changes quickly and the isolines are close together.A gentle (low)gradient changes slowly and the lines are far apart.Steep areaGentle area1km=1cm

98. Calculate the gradient of the slope along the line drawn in the diagram. Assume that elevations are given in feet. Show work including formula below:Steep areaGentle area1km=1cm

99. Making Contours worksheetsWorksheets can be printed from:http://www.rcmurphy.net/Medina%202005/documents/Contours123.doc

100. What is the pattern of the contour lines around a simple hill? Concentric circles getting smaller - hill

101. Identify the features marked at A and B

102. Hachure contour lines (lines with tick marks) show depressions – the first hachure is equal to the last contour line passed202010

103. WHAT DOES THIS PROFILE SHOW?VOLCANONOTICE HACHURE DEPRESSION LINES IN CENTER SHOWING VOLCANIC VENT

104. ProfilesProfile – a side view of an area showing elevation.

105. TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILESTOPOGRAPHIC MAPS SHOW THE ELEVATION OR VERTICAL DISTANCE ABOVE SEA LEVEL OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTHTOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE IS A SIDE VIEW OF AN AREA CUT ALONG A PARTICULAR LINE.

107. Notice line AB on the next page

108. So, if we were to look at a profile view of line AB on our topographic map, what might we expect to see? Predictions?Time to FIND OUT!Step 2

109. Take out a piece of scrap paper

110. Make a small tick at A and B

112. Make a small tick where each contour line crosses AB

114. Label each tick mark with the correct value!

115. Make the X-axis exactly as long as line AB.

116. Next, decide what the HIGHEST and LOWEST elevation values are that line AB crosses on your topographic map and create a scale. You may wish to increase your scale by the contour interval on the map to make things easier. In this case, we are going up by 10’s, because our contour interval on the map is 10 meters.

117. Remember Labels and Units!

118. Hold your scrap paper page up to the profile.

119. Transfer the tick marks directly onto the profile.

121. straight edge may help

124. connect the dots!

125. This is what you might expect the “profile” or cross section view of line AB to look like! Notice how the line dips below 250m where it crosses Long Creek

126. Does it make sense? SURE! There is a creek flowing through this region. Think about where it would flow on your profile. We also recognize the V shaped contour lines that indicate the direction of water flow.

127. The contour lines point up the page (orange), but Long Creek flows down the page.

128. Contour lines point upstream. Stream flows from high elevation to low elevation. So a stream flows in the opposite direction the contours point.

129. Or… if you are lucky enough to be able to do your profile on the same page as the topographic map…You can use the: “Drop down a dotted line” method!Example

130. Same idea, but no need for tick marks and scrap paper!