Kath-kuni is a traditional vernacular architecture used in Himachal Pradesh, India. It utilizes locally available materials like wood, stone and slate and techniques suited for the region's mountainous terrain and climate. A typical kath-kuni building has a stone foundation and alternating layers of wood and stone walls. The multi-level structure has rooms and balconies organized around an open courtyard. Roofs are sloped to shed snow and use slate or wood shingles. The style demonstrates an adaptive response using indigenous materials and knowledge to create stable, insulating structures.
Building Economics And Sociology Behind Particular Style Of Housing, How People Influenced To Follow Particular Building Technology And Usage Of Material.
Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh - Kath kuni architectureMegha Sanadya
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Himachal Pradesh, India. It begins with defining vernacular architecture as indigenous architecture based on local needs, materials, and traditions. It then discusses the geography, climate, culture, and building materials that influence the unique vernacular styles of Himachal Pradesh. Some key architectural features discussed include the Kath-Khuni style using wood and stone, traditional housing types oriented along slopes, and different building types like granaries and temples. The document analyzes how the local environment and culture have shaped the distinctive architecture of Himachal Pradesh.
The document discusses the traditional vernacular architecture of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It is characterized by the use of local materials like golden sandstone, which is soft and easily carved. Houses are constructed without mortar by cutting "scissors" into the stone. Traditional houses feature courtyards, thick insulating walls, small windows for light and ventilation, and textured surfaces to minimize heat gain. Local plants are used for construction, and mud, sand, cow dung and plant fibers form insulated roofs and walls. The architecture is adapted to the hot, arid climate with dense forms, orientation according to wind patterns, and other passive cooling techniques.
The Bhonga is a traditional cylindrical housing type found in Kutch, India that is well-suited to the desert environment and resistant to earthquakes. A Bhonga has thick cylindrical walls, a conical roof, and is typically 3 to 6 meters in diameter. Bhongas performed well in the 2001 Bhuj earthquake with few experiencing significant damage. Their circular shape and construction materials contribute to their robustness during seismic events.
The document describes the traditional Bhonga house of the Kutch region in Gujarat, India. The Bhonga is a circular mud structure with conical thatched roof. It has thick earthen/mud walls constructed using the cob technique and is supported by a central wooden post. The Bhonga is resilient to earthquakes and suitable for the desert climate, providing shelter to families in the region for hundreds of years.
The document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in India. It discusses that vernacular architecture is native and uses local materials, craftsmanship and technology suited for the climate. India has diverse climatic zones and each region developed distinct vernacular styles using local resources responsive to the climate and culture. Examples of vernacular building types from different regions are given along with their features adapted for ventilation, lighting and thermal comfort through passive design. The conclusion emphasizes that studying vernacular architecture can provide lessons for sustainable design that blends traditional wisdom with modern technology.
Building Economics And Sociology Behind Particular Style Of Housing, How People Influenced To Follow Particular Building Technology And Usage Of Material.
Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh - Kath kuni architectureMegha Sanadya
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Himachal Pradesh, India. It begins with defining vernacular architecture as indigenous architecture based on local needs, materials, and traditions. It then discusses the geography, climate, culture, and building materials that influence the unique vernacular styles of Himachal Pradesh. Some key architectural features discussed include the Kath-Khuni style using wood and stone, traditional housing types oriented along slopes, and different building types like granaries and temples. The document analyzes how the local environment and culture have shaped the distinctive architecture of Himachal Pradesh.
The document discusses the traditional vernacular architecture of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It is characterized by the use of local materials like golden sandstone, which is soft and easily carved. Houses are constructed without mortar by cutting "scissors" into the stone. Traditional houses feature courtyards, thick insulating walls, small windows for light and ventilation, and textured surfaces to minimize heat gain. Local plants are used for construction, and mud, sand, cow dung and plant fibers form insulated roofs and walls. The architecture is adapted to the hot, arid climate with dense forms, orientation according to wind patterns, and other passive cooling techniques.
The Bhonga is a traditional cylindrical housing type found in Kutch, India that is well-suited to the desert environment and resistant to earthquakes. A Bhonga has thick cylindrical walls, a conical roof, and is typically 3 to 6 meters in diameter. Bhongas performed well in the 2001 Bhuj earthquake with few experiencing significant damage. Their circular shape and construction materials contribute to their robustness during seismic events.
The document describes the traditional Bhonga house of the Kutch region in Gujarat, India. The Bhonga is a circular mud structure with conical thatched roof. It has thick earthen/mud walls constructed using the cob technique and is supported by a central wooden post. The Bhonga is resilient to earthquakes and suitable for the desert climate, providing shelter to families in the region for hundreds of years.
The document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in India. It discusses that vernacular architecture is native and uses local materials, craftsmanship and technology suited for the climate. India has diverse climatic zones and each region developed distinct vernacular styles using local resources responsive to the climate and culture. Examples of vernacular building types from different regions are given along with their features adapted for ventilation, lighting and thermal comfort through passive design. The conclusion emphasizes that studying vernacular architecture can provide lessons for sustainable design that blends traditional wisdom with modern technology.
Kerala has a unique vernacular architecture influenced by its tropical climate and geography. Houses are designed with features like sloping roofs, deep overhangs, verandahs and courtyards to protect from heavy rainfall and intense sun while allowing cross ventilation. Common building materials include wood, laterite and clay. The Nalukettu house type exemplifies traditional Kerala architecture, with a central courtyard and surrounding halls.
This document discusses vernacular architecture in Himachal Pradesh, India. It begins by providing background on the state's flora, fauna, culture, and people. It then describes typical features of houses in the region, including construction materials, layout, floor plans, and use of spaces. Larger structures like palaces and granaries are also summarized. Granaries in particular served as important shared storage spaces, integrated into houses or as free-standing buildings. The document highlights the importance of adapting to the hilly terrain and using local resources in the region's architectural traditions.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE - ASSAM - NORTH EAST INDIAAleenBharati
ARCHITECTURE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA has a vast sense of sustainable architecture.
The notion of the ideas towards the structures on the land of those seven states is connected to nature.
Materials, climate, altitudes, people, light, ventilation, sun, wind, etc are connected to each other.
THIS is the case study of Assam so grab the ground knowledge of beautiful North- East India.
Gujarat is a state in western India with a coastline of 1,600 km. The document summarizes the architectural history of Gujarat, focusing on Islamic architecture from three periods. Key structures discussed include the Jami Masjid at Bharuch from the first period, which was constructed using materials from Hindu temples. The second period is characterized by the grand Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad, built in 1423. Major developments occurred in the third period under Sultan Mahmud, including the ornate Bai Hariji's Stepwell from 1499. The document provides details on the design elements of these important historical sites.
The document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Gujarat, India. It describes the traditional building styles that developed in response to the hot, dry climate and scarce resources. These include circular Bhunga houses made of mud walls and thatched roofs, which are durable and well-suited to the desert conditions. The document also outlines the settlement patterns, with curvilinear streets and rows of houses built using locally-available materials like mud, bamboo, and grass in accordance with construction techniques that provide stability despite extreme weather.
The document describes the climate and architecture of Leh, a mountainous region in India considered a cold desert. It has little vegetation and experiences cold, sunny weather with large daily and seasonal temperature variations and low humidity. Traditional architecture in Leh utilizes thick walls, insulation, and passive solar techniques like trombe walls to resist heat loss and promote heat gain within buildings to dampen indoor temperature variations.
This document provides information about Paliyam Nalukettu, a 450-year-old traditional Kerala house located in Paravur, Ernakulam District. It consists of a central courtyard surrounded by rooms on all four sides. The two-storey structure has kitchen, delivery rooms, and private bedrooms. Traditional materials and architectural features like thick laterite walls, tiled roofs, windows, ventilation openings, and a raised plinth were used to keep interiors cool and protect from floods/insects. The central courtyard, thick walls, overhangs, and passive ventilation techniques modulated temperature and airflow inside.
Madhya Pradesh is a state located in central India. Some key points:
- The state's capital is Bhopal, and it borders several other states. Several ancient tribal groups still reside in Madhya Pradesh.
- Important historical and religious sites include the Sanchi Stupa, which contains some of the oldest stone Buddhist structures in India, and forts like Gwalior Fort and Mandu Fort.
- The population is predominantly Hindu, and the state contains examples of vernacular architecture ranging from rural farmhouses to fort residences of former rulers.
The document provides information on the Vernacular study of Leh Ladakh region in India. It discusses the following key points:
1) Location of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir state between the Kunlun mountain range and the Himalayas, with average temperatures ranging from 17-24°C in summer to -14-0°C in winter.
2) Traditional crops and plants grown in Ladakh including herbaceous plants, berries and lettuce.
3) Rich cultural heritage of Ladakh including traditional dances, songs, festivals and staple foods. The predominant religions are Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
4) Local economy based around agriculture, livestock rearing and more recently
The traditional architecture of Kutch, Gujarat is well-suited to the desert climate and natural forces of the region. Vernacular building types include Bhonga houses, which have thick mud walls and conical thatched roofs that remain cool in the summer heat. Settlement plans feature curvilinear streets and internal courtyards providing shade. The architecture reflects the culture, using decorative painting and glasswork, while withstanding earthquakes and floods through structural features like thick walls.
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
Chettinad architecture is known for the opulent mansions built by the prosperous Chettiar trading community in the Chettinad region of Tamil Nadu between 1850-1940. The mansions had a grid-like layout centered around a courtyard, with rooms arranged around it. They were built with local materials like bricks, tiles, and lime plaster and incorporated design elements from the Chettiars' foreign travels. The architecture was well-suited to the hot, dry climate, using techniques like thick walls, courtyards, verandas, and roofs to keep interiors cool.
This document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Ladakh, India. Houses are constructed entirely from local materials like sun-dried mud bricks, timber, and compacted earth. Walls are load-bearing and tapered for stability. Roofs have multiple layers of grass, soil and clay for insulation. Interior spaces are divided into living and kitchen areas centered around a communal hearth. Connections between walls and roofs are strengthened through the use of wooden ring beams and cross-jointed corners. Openings are minimized for thermal efficiency. The traditional construction techniques have proven effective for the harsh climate at high altitudes in Ladakh.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
This document contains an architectural design plan for a residential property consisting of 3 sentences:
The design plan includes drawings of the plot size, location and site plan, floor plans for the ground floor and first floor, exterior views of the front, north-east and east sides of the building, and details of features like the puja ghar, living room, kitchen, bedrooms, bathroom and balcony.
It provides information on the architects, owners, and floor area of 216 square meters for the property.
The document appears to be a presentation on the architectural design for a residential building that was presented by a group of 6 people.
This document describes the warm and humid equatorial climate. It is found near the equator between 15 degrees north and south latitude. It has high temperatures year-round, with little seasonal variation. High humidity is also present due to abundant rainfall. Characteristics include daily highs between 27-32 degrees C, nightly lows between 21-27 degrees C, high relative humidity between 75-100%, and annual rainfall between 2000-5000 mm. Architecture in this climate aims to promote ventilation and airflow to mitigate the warm and humid conditions.
vernacular architecture of north east indiaHriday Das
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Northeast India, specifically focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. It describes the traditional building materials and construction techniques used by tribes in the region, which include bamboo, wood, thatch, and locally available plants. Houses are designed to be elevated on stilts for protection from floods and have sloped roofs to shed heavy monsoon rains. Interior spaces are organized based on family structure and social activities. The simple designs demonstrate an adaption to the cold, hilly environment with minimal insulation and openings.
Vernacular architecture in Himachal Pradesh is influenced by the local climate, materials, and culture. Traditional houses have thick stone and wood walls arranged in a layered "kath-khuni" style to provide stability, flexibility, and excellent thermal insulation. The double-story plans maximize southern exposure, with rooms arranged linearly and connected by verandas. Low ceilings and small windows further reduce heat loss and keep interiors warm.
Kerala has a unique vernacular architecture influenced by its tropical climate and geography. Houses are designed with features like sloping roofs, deep overhangs, verandahs and courtyards to protect from heavy rainfall and intense sun while allowing cross ventilation. Common building materials include wood, laterite and clay. The Nalukettu house type exemplifies traditional Kerala architecture, with a central courtyard and surrounding halls.
This document discusses vernacular architecture in Himachal Pradesh, India. It begins by providing background on the state's flora, fauna, culture, and people. It then describes typical features of houses in the region, including construction materials, layout, floor plans, and use of spaces. Larger structures like palaces and granaries are also summarized. Granaries in particular served as important shared storage spaces, integrated into houses or as free-standing buildings. The document highlights the importance of adapting to the hilly terrain and using local resources in the region's architectural traditions.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE - ASSAM - NORTH EAST INDIAAleenBharati
ARCHITECTURE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA has a vast sense of sustainable architecture.
The notion of the ideas towards the structures on the land of those seven states is connected to nature.
Materials, climate, altitudes, people, light, ventilation, sun, wind, etc are connected to each other.
THIS is the case study of Assam so grab the ground knowledge of beautiful North- East India.
Gujarat is a state in western India with a coastline of 1,600 km. The document summarizes the architectural history of Gujarat, focusing on Islamic architecture from three periods. Key structures discussed include the Jami Masjid at Bharuch from the first period, which was constructed using materials from Hindu temples. The second period is characterized by the grand Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad, built in 1423. Major developments occurred in the third period under Sultan Mahmud, including the ornate Bai Hariji's Stepwell from 1499. The document provides details on the design elements of these important historical sites.
The document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Gujarat, India. It describes the traditional building styles that developed in response to the hot, dry climate and scarce resources. These include circular Bhunga houses made of mud walls and thatched roofs, which are durable and well-suited to the desert conditions. The document also outlines the settlement patterns, with curvilinear streets and rows of houses built using locally-available materials like mud, bamboo, and grass in accordance with construction techniques that provide stability despite extreme weather.
The document describes the climate and architecture of Leh, a mountainous region in India considered a cold desert. It has little vegetation and experiences cold, sunny weather with large daily and seasonal temperature variations and low humidity. Traditional architecture in Leh utilizes thick walls, insulation, and passive solar techniques like trombe walls to resist heat loss and promote heat gain within buildings to dampen indoor temperature variations.
This document provides information about Paliyam Nalukettu, a 450-year-old traditional Kerala house located in Paravur, Ernakulam District. It consists of a central courtyard surrounded by rooms on all four sides. The two-storey structure has kitchen, delivery rooms, and private bedrooms. Traditional materials and architectural features like thick laterite walls, tiled roofs, windows, ventilation openings, and a raised plinth were used to keep interiors cool and protect from floods/insects. The central courtyard, thick walls, overhangs, and passive ventilation techniques modulated temperature and airflow inside.
Madhya Pradesh is a state located in central India. Some key points:
- The state's capital is Bhopal, and it borders several other states. Several ancient tribal groups still reside in Madhya Pradesh.
- Important historical and religious sites include the Sanchi Stupa, which contains some of the oldest stone Buddhist structures in India, and forts like Gwalior Fort and Mandu Fort.
- The population is predominantly Hindu, and the state contains examples of vernacular architecture ranging from rural farmhouses to fort residences of former rulers.
The document provides information on the Vernacular study of Leh Ladakh region in India. It discusses the following key points:
1) Location of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir state between the Kunlun mountain range and the Himalayas, with average temperatures ranging from 17-24°C in summer to -14-0°C in winter.
2) Traditional crops and plants grown in Ladakh including herbaceous plants, berries and lettuce.
3) Rich cultural heritage of Ladakh including traditional dances, songs, festivals and staple foods. The predominant religions are Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
4) Local economy based around agriculture, livestock rearing and more recently
The traditional architecture of Kutch, Gujarat is well-suited to the desert climate and natural forces of the region. Vernacular building types include Bhonga houses, which have thick mud walls and conical thatched roofs that remain cool in the summer heat. Settlement plans feature curvilinear streets and internal courtyards providing shade. The architecture reflects the culture, using decorative painting and glasswork, while withstanding earthquakes and floods through structural features like thick walls.
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
Chettinad architecture is known for the opulent mansions built by the prosperous Chettiar trading community in the Chettinad region of Tamil Nadu between 1850-1940. The mansions had a grid-like layout centered around a courtyard, with rooms arranged around it. They were built with local materials like bricks, tiles, and lime plaster and incorporated design elements from the Chettiars' foreign travels. The architecture was well-suited to the hot, dry climate, using techniques like thick walls, courtyards, verandas, and roofs to keep interiors cool.
This document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Ladakh, India. Houses are constructed entirely from local materials like sun-dried mud bricks, timber, and compacted earth. Walls are load-bearing and tapered for stability. Roofs have multiple layers of grass, soil and clay for insulation. Interior spaces are divided into living and kitchen areas centered around a communal hearth. Connections between walls and roofs are strengthened through the use of wooden ring beams and cross-jointed corners. Openings are minimized for thermal efficiency. The traditional construction techniques have proven effective for the harsh climate at high altitudes in Ladakh.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
This document contains an architectural design plan for a residential property consisting of 3 sentences:
The design plan includes drawings of the plot size, location and site plan, floor plans for the ground floor and first floor, exterior views of the front, north-east and east sides of the building, and details of features like the puja ghar, living room, kitchen, bedrooms, bathroom and balcony.
It provides information on the architects, owners, and floor area of 216 square meters for the property.
The document appears to be a presentation on the architectural design for a residential building that was presented by a group of 6 people.
This document describes the warm and humid equatorial climate. It is found near the equator between 15 degrees north and south latitude. It has high temperatures year-round, with little seasonal variation. High humidity is also present due to abundant rainfall. Characteristics include daily highs between 27-32 degrees C, nightly lows between 21-27 degrees C, high relative humidity between 75-100%, and annual rainfall between 2000-5000 mm. Architecture in this climate aims to promote ventilation and airflow to mitigate the warm and humid conditions.
vernacular architecture of north east indiaHriday Das
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Northeast India, specifically focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. It describes the traditional building materials and construction techniques used by tribes in the region, which include bamboo, wood, thatch, and locally available plants. Houses are designed to be elevated on stilts for protection from floods and have sloped roofs to shed heavy monsoon rains. Interior spaces are organized based on family structure and social activities. The simple designs demonstrate an adaption to the cold, hilly environment with minimal insulation and openings.
Vernacular architecture in Himachal Pradesh is influenced by the local climate, materials, and culture. Traditional houses have thick stone and wood walls arranged in a layered "kath-khuni" style to provide stability, flexibility, and excellent thermal insulation. The double-story plans maximize southern exposure, with rooms arranged linearly and connected by verandas. Low ceilings and small windows further reduce heat loss and keep interiors warm.
The document summarizes vernacular architecture in Central India, specifically in the Gondia district of Maharashtra. It describes the traditional dwellings as stepped pyramidal structures with sloping roofs and minimal openings. It details the use of space for various functions like livestock management, storage, sleeping, and social gatherings. It also discusses specific building features that address the local climate and materials used like timber, mud walls, and clay tiles.
Kath-Kuni is an indigenous construction technique prevalent in the isolated hills of northern India, especially in the region of Himachal Pradesh where it's known as "Kath Kuni" and in Uttarakhand it's known as "Koti Banal". It is a traditional technique that has been orally transmitted from one generation to another.[1] The construction was devised keeping the seismic activity, topography, environment, climate, native materials and cultural landscape in perspective. Most of the oldest temples, in the region, are built using this ancient system. This unique construction technique has led to the formation of a vernacular architectural prototype was known as Kath-Kuni (cator and cribbage) architecture.
It has much in common with other local styles outside India in the Himalayas. The lower parts of a building are very solidly constructed, including lots of stone. The upper parts may be entirely made of wood.
Vernacular architecture is architecture characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects. Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings, building traditions, and methods of construction. Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical, whether residential houses or built for other purposes.
Although it encompassed 95% of the world's built environment in 1969, Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not one specific style, so it cannot be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered part of regional culture.
Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes that go beyond a building's functional requirements. This article also covers the term traditional architecture, which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes.
Himachal Pradesh is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also has a border with the autonomous region of Tibet to the east.
This document provides information on vernacular architecture from different regions of India. It discusses the architecture of Kashmir valley, including the Dhajji house construction technique which uses timber and stone panels to withstand earthquakes. It also describes the architecture of Ladakh, including thick mud brick walls, flat roofs for insulation, and orientation of buildings. Finally, it summarizes the traditional architecture of Jaisalmer, featuring the local golden stone and structures like the Patwon Ki Haveli haveli complex.
This document discusses the use of wood in vernacular architecture. It provides information on different types of wood like hardwood and softwood. It then discusses factors that influence vernacular architecture like climate, materials, and traditions. Specific examples of vernacular architecture that use wood are discussed, including from Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir Valley, Northern Pakistan, and other regions. Key construction techniques like kath-khuni, dhajji, and cator and cribbage that incorporate wood are summarized. The concluding sentences emphasize that vernacular structures are built by local people using local materials and responding to the culture and climate.
This document provides information about traditional house construction typology in Jubbal, Himachal Pradesh. It discusses how the kath-khuni construction type developed using locally available wood and stone without mortar. A key feature is the double-skin wall made of alternating courses of dry stone masonry and wood held together by cross braces. Wood is also used extensively for decorative carvings and complex wooden joints without nails. The document highlights the ingenuity and craftsmanship shown in traditional Himachali construction techniques.
Architectural typologies have developed in the North East as factors of tradition , climate and functionality. The materials used are locally available materials like bamboo, cane , cane leaves, mud, and lime. Of late, bricks. stone chips, rock slabs, surkhi etc. are also being used. Sloping roofs are a common architectural feature in all the architectural typologies because of high rainfall in the North East .
Construction of this type of house generally takes place in the dry season / winters. Sourcing of construction materials like thatch/timber/bamboo are collected during winters only.
Bamboo/wooden posts are erected and then beams/logs are connected and rafters placed and tied up.
The whole community participates in the construction of this type of house. Indigenous/traditional tools are used in the construction. Generally nails or other steel materials are not used for making connections between various members.
The construction of this type of housing takes place ina single phase. Typically, the building is originally not designed for its final constructed size
leh ladkh SUSTAINBLE HILL ARCHITECTURE BUILDING CASE STUDYgoreshsaini
The document discusses sustainable architecture in Ladakh, a high altitude region in India. It begins by introducing Ladakh's harsh climate and how its residents have historically harnessed solar energy through traditional architecture using passive climate control techniques. It then outlines the environmental, economic, and social benefits of sustainable construction. The document examines Ladakh's vernacular architecture, which relies on local materials and building techniques adapted to the terrain and climate. It provides details on common construction methods using stone, timber, and sun-dried bricks. The document analyzes two case studies, a solar-powered school and Leh Palace, that demonstrate Ladakh's sustainable architectural principles. It concludes that Ladakh has developed an evolved understanding of controlling climate through ver
The architect designs buildings in rural areas using local and sustainable materials and techniques. The document describes two of the architect's projects - a guest house in Himachal Pradesh built using materials sourced on site like stone, wood and adobe walls. It has compact planning to maximize views. The second project is a community centre in Uttar Pradesh built with adobe, baked brick and lime plaster to address the needs of marginalized communities. Both projects employ local craftspeople and utilize traditional construction methods suited to the climates.
The document provides information on the geographical, climatic, and cultural characteristics of the Amhara region in northern Ethiopia. It then discusses key features of Amhara vernacular architecture, including the use of stone and chikka materials in round and rectangular structures. Houses typically have stone foundations and walls, with thatched roofs. The traditional settlement pattern involves scattered family compounds enclosed with fences.
The document describes Sanskriti Kendra, a cultural center in New Delhi established in 1993. It was planned by architect Upal Ghosh with landscape architect Professor Mohammad Shaheer. The center spreads over 3 hectares and accommodates various art and cultural activities. While the buildings have a semi-rustic appearance, modern construction techniques such as RCC, bricks and tiles were used with some vernacular elements like mud plastered walls and timber doors.
A literature study of the various vernacular rural housing typologies of the seven north eastern states of India. Insight on the types of foundations, walling, and roofing technologies along with their building materials and construction techniques.
This document provides information on vernacular architecture in Himachal Pradesh, India. It discusses the typical layout of houses, which have high plinths and are constructed parallel to mountains using local materials like wood and stone. Floors are used for different functions, with living spaces higher up. Darbargadhs were grand houses of village leaders with enclosed courtyards. Transitional spaces like plinths and balconies were used for socializing. Settlements developed near resources. Granaries for food storage could be independent buildings or within houses. The document includes plans and images illustrating these architectural features.
The document discusses vernacular architecture in India, focusing on traditional materials and construction techniques. It describes the different climatic zones in India and the types of structures commonly found in each. Some key traditional elements discussed include Vaastu Shastras, which incorporate Hindu beliefs into building design, and the use of local materials like timber, stone, clay, and rammed earth. Specific regional architectural styles are highlighted, such as courtyard homes in Gujarat and Warli paintings in Maharashtra. The document advocates for a contemporary architecture rooted in vernacular traditions and responsive to local culture and environment.
This document provides information about traditional Kerala architecture. It discusses the local materials used like timber, clay, palm leaves and laterite stone. Traditional homes had an open layout centered around a courtyard, with rooms surrounding it. Distinct features discussed include the sloped roofs that provided ventilation, wooden pillars, murals and swing beds. The document also notes the influence of vastu shastra principles and mentions legendary master craftsmen like Perumthachan. It provides examples of traditional home elements like verandahs, ponds and kitchen placement, as well as the transition to modern architecture styles.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
2. KATH-KUNI :
VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE OF
HIMACHAL PRADESH
Kath-Kuni is an indigenous
construction technique prevalent
in the isolated hills of northern
India, especially in the region of
Himachal Pradesh.
3. HIMACHAL PRADESH
Himachal Pradesh is predominantly a
mountainous State located in North -east
India.
The name was coined from Sanskrit Him means
'snow' and achal means 'land' or 'abode' literally
means "The Abode of Snow".
The State has highly dissected mountain ranges
interspersed with deep gorges and valleys.
The State have been divided into 3 Divisions, 69
Subdivisions. The 12 districts comprising 78
Development Blocks, 3226 Gram Panchayats
and 20960 villages.
population- The state has a population of 68,
64,602 persons
with a literacy rate of 82.80%.
4. A typical house in Himachal Pradesh is built using
kath-khuni construction technique and is usually two
or three storey high. The lower floor is for the cattle
and the upper floors are for residing, storing, and
kitchen
The temples may rise much higher from a single
storey to a tower with seven storeys.
Kath-khuni is a type of cator-and-cribbage building
which employs locally available wood and stone as
prime materials for construction.
A five-story tower
temple in Summerkot
5. The construction of houses is largely done
by hand and by the residents themselves,
sometimes with the help of other residents
from the same or nearby village while
special artisans are employed for
construction of temples or religious
structures.
The mistris of Himachal are typically adept at working with wood and stone, and are a veritable
storehouse of indigenous knowledge. Such knowledge may range from where to source the wood or
stone, types of wood available and which ones are appropriate for either structural or carving purposes
to how to cut thin sheets of singles form a block of stone using rudimentary tools and so on. Usually
the entire construction is carried out manually with limited tools and the use of power-driven
technology is minimal and was introduced only recently. It is the close interdependence between
people, materials, making and environment that has created a lasting architectures specific to the
needs, climate, place, and culture and that evokes a sensation that is special and spiritual, beyond the
materiality.
CONSTRUCTION
6. MATERIAL
Easily available, one of the strongest Indian
Imparts stability to tall structures.
This wood is insect and termite resistant and
Used in making posts, beams, window and
Soft wood, easy to work in absence of high
conifers.
even when untreated, can withstand long
periods of weather corrosion.
door frames, shutters, roofs etc.
tech tools.
• Its properties were understood early and its
texture and scent have been prized for ages.
Deodar Wood -
7. Easy availability, Good insulation, Good binding
properties.
Either mud is filled into the wooden forms and
rammed into the place slowly building up the
wall or sun-dried mud blocks are used in the
construction of the wall.
Mud
Hard Stone: Obtained from local quarries and
used in building foundation and walls.
Slate Tiles: Metamorphic rock. Used in roofs of
buildings. Has high quartz content, frost
resistant, absorbs heat and provides moisture
barrier. Low maintenance, Invulnerable to rot
and insects.
Stone
8. 64% of land area is covered with forests in
Himachal Pradesh. Because of the existence of
these forests, the most predominant material
of construction is wood. Primary rooted in a
difficult landscape, the lifestyle and economy
revolves around farming.
There is a huge variation in the climatic
conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to
variation in altitude (450–6500 mts). The
climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical
(450–900 metres) in the southern low tracts,
warm and temperate (900–1800 mts), cool and
temperate (1900–2400 mts) and cold glacial and
alpine (2400–4800 mts) in the northern and
eastern high elevated mountain ranges.
CLIMATE
9. Typical village along stepped
contours Temple is at the heart of
most settlements and usually sited
at the highest spot. The
surrounding areas of the temple is
mainly used during festivals and
religious gatherings by the
inhabitants of the particular
village
The traditional settlements appear to have the
‘color of the land’ and appear just right, almost
ecologically planned. The landscape, materials,
techniques of making, all contribute to a common
formal language of settlements in Himachal
Pradesh.
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
Settlement patterns
Typically located along the contoured
sunny slopes amidst the backdrop of
hills and snow-clad mountains and
appear to organically grow out of the
folds of the landscape.
10. orientation
The four main sides of temples generally align with the four
cardinal directions Entrance is typically from the east and
accessible by going up a notched ladder. Once inside, the prayer
is directed to the gods facing east.
ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING ON SOUTH SLOPE OF HILL MOUNTAIN AND FOR BETTER ACCESS
SOLAR RADIATION
SOUTH TO NORTH SLOPING ROOFS SOUTH TO NORTH SLOPING ROOFS FOR MAXIMUM
WINTER SUN.
It covers an area of 55,673 square kilometers with density of 123 person per sq. km. • The urban
area covers only 10.03% of the total area while the rural settlement sprawls over 89.97%.
11. Nearly 90% of the population in Himachal
Pradesh is spread in thinly in small village. The
rural population has traditionally depended
upon agriculture and animal husbandry as prime
economic activities. The patterns of built forms
and settlements also reflect centrality of
these activities .
Artisanal activities - Relative isolation ,
combined with harsh climate, and being cut off
in the hills, appear to have encouraged
artisanal activities such as wood carving,
weaving, embroidery, brass work etc. with a
very refined aesthetic sense.
SOCIAL-CULTURE
BUILT FORM
Locally sourced raw materials such as stone, wood and slate offer better performance in terms of local
climatic conditions. The infill rubble traps air within the walls creating an insulation zone. This prevents
heat loss during the cold winters, keeps the interiors spaces warm and allows them to remain cool during
the hot summers.
12. Typical components of a kath-khuni building
It shows a typical house, with guashala at the bottom, and living area on the top
capped off by a pent-and-gable
roof; temple feature similar elements but different proportions.
13. Stone plinth is filled upto a meterfrom the
ground level and higher in case of tower
temples. The depth of the
trench is relative to the height Of the
structure. For a two storey house, the depth is
0.6 to I meter and incase Of
tower temple it may be as deep as 3 meters.
1. Foundation and plinth
2. Wall (Wood-and-stone walls)
The walls are constructed with alternate
courses of dry masonry and wood without
any cementing mortar.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
14. Typical Kath-Kuni wall junction
Detail showing the layering of wood and
stone including a truncated pyramid
shaped cornerstone to protect the
WOOD
Wall courses
This type of wall construction involves
laying two wooden wall beams
longitudinally parallel to each other with a
gap in-between. The space between the two
members is filled With rubble stone and
edge is secured With kadil
(wooden nail)
15. 3.PROJECTING WOODEN BALCONIES
A typical two storey house
with a cantilevered
balcony on the top floor.
The wooden members
supporting the
balcony rest on the wall.
Sometimes the balcony facade is open with a parapet or may be closed but with a
series of openings to catch all
the possible warmth Of the sun.
All the vertical posts are connected through a horizontal member on top, on
which sit the perpendicular members
(connected With a lap joint) projecting from a wall
16. 4. Floor and stairs
The ground floor is raised above the stone plinth and finished with adobe. It functions as an
insulating layer and at
the same time remains warmer than stone finished surface.
Wall and Floor
The floor beams are shear pinned with the wall logs.
17. The roof structure is
constructed out of wooden
beams followed by purlins and
rafters, topped with slate or
wooden shingles.
5.roof
the slate stones also weighs down the structure against strong
winds
18. • Ground floor: Cattle shed and storage area
are provided.
• First Floor: Living Area along with kitchen.
• Low Height of the rooms (2.1 – 2.4 m), keeps
interiors warmer from heat released by
individuals, also low surface to volume ratio
reducing heat loss from surfaces.
• Plinth area is 5m x (13.8+0.45)m
• Inner walls thickness is 4 inch and outer wall
thickness is 9 inch.
PLANING
19. With urbanization and newer construction materials available in the market, that deliver buildings
much faster, the traditional techniques started losing its relevance over time. Also, with rising
demand for natural materials, the rapid loss of forest covers resulted in the enforcement of
Environment Forest Act that banned the use of any more wood from the forests.
FUTURE CHALLENGES
The construction practice in parts of
HimachalPradesh today appears poised
at a proverbial fork in theroad.The
incessant onslaught of
modernisationspurred by faster
communication,
20. changing urban lifestyles, advent of roads and the influx of alien, cheaper
materials and techniques may overrun traditional know-how and building systems.
The urban sprawland-associated degradation visible in the plains is slowly but
inexorably inching higher and farther into the Himalayan interiors. Further, the
stringent laws on timber felling, quarrying rights, scarcity of materials, and
increasing cost have also deterred builders from using local materials and
resulted in greater acceptanceof newer building techniques that may appear
cheaper and efficient in short term but are not sustainable nor appropriate in the
long run. It is in such a context that there is an urgent need to analyse, understand
and disseminate lessons embedded in the time-tested and proven indigenous
building traditions such as the Kathkhuni construction systems of Himachal
Pradesh.
21. Conclusion
The indigenous buildings of Himachal Pradesh reflect a remarkable understanding
about appropriate use of local materials, construction techniques and joinery details
that stand strong against the climatic and seismic forces of nature. The intricate
interlocking of joints without nails is the hallmark of indigenous construction
ingenuity. The construction, society, values and building knowledge are
continuously transforming, new materials are replacing the old. With this change,
there is also an uncertain future for indigenous practices. This in a small way tries to
capture the broad spectrum of details and construction that can help sustain the
local building practice that is worth appreciating, documenting, and preserving for
the future.