The document provides information about earthquake hazards and safety. It discusses the interior structure of the Earth including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains what causes earthquakes, noting they occur on faults when the blocks of rock on either side slip past one another. It emphasizes the importance of having an emergency plan and kit in case an earthquake occurs, including how to shut off gas, water, and electricity. Safety tips are provided about what to do during and after an earthquake.

1. Earthquake Hazards and Safety An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers

2. The Earth

3. Know Your ZOne

4. Earthquake Zones in World Map

5. Interior Structure of Earth CRUST (0-100 KM ) The Earth's outermost surface is called the crust. The crust is relatively light and brittle. Most earthquakes occur within the crust. Scientists believe that below the lithosphere is a relatively narrow, mobile zone in the mantle called the asthenosphere (from asthenes, Greek for weak). MANTLE (100-2900 KM ) The region just below the crust and extending all the way down to the Earth's core is called the mantle. The mantle, a dense, hot layer of semisolid rock. Core (100-2900 KM ) Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core. The Earth's core consists of a fluid outer core and a solid inner core. Inner Core (2900-5100 Km) Outer Core (5100 -6378 Km)

6. Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake

7. What Causes Earthquake? The sudden slip at the fault causes the earthquake…….a violent shaking of the Earth when large elastic strain energy released spreads out through seismic waves that travel through the body and along the surface of the Earth.

8. Fault Earthquakes occur on faults. A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock between two blocks of rock, and can be any length, from centimeters to thousands of kilometers. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction can also be at any angle. We classify these into two basic cases: strikeslip and dip-slip motion.

9. General Characteristics Earthquake Vibration Earthquake vibrations occur in a variety of frequencies and velocities. The actual rupture process may last from a few seconds to as long as one minute for a major earthquake. Seismic waves generated by the rupture can last from several seconds to a few minutes. Ground shaking is caused by body waves and surface waves Depth of Earhquake Measurement Scale Deep (300-700 Km) Magnitude- Richter (Charles Richter) Measures the magnitude of the Intensity , degree of damage (Mercilli) Intermediate (300-60 Km) Shallow (60-0 Km)

12. Increasing one whole unit on Richter Scale represents 10 times greater magnitude.

16. Know the safe spot in each room

17. Know the danger spots

18. Decide where your family will reunite if separated

19. Keep a list of emergency phone numbers

22. Check chimneys, roofs, and wall foundations for stability

23. Secure heavy furnishings

24. Secure water heater and appliances

25. Keep heavy objects on lower shelves

28. Canned foods manual can opener

29. MRE’s

30. Granola bars

32. Purifying tap water 8 drops bleach per gal of water add bleach when storing or, boil for 10 minutes

33. Water from water heater turn off gas or electric turn off cold water supply once cooled, drain at bottom

35. Duck under a desk or sturdy table

36. Watch for falling plaster or ceiling tiles

37. Stay undercover until the shaking stops, and hold onto your cover

38. If the desk or table you are under moves… move with it

39. If in your car, stop, but not on a bridge, or under trees or a power line

40. If outside, stay outside, and move to an area clear of overhead trees, power lines, or objects that could fall from a structure

42. Check for injuries, give first aid as necessary

43. Remain calm, try to reassure others

44. Wear shoes to avoid injury from broken glass

45. Check for fire and take appropriate actions

46. Check gas, water, and electric lines

48. Gas Shutoff

49. Water Shutoff

50. Electricity Shutoff

51. Thanks to: All My Friends for being a part