SOIL – relatively thin surface layer of the Earth’s crust consisting of mineral and organic matter tha is affected by agents such as weather, wind, water, and organisms.
Natural resource.
This document discusses soil erosion as a major environmental problem in Portugal. It begins by defining soils and outlining the key factors in soil formation. It then describes the different soil types found in Portugal based on past and current classification systems. Maps show the lithology, soils, and land use capabilities across Portugal. Soil erosion processes are examined, distinguishing between wind and water erosion. Various types of water erosion are defined. The document then focuses on Mação, Portugal as a case study area, noting it is affected by forest fires and land changes. Overall, the document provides background on soils and outlines soil erosion as a significant issue in Portugal using the region of Mação to illustrate the problems.
The document summarizes the key processes involved in soil formation. It explains that soil is formed through the weathering of rock by various physical, chemical, and biological processes over long periods of time. Temperature and rainfall are identified as particularly important factors that influence soil formation rates and characteristics. The different types of weathering processes that break down rock into smaller particles that eventually become soil are also described in detail.
Soil is a vital component of terrestrial ecosystems that provides support and nutrients for plant growth. It is formed through the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition that break down rock into particles over long periods of time. Soil has different layers and is composed of materials like sand, silt, clay, and humus. When healthy, soil supports agriculture and forests while cycling matter and energy in ecosystems, but depleting its nutrients can damage it for generations. The ideal soil composition is loam, containing a mixture of sand, silt and clay with organic matter.
This document provides an introduction to soil biology for students. It defines key terms like soil and dirt, and explains the five factors that influence soil formation: climate, organisms, relief, parental material, and time. It describes the different layers that make up a soil profile. The document also discusses the microbes, fungi, and animals that live in soil and their roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Students will learn about these topics over three weeks, including a 1.5 hour test and 2 hour practical.
This document discusses different types of erosion and deposition. It begins with definitions of erosion as the movement of sediment from one place to another, and deposition as dropped sediment. It then examines several specific types of erosion in more detail:
- Stream bank erosion occurs along streams and rivers due to running water and burrowing animals. Planting vegetation or using concrete mats can help control this type of erosion.
- Topsoil erosion involves the wearing away of the top layer of soil by water, wind, and gravity. Farming practices like no-till, contour plowing, and cover crops can prevent this type of erosion, which is important because topsoil contains nutrients and takes a long time to form.
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Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
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Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9
RESOURCE
THE FOUR MAIN SPHERES OF EARTH
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
THE BREATH OF LIFE: AIR
CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED IN TWO WAYS
THE ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL
THE MOVEMENT OF AIR: WINDS
FORMATION OF RAIN
AIR POLLUTION
WATER
TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
WATER POLLUTION
MINERAL RICHES IN THE SOIL
THE FACTORS OR PROCESSES THAT MAKE SOIL
QUALITY OF SOIL
FACTORS THAT DECIDE THE TYPE OF PLANT THAT WILL- THRIVE ON A PARTICULAR SOIL
TOPSOIL
SOIL POLLUTION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
THE WATER-CYCLE
THE VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE WATER CYCLE IN- THE BIOSPHERE ARE
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
COMBUSTION
MOVEMENT OF CARBON FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO -THE OCEANS
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
OXYGEN CYCLE
PROCESSES THAT USE OXYGEN
PROCESSES THAT PRODUCE OXYGEN
OZONE LAYER
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
The document discusses factors that affect soil formation and pollution. It identifies causes of soil pollution like deforestation, dumping of industrial and agricultural waste, and excessive fertilizer use. This damages the soil and harms plant growth. To conserve soil, the document recommends practices like planting trees to prevent erosion, proper waste disposal, using alternative planting strategies, minimizing chemical use, and informing others about soil pollution issues.
This document discusses soil erosion as a major environmental problem in Portugal. It begins by defining soils and outlining the key factors in soil formation. It then describes the different soil types found in Portugal based on past and current classification systems. Maps show the lithology, soils, and land use capabilities across Portugal. Soil erosion processes are examined, distinguishing between wind and water erosion. Various types of water erosion are defined. The document then focuses on Mação, Portugal as a case study area, noting it is affected by forest fires and land changes. Overall, the document provides background on soils and outlines soil erosion as a significant issue in Portugal using the region of Mação to illustrate the problems.
The document summarizes the key processes involved in soil formation. It explains that soil is formed through the weathering of rock by various physical, chemical, and biological processes over long periods of time. Temperature and rainfall are identified as particularly important factors that influence soil formation rates and characteristics. The different types of weathering processes that break down rock into smaller particles that eventually become soil are also described in detail.
Soil is a vital component of terrestrial ecosystems that provides support and nutrients for plant growth. It is formed through the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition that break down rock into particles over long periods of time. Soil has different layers and is composed of materials like sand, silt, clay, and humus. When healthy, soil supports agriculture and forests while cycling matter and energy in ecosystems, but depleting its nutrients can damage it for generations. The ideal soil composition is loam, containing a mixture of sand, silt and clay with organic matter.
This document provides an introduction to soil biology for students. It defines key terms like soil and dirt, and explains the five factors that influence soil formation: climate, organisms, relief, parental material, and time. It describes the different layers that make up a soil profile. The document also discusses the microbes, fungi, and animals that live in soil and their roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Students will learn about these topics over three weeks, including a 1.5 hour test and 2 hour practical.
This document discusses different types of erosion and deposition. It begins with definitions of erosion as the movement of sediment from one place to another, and deposition as dropped sediment. It then examines several specific types of erosion in more detail:
- Stream bank erosion occurs along streams and rivers due to running water and burrowing animals. Planting vegetation or using concrete mats can help control this type of erosion.
- Topsoil erosion involves the wearing away of the top layer of soil by water, wind, and gravity. Farming practices like no-till, contour plowing, and cover crops can prevent this type of erosion, which is important because topsoil contains nutrients and takes a long time to form.
-
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9
RESOURCE
THE FOUR MAIN SPHERES OF EARTH
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
THE BREATH OF LIFE: AIR
CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED IN TWO WAYS
THE ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL
THE MOVEMENT OF AIR: WINDS
FORMATION OF RAIN
AIR POLLUTION
WATER
TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
WATER POLLUTION
MINERAL RICHES IN THE SOIL
THE FACTORS OR PROCESSES THAT MAKE SOIL
QUALITY OF SOIL
FACTORS THAT DECIDE THE TYPE OF PLANT THAT WILL- THRIVE ON A PARTICULAR SOIL
TOPSOIL
SOIL POLLUTION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
THE WATER-CYCLE
THE VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE WATER CYCLE IN- THE BIOSPHERE ARE
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
COMBUSTION
MOVEMENT OF CARBON FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO -THE OCEANS
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
OXYGEN CYCLE
PROCESSES THAT USE OXYGEN
PROCESSES THAT PRODUCE OXYGEN
OZONE LAYER
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
The document discusses factors that affect soil formation and pollution. It identifies causes of soil pollution like deforestation, dumping of industrial and agricultural waste, and excessive fertilizer use. This damages the soil and harms plant growth. To conserve soil, the document recommends practices like planting trees to prevent erosion, proper waste disposal, using alternative planting strategies, minimizing chemical use, and informing others about soil pollution issues.
The document discusses processes that shape Earth's surface, focusing on weathering and soil erosion. It defines soil erosion as the movement of rocks and soil from one place to another. The main agents of soil erosion are identified as water, wind, animals, and humans. Students are tasked with investigating the extent of soil erosion in their community and writing a paragraph on its effects on living things and the environment.
The document defines key terms related to natural and cultural landscapes. It describes natural landscapes as consisting of relief, climate, soils, and vegetation interacting as a system. Cultural landscapes are defined as areas where human activities and modifications have influenced the natural landscape through land use, transport features, population and settlement. Interactions between natural elements and influences of natural features on cultural landscapes are also discussed.
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
Rocks vary in size, shape, and texture due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of years. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by forces like water, wind, ice, and plants. Chemical weathering occurs when acids from water and carbon dioxide dissolve minerals. Erosion then transports these sediment particles to new locations through agents like wind, water, and animals. This constant weathering and erosion gradually reshapes the landscape over time.
The document discusses several ways that human activity has impacted natural systems and the environment. It describes how humans have significantly altered the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, causing issues like global warming, acid rain, and damage to the ozone layer. It also discusses how tropical deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion are exacerbated by human practices like overgrazing, deforestation, and agriculture. Finally, it mentions problems with water supply related to population growth and demands, as well as issues of solid waste, toxic waste, and how cultures exploit and interact with the environment.
Here is a proposed way to take care of or conserve soil:
Plant trees and bushes along slopes and riverbanks. The roots will hold soil in place and prevent erosion during heavy rains or strong winds.
Four main processes shape soil formation: additions, losses, translocations, and transformations. Additions include water, minerals from dust, organic matter and nutrients from animal waste and fertilizer. Losses occur through evaporation, water runoff, and decomposition of organic matter. Translocations involve the movement of materials within the soil by gravity, evaporation, and organisms. Transformations change one component into another through processes like decomposition of leaves into humus or weathering of rock into clay. Over time, these processes cause the soil to change significantly from its original parent material in both composition and appearance.
The document provides an overview of the key topics, subtopics, and learning objectives for a geography revision unit on physical geography. It covers several topics including restless earth, climate, the biosphere, water systems, coastal environments, and extreme environments. For each topic, it lists several subtopics and specifics that students should be able to explain, describe, analyze, or evaluate based on examples. The objectives focus on both conceptual understanding of processes and application of knowledge to case studies.
The document discusses weathering and erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rocks at the Earth's surface due to processes like water, waves, wind, gravity and glaciers. There are two types of weathering: mechanical/physical weathering which breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing composition, and chemical weathering which decomposes rocks and alters their mineral composition. Factors like climate, rock composition and surface area affect the rate of weathering. Erosion is the removal and transport of weathered materials by forces such as glaciers, running water, gravity, wind and waves.
Natural resources provide vital benefits but must be carefully managed. Forests are home to many organisms and supply oxygen while also providing wood. Fossil fuels are highly valuable but also cause pollution and are being depleted. Solar and wind energy are renewable sources but their availability varies. Overall, natural resources are invaluable but fragile, requiring sustainable practices to balance human and environmental needs.
This document provides information about soil including its definition, composition, formation, and importance. It defines soil as a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air that supports life on Earth. Soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering of rock and interaction with climate and living organisms. It is composed of layers or horizons that develop distinct properties. Soil performs vital functions like sustaining plant and animal life, regulating water flow, filtering pollutants, storing nutrients, and providing structural support. Soil science studies soil as a living ecosystem and its role in agriculture, the environment, and supporting human civilization.
This document discusses soils and their importance as a natural resource. It explains that soil is made up of weathered rock and organic material. The key factors that influence soil formation are identified as parent material, climate, living organisms, topography, and time. Parent material refers to the minerals and sediments from which soils are formed. Climate and living organisms help break down parent material over hundreds of years to create the thin, top layer of productive soil.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, and liquids that supports life on Earth. It is formed from parent material like rocks through weathering forces over time. Soil composition includes inorganic materials from broken down rocks, organic materials from decaying plants and animals, and varying amounts of water and air. Studying soil characteristics is important for engineering projects to ensure structural stability and avoid problems. Different soil types have varying properties due to formation factors like climate, topography, and parental material. Common soil types include black, desert, red, clay, and laterite soils.
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long timescales.
This document discusses processes that shape Earth's surface, focusing on weathering and soil erosion. It notes that soil erosion can be increased by human activities like illegal logging, overgrazing, and quarrying. The effects of soil erosion include negative impacts on landforms, plants, animals, and humans. Landforms may be degraded and plants unable to grow without sufficient nutrients and water retention in topsoil. Animals and humans face issues like reduced food sources and supply of potable water, which can impact health.
Soil is made up of weathered rock and organic material and is an important natural resource. There are thousands of different soil types worldwide, which are influenced by five main factors: parent material, climate, living organisms, topography, and time. Soil formation takes hundreds of years, with the top few centimeters being the most productive layer for supporting plant growth, making soil conservation important.
CSEC Geography- Vegetation and Soils. This document defines an ecosystem and describes the major components of an ecosystem. It also looks on the two major biomes, tropical rainforest and tropical marine.
Soil forms slowly through the weathering of bedrock and accumulation of organic matter over long time scales. The rate of soil formation is determined by climate, organisms, parent material, topography, and time. Soil development results in the formation of distinct horizons with varying chemical and physical properties. Modern rates of soil loss through erosion are much greater than historical rates of soil formation, risking the long-term depletion of this critical resource unless steps are taken to conserve topsoil.
The Edwards Aquifer is an important source of water for south central Texas. It is a large aquifer formed over 100 million years ago when the area was under the sea. The porous limestone of the Edwards Aquifer acts like a sponge to hold and transport water. The aquifer has three main parts - the drainage area which captures rainwater, the recharge zone where streams and rainwater sink into the ground to enter the aquifer, and the artesian zone which stores and pressures the groundwater. Together these parts work as a system to supply water but also require conservation and protection from pollution to the fragile aquifer.
To illustrate how water is stored in an aquifer, how this water can become contaminated, and how this contamination ends up in a drinking water source.
The document discusses processes that shape Earth's surface, focusing on weathering and soil erosion. It defines soil erosion as the movement of rocks and soil from one place to another. The main agents of soil erosion are identified as water, wind, animals, and humans. Students are tasked with investigating the extent of soil erosion in their community and writing a paragraph on its effects on living things and the environment.
The document defines key terms related to natural and cultural landscapes. It describes natural landscapes as consisting of relief, climate, soils, and vegetation interacting as a system. Cultural landscapes are defined as areas where human activities and modifications have influenced the natural landscape through land use, transport features, population and settlement. Interactions between natural elements and influences of natural features on cultural landscapes are also discussed.
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
Rocks vary in size, shape, and texture due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of years. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by forces like water, wind, ice, and plants. Chemical weathering occurs when acids from water and carbon dioxide dissolve minerals. Erosion then transports these sediment particles to new locations through agents like wind, water, and animals. This constant weathering and erosion gradually reshapes the landscape over time.
The document discusses several ways that human activity has impacted natural systems and the environment. It describes how humans have significantly altered the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, causing issues like global warming, acid rain, and damage to the ozone layer. It also discusses how tropical deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion are exacerbated by human practices like overgrazing, deforestation, and agriculture. Finally, it mentions problems with water supply related to population growth and demands, as well as issues of solid waste, toxic waste, and how cultures exploit and interact with the environment.
Here is a proposed way to take care of or conserve soil:
Plant trees and bushes along slopes and riverbanks. The roots will hold soil in place and prevent erosion during heavy rains or strong winds.
Four main processes shape soil formation: additions, losses, translocations, and transformations. Additions include water, minerals from dust, organic matter and nutrients from animal waste and fertilizer. Losses occur through evaporation, water runoff, and decomposition of organic matter. Translocations involve the movement of materials within the soil by gravity, evaporation, and organisms. Transformations change one component into another through processes like decomposition of leaves into humus or weathering of rock into clay. Over time, these processes cause the soil to change significantly from its original parent material in both composition and appearance.
The document provides an overview of the key topics, subtopics, and learning objectives for a geography revision unit on physical geography. It covers several topics including restless earth, climate, the biosphere, water systems, coastal environments, and extreme environments. For each topic, it lists several subtopics and specifics that students should be able to explain, describe, analyze, or evaluate based on examples. The objectives focus on both conceptual understanding of processes and application of knowledge to case studies.
The document discusses weathering and erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rocks at the Earth's surface due to processes like water, waves, wind, gravity and glaciers. There are two types of weathering: mechanical/physical weathering which breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing composition, and chemical weathering which decomposes rocks and alters their mineral composition. Factors like climate, rock composition and surface area affect the rate of weathering. Erosion is the removal and transport of weathered materials by forces such as glaciers, running water, gravity, wind and waves.
Natural resources provide vital benefits but must be carefully managed. Forests are home to many organisms and supply oxygen while also providing wood. Fossil fuels are highly valuable but also cause pollution and are being depleted. Solar and wind energy are renewable sources but their availability varies. Overall, natural resources are invaluable but fragile, requiring sustainable practices to balance human and environmental needs.
This document provides information about soil including its definition, composition, formation, and importance. It defines soil as a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air that supports life on Earth. Soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering of rock and interaction with climate and living organisms. It is composed of layers or horizons that develop distinct properties. Soil performs vital functions like sustaining plant and animal life, regulating water flow, filtering pollutants, storing nutrients, and providing structural support. Soil science studies soil as a living ecosystem and its role in agriculture, the environment, and supporting human civilization.
This document discusses soils and their importance as a natural resource. It explains that soil is made up of weathered rock and organic material. The key factors that influence soil formation are identified as parent material, climate, living organisms, topography, and time. Parent material refers to the minerals and sediments from which soils are formed. Climate and living organisms help break down parent material over hundreds of years to create the thin, top layer of productive soil.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, and liquids that supports life on Earth. It is formed from parent material like rocks through weathering forces over time. Soil composition includes inorganic materials from broken down rocks, organic materials from decaying plants and animals, and varying amounts of water and air. Studying soil characteristics is important for engineering projects to ensure structural stability and avoid problems. Different soil types have varying properties due to formation factors like climate, topography, and parental material. Common soil types include black, desert, red, clay, and laterite soils.
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long timescales.
This document discusses processes that shape Earth's surface, focusing on weathering and soil erosion. It notes that soil erosion can be increased by human activities like illegal logging, overgrazing, and quarrying. The effects of soil erosion include negative impacts on landforms, plants, animals, and humans. Landforms may be degraded and plants unable to grow without sufficient nutrients and water retention in topsoil. Animals and humans face issues like reduced food sources and supply of potable water, which can impact health.
Soil is made up of weathered rock and organic material and is an important natural resource. There are thousands of different soil types worldwide, which are influenced by five main factors: parent material, climate, living organisms, topography, and time. Soil formation takes hundreds of years, with the top few centimeters being the most productive layer for supporting plant growth, making soil conservation important.
CSEC Geography- Vegetation and Soils. This document defines an ecosystem and describes the major components of an ecosystem. It also looks on the two major biomes, tropical rainforest and tropical marine.
Soil forms slowly through the weathering of bedrock and accumulation of organic matter over long time scales. The rate of soil formation is determined by climate, organisms, parent material, topography, and time. Soil development results in the formation of distinct horizons with varying chemical and physical properties. Modern rates of soil loss through erosion are much greater than historical rates of soil formation, risking the long-term depletion of this critical resource unless steps are taken to conserve topsoil.
The Edwards Aquifer is an important source of water for south central Texas. It is a large aquifer formed over 100 million years ago when the area was under the sea. The porous limestone of the Edwards Aquifer acts like a sponge to hold and transport water. The aquifer has three main parts - the drainage area which captures rainwater, the recharge zone where streams and rainwater sink into the ground to enter the aquifer, and the artesian zone which stores and pressures the groundwater. Together these parts work as a system to supply water but also require conservation and protection from pollution to the fragile aquifer.
To illustrate how water is stored in an aquifer, how this water can become contaminated, and how this contamination ends up in a drinking water source.
The document provides information about limestone features and scenery in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, including Malham Cove. It discusses limestone pavements, swallow holes, resurgences, dry valleys, and features of Malham Cove and Goredale Scar. The land is used for farming, tourism, housing, and quarrying limestone. Underground features include cave systems, subsurface drainage, and water flow features like stalactites, stalagmites, and underground streams.
Water is a universal solvent that is essential for life. Its polarity allows it to dissolve many other substances, and its hydrogen bonding gives it unique properties. Water has a high heat capacity, which moderates temperatures and makes the Earth habitable. The hydrogen bonding of water molecules also allows life to transport water and nutrients against gravity. Water's behavior as a solvent and its temperature moderating properties make it uniquely suited to support life.
The document describes water resources on Earth and issues relating to water use and management. It explains that fresh water is limited, most water is salt water, and surface water is found in rivers and watersheds that are recharged by groundwater in aquifers. It also discusses global water usage, water treatment for drinking, and ways to conserve water through irrigation methods, reservoirs, and pollution prevention.
Limestone Features And Scenery Of The Yorkshire Dalescheergalsal
The document describes several limestone features found in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in the UK. It explains the limestone pavement at Malham formed from weathering along joints and bedding planes. It also describes how swallow holes allow water to disappear underground, later resurging where impermeable rock is encountered. Dry valleys were left behind by melting glaciers, and Malham Cove and Gordale Scar are limestone ravines formed by water erosion. The land is used residentially, for quarrying, farming, and tourism which brings in £50 million annually.
This document discusses a geo-electrical investigation of groundwater potential in Kuje Area Council, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. It was conducted by Adeeko Tajudeen Olugbenga, a master's student at the University of Abuja, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree in applied geophysics. The study aimed to demonstrate the application of the vertical electrical sounding (VES) method to explore for groundwater for irrigation and domestic use in three areas of Kuje. ABEM Terrameter SAS 300C was used to carry out 25 VES measurements using the Schlumberger profiling method. The results identified 4-5 geoelectric layers and showed that one area has potential
The document discusses different underground limestone features including stalagmites, stalactites, and caverns. Stalagmites form from water deposits on the ground, stalactites form from water deposits on cave ceilings. Caverns are created through chemical weathering which erodes limestone over time. Malham Cove has different rock layers and features that allow for erosion and the formation of caves and underground structures through chemical and water processes.
This document contains examples and exercises involving the use of specific heat capacity to calculate changes in temperature of materials when heat is added or removed. It includes 4 examples calculating the final temperature of various materials like iron rods, water, and glass when given the initial temperature, mass, heat added/removed, and specific heat capacities. It then provides context on how specific heat capacities of land and water impact sea and land breezes. Finally, it lists 5 practice exercises for students to calculate temperature changes using specific heat capacity.
Limestone is a porous rock that water can dissolve through solution weathering. The chemical reaction of calcium carbonate + rainwater + carbon dioxide forms calcium bicarbonate and weak carbonic acid, which dissolves the limestone over time. This process enlarges caverns within the rock until the cavern roof collapses, forming a gorge with a stream at the bottom and scree made of broken rock fragments.
Rock and Mienrals Auction Project, Earth Science Lesson PowerPoint, Geologywww.sciencepowerpoint.com
The document outlines an auction of various rocks and minerals, describing each item's properties and where it can be found. Rules are provided for how students will bid on the items using fake money and research the item they win. The auction aims to teach students about different rock and mineral types through hands-on exploration of samples.
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical means. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks down without changing their chemical composition, through processes like freezing and thawing, abrasion, and exfoliation. Chemical weathering changes the minerals in rocks through reactions with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to form acids, resulting in processes like oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis. Examples of mechanical weathering include abrasion and freezing and thawing, while examples of chemical weathering include oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis.
This document discusses different types of soil including sandy soil, clay soil, silty soil, loamy soil, chalky soil, and peaty soil. It describes the characteristics of each soil type and some of the problems associated with each. For example, it notes that sandy soil does not hold water well and nutrients drain quickly through it, while clay soil is difficult for air and water to penetrate, creating problems for plant growth. The document also discusses soil conservation and its importance.
Sandy soil consists of large particles that allow for good drainage but can dry out plants. Clay soil is made of very fine particles that make it difficult to work with due to poor drainage and risk of waterlogging. Loamy soil balances sand, silt and clay for good texture, water retention and drainage. Chalky soil is alkaline with many stones and prone to dryness. Peaty soil is rich in organic matter but low in nutrients unless well fertilized and drained. The subsoil below the topsoil may not contain nutrients for plants.
The soil profile is defined as a vertical section of soil exposed when a soil pit is dug from the surface to the underlying bedrock. It contains different horizontal layers: the topsoil is the upper layer with the most organic matter and biological activity; the subsoil layers below accumulate materials leached from above; and the parent material is what the soil is forming from, influencing the soil composition based on its chemical and physical properties. The main cause of soil contamination is man-made waste containing unnatural chemicals, whereas natural waste adds fertility.
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer and the Debates About its RenewabilityHassan Yahya
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer is one of the largest groundwater basins in the world and it was the subject for a lot of studies since 1920s. The aim of this paper is to give the reader a brief background about this aquifer and to discuss the debate about its renewability. The report discussed the aquifer and its renewability using supportive details and demonstrated it by the aid of graphics, analysis and recommendations of different well-known specialists and scientists in the field.
The presentation includes the following subtopics:
*FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
* FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
*SUBSURFACE WATERS
*AQUIFER GEOMETRY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*DARCY’S LAW AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*CONSEQUENCES OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL
*OTHER IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
*OTHER FEATURES INVOLVING SUBSURFACE WATER
*WATER QUALITY
*EXTENDING THE WATER SUPPLY
Advanced material of construction..ppt24545452SHUBHAM DABHADE
This document discusses different types of building materials including stones, bricks, tiles, cement, and glass claddings. It describes the common uses of different stones such as basalt, granite, and limestone in construction. It also outlines different types of bricks and tiles, and classifies various cements. Glass claddings are discussed as an increasingly popular building material that provides benefits such as energy efficiency but also has disadvantages like higher costs.
This document discusses civil engineering materials, specifically stones and rocks. It classifies rocks into three main categories: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It further breaks down rock types and provides examples. The document also discusses the physical, chemical, and geological classification of rocks. It describes qualities needed for good building stones and their various uses in construction works like foundations, walls, and pavements.
This document provides an overview of ground water hydrology. It defines key terms like aquifers, aquitards, the water table, porosity, permeability and discusses the movement and storage of groundwater. It explains that groundwater is an important source of water, especially in arid areas, and outlines the water balance concept and different zones of subsurface water like the saturated and aeration zones.
The document discusses how human activity is negatively impacting the environment through overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, and other factors. It notes that humans have altered ecosystems since ancient times by hunting animal populations to extinction. More recently, industrialization and population growth have led to issues like global warming, acid rain, soil erosion, waste disposal problems, and biodiversity loss as species are hunted to extinction. Major human impacts discussed include atmospheric pollution, water pollution reducing water supplies, the shrinking of the Aral Sea, deforestation reducing forests, and the challenges of radioactive waste disposal. The document argues that cumulative human ecological impacts now threaten the long-term viability of the environment and life on Earth.
Soil erosion from farms can have negative environmental impacts by reducing nutrient-rich topsoil, increasing sedimentation in waterways which harms aquatic ecosystems, and allowing chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides to pollute drinking water sources as they run off from fields. Prevention methods for farms include maintaining ground cover through no-till practices and buffer zones, while damage control involves restoring eroded lands and setting limits on chemical usage to protect water quality.
11 29 2017 the ground beneath my feet save soilaalleyne
Here are three ways to conserve soil:
1. Plant cover crops or leave plant residue on top of soil to prevent erosion from wind and water. Plant roots and above-ground matter hold soil in place.
2. Practice no-till or minimum tillage farming techniques to limit soil disturbance from tilling or plowing. This preserves soil structure and prevents erosion.
3. Leave buffer strips along waterways and avoid overgrazing or over-application of fertilizers/pesticides. This helps maintain soil nutrients and protects soil from running off into water sources.
The document provides an overview of natural resources and the environment. It discusses how life exists where the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere interact to form the biosphere. Natural resources include both biotic resources like plants and animals as well as abiotic resources like air, water, and soil. However, human population growth, urbanization, and industrialization have led to these resources being used unsustainably. The document then examines various natural resources in more depth, including the composition and layers of the atmosphere, the water and carbon cycles, nitrogen cycle, ozone layer, and the greenhouse effect.
This comprehensive presentation is a broad unit on soil, soil formation and soil layers. The unit gives performance expectations, key vocabulary, types of weathering, soil components and types, soil composition, formation, horizons, hazards, properties, characteristics. Finally the unit covers soil nutrients and forest systems.
Can best be used at High and Junior high schools, by hobby gardeners, farmers and as a college introductory presentation or as a basic refresher. Also elementary teachers can use this to "get up to speed" on the fascinating topic of soil!
Soil Lab v4 is the final version for 2015.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse effects. Three main types of pollution are land, water, and air pollution. Land pollution degrades the earth's surface through contaminants, and is caused by activities like waste disposal, mining, and deforestation. Water pollution contaminates water bodies, impacting over 200 million people worldwide. It is caused by sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. Air pollution introduces foreign particles and gases into the air, forming smog and impacting health. It is caused by vehicle emissions, factory waste, and the burning of fossil fuels.
humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water. Impacts from human activity on land and in the water can influence ecosystems profoundly. Human impact on the environment (or anthropogenic impact) refers to changes to biophysical environments and to ecosystems, biodiversity.
The document provides an overview of soils and their importance for human civilization. Soils have allowed for stable communities and cities through their ability to support agriculture. Key components of soil include minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Soils serve critical functions such as plant growth, waste recycling, and supporting structures. Proper soil management is important for sustainable societies, while mismanagement can lead to problems like erosion or salinization.
This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, impacts, and potential solutions. Some key points:
- Soil erosion is caused by factors like deforestation, wind, and water, which can wash away topsoil and nutrients. Deforestation is a major driver as it removes vegetation that anchors soil.
- Impacts of erosion include decreased soil quality and crop yields, increased production costs, water pollution, and flooding due to sedimentation. Eroded soil may deposit downstream and damage habitats.
- About 38% of the world's cropland is degraded and 15% of total land area has been degraded by human activities like poor farming practices, accelerating the loss of fertile topsoil.
The lithosphere is the rigid outermost layer of Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It exists in two types - oceanic lithosphere associated with ocean crust, and continental lithosphere associated with continental crust.
Soil is a natural resource that takes thousands of years to form. It is made up of weathered rock particles, living organisms, and dead organic matter. Soil degradation occurs through construction, acidification, salinization, and pollution.
Soil erosion is the removal of the fertile topsoil layer by water and wind. It can be caused by deforestation and unsustainable farming practices. Methods to prevent soil erosion include increasing vegetation cover through practices like crop rotation, reforestation,
Three uses of land that change it are agriculture, mining, and development. Only a third of the Earth's land can be farmed because the rest is too dry, wet, salty, or mountainous. To feed the growing population, new farmland is created by clearing forests, draining wetlands, and irrigating deserts. Mining is defined as the removal of nonrenewable resources from the land. Development is the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures.
The document discusses several ways in which human activity has degraded the Earth's environment, including ozone depletion, global warming, deforestation, pollution, and the resulting extinction of plant and animal species. It provides details on these issues and their causes, such as the use of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel burning. Several poems and speeches are also included that lament the human-caused degradation of the Earth and call for efforts to regenerate natural resources and reduce pollution.
The document discusses several ways that human activities are degrading the Earth, including ozone depletion, global warming, deforestation, pollution, and overpopulation. It then provides poems and speeches from students on the topic of how humans alone are responsible for Earth's degradation through destroying habitats, overharvesting resources, pollution, and habitat fragmentation. The document suggests ways to help regenerate the Earth, such as reducing water and energy usage and using environmentally-friendly gardening practices.
The document discusses the important role of the geosphere, or solid earth, in supporting plant growth and food production through soil. It describes the physical nature and composition of soil, as well as the key factors that influence soil quality like organic matter, water, and nutrients. Modern agricultural practices have increased food yields but also caused environmental damage that green chemistry aims to address through more sustainable approaches.
The document discusses land pollution and its causes and effects. It defines land pollution as the deterioration of land surfaces directly or indirectly caused by human activities. Some key causes mentioned include deforestation, agricultural chemical use, mining activities, littering, and habitat destruction. Effects include soil pollution, changes to climate patterns, and environmental impacts such as disrupted rain cycles and global warming.
Copy of Unit 6 Notes 1_ Climate_Biomes_Energy (1).pptxVandanaYadav400309
Soil is important as it provides nutrients for plant growth, acts as a habitat for many organisms, and stores water for plants. Soil quality depends on factors like its nutrient content, texture, and ability to retain water. Threats to soil include erosion from overgrazing, poor farming practices, and damage from human activities, which can lead to soil degradation and loss of fertile land. Conservation methods aim to protect soil quality and prevent erosion, such as contour plowing, terracing, no-till farming, crop rotation, use of windbreaks, and controlling water runoff. The type of soil that forms is influenced by properties of the parent rock material and climatic factors like temperature and precipitation.
Soil is a loose covering of broken rocky material and decaying organic matter that overlies Earth's bedrock surface. It is comprised of minerals, organic matter, air and water and is formed over long periods of time. Soil is a renewable resource that provides nutrients for plant growth, acts as a water filter and storage system, and helps decompose wastes. Soil degradation can occur through processes like erosion, desertification, and compaction, decreasing its ability to support life.
Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIIISantosh Kumar
The document discusses land as an important natural resource. It notes that only 30% of the Earth's surface is land, and not all of that is habitable. Population distribution is uneven due to varying land characteristics and climate. Steep, rugged, or forested areas tend to be sparsely populated, while plains and river valleys are more densely populated for agriculture. Land is used for purposes like agriculture, forestry, housing, and industry. It can be privately or communally owned. Growing populations are putting pressure on limited land resources and leading to issues like degradation. Conservation methods like afforestation and regulated chemical use aim to preserve land.
Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIIISantosh Kumar
The document discusses land as an important natural resource. It notes that only 30% of the Earth's surface is land, and not all of that is habitable. Population distribution is uneven due to varying land characteristics and climate. Steep, rugged, or forested areas tend to be sparsely populated, while plains and river valleys are more densely populated for agriculture. Land is used for purposes like agriculture, forestry, housing, and industry. It can be privately or communally owned. Growing populations are putting pressure on limited land resources and leading to issues like degradation. Conservation methods like afforestation and regulated resource use aim to preserve land.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Presentacion soil
1. How Do People Use Soil Resources? By: Carlos Felipe Bustillos Serna 5C To: T. Angel Watler Archbold Colegio Bennett 2010 - 2011
2. Introduction Definition Layers of the soil Soil Properties Composition of soil Types of soil Uses of the soil Elements of healthy soil OUTLINE Quotes Prior knowledge Glossary
3. Introduction Natural resources: Are materials found on the Earth, are necessary for life on Earth. Same cannot be replaced. We need to protect them. Reduce reuse and recycle Resources Nonrenewable Can`t be replaced quickly exit in fixed amount. Ex: Diamonds Cooper Silver Gold Coal Renewable Earths resources can be cycled over and over. Ex: Fresh air tree, water, and soil
4. Soil has three layers each layer contains different materials. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE Soil is made up of different-sized rocks, sand, clay and the remanins of living things, such as leaves that have fallen from trees. Plants grow in soil, and animals such as worms, ants and moles live in soil. Soil is a very important natural resource. It helps people, animals and plants. People use soil to grow plants and to raise animals that they use for food.
6. GLOSSARY Nutrient: Any substance that promotes growth with living organisms. The term is generally applied to nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, but is also applied to other essential and trace elements. Irrigation: Applying water or wastewater to land areas to supply the water and nutrient needs of plants. Infiltration: Penetration of water into a medium, for instance the soil. Erosion: The wearing away of the land surface by wind, water, ice or other geological agents. Erosion occurs naturally from weather or runoff but is often intensified by human land use practices. Fragmentation: The subdivision of a solid in fragments. The fragments will then adhere to the nearest surface.
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13. O) Litter layer of plant residues in relatively undecomposed form. A) Layer of mineral soil with most organic matter. B) This layer accumulates iron, clay, aluminum and organic compounds. C)Layer of large unbroken rocks. O A B C
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18. Leaf Litter Droppings and animal Remains - Minerals Fungi – Plant and animal matter. Microorganisms – Water air ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF SOIL
36. Rainy season damage to farming to cost $900,000: Govt An Emergency Plan to address damage to Colombia's agriculture caused by last year's extended rainy season requires an investment of $900,000, President Juan Manuel Santos said Wednesday. "We will need, at least this year, $900,000 to implement the Emergency Plan of the Ministry of Agriculture, which aims to tackle the winter crisis in the country," said Santos in a press release . He emphasized that the severe flooding over the rainy season not only affected houses and roads but also caused a lot of damage in the agricultural sector.
37. By Sara Barraca for Diálogo 28/12/2010 At several recent gatherings, scientists have demonstrated that the global drug problem ─ in particular drug processing and manufacturing ─ is damaging the flora and fauna of some of the world’s most environmentally sensitive areas. Colombia is one of the countries most affected by the drug trade, but it also treasures its biodiversity more than almost any other country in the world, Colombian military officials said. A soldier stands guard near a cocaine laboratory seized by Colombian Army near the San Juan River in Choco province on March 17, 2010. REUTERS/Jaime
38. Aug 22 / 2010 Dave Schumaker Tremors Around Colombian Volcano CNN reports that 30 earthquakes have shook the Galeras volcano , located in Colombia, since Saturday. This has raised fears of a possible eruption though the government has not upgraded the volcano warning levels. More than 30 temblors have occurred within 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) of the Galeras volcano beginning Saturday, geologist Roberto Torres said. Several had a magnitude near 5 and seven were strong enough to be felt by people. “The tremors are small in earthquake terms, but in terms of the volcano, they are notable,” said Torres, of the government’s Geology and Mines Institute. Galeras erupted in 1993, killing 9 people, including 5 volcanologists monitoring the volcano who were caught inside the crater.
41. Do Not throw garbage Use baskets, garbage cans for deposit. participate in ecological campaigns Planting a tree in the garden Use, reuse and recycle waste.