The document provides information about the history and formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago, including five mass extinction events. It discusses Earth's atmosphere, composition, layers, and facts such as only having one natural satellite, the Moon. Graphics are shown for the Solar System and Earth specifically. The document then covers Earth's mountains, minerals, rocks, volcanoes, meteoroids, and indications of environmental issues like global warming, pollution, and the depletion of the ozone layer. Prevention methods are suggested.

1. EARTH

2. History of Earth
• Earth and the other planets in the Solar System formed 4.54
billion years ago.
• About 535 million years ago there have been five mass extinctions.
• The last extinction event occurred 65 million years ago, when a
meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the (non-avian)
dinosaurs and other large reptiles years ago.
• The development of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be
harvested directly by life forms; the resultant oxygen accumulated in
the atmosphere and resulted in a layer of ozone (a form of molecular
oxygen [O3]) in the upper atmosphere

3. Graphics in Solar System
Earth:
• the third planet.
• the fifth largest planet.
• the densest planet.
• has only one satellite, the Moon.
• has distance – 149600000 km from the
Sun.

4. Atmosphere of Earth
• The atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth averages
101.325 kPa, with a scale height of about 8.5 km.
• The Earth's atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen (77%),
oxygen (21%), argon (.93%), and carbon dioxide (0.03%).
• Layers:
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
ionosphere
lithosphere
biosphere
hydrosphere

5. Composition
• Chemical: • Mass
34.6% Iron atmosphere = 0.0000051
29.5% Oxygen
oceans = 0.0014
15.2% Silicon
12.7% Magnesium crust = 0.026
2.4% Nickel mantle = 4.043
1.9% Sulphur
outer core = 1.835
0.05% Titanium
inner core = 0.09675

6. FACTS ABOUT EARTH
• Earth is the only planet whose English name does not derive from
Greek/Roman mythology.
• The Earth is 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old, but the oldest known rocks
are about 4 billion years old.
• There is no record of the critical period when life was first getting
started.
• The oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is produced and maintained by
biological processes.
• Earth has a modest magnetic field produced by electric currents in
the outer core

7. Moon
• It is called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the
Greeks, and many other names in other mythologies .
• It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun
• As the Moon orbits around the Earth once per month, the angle
between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes
• Moon was first visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 in 1959
• The first landing was on July 20, 1969 and the last was in
December 1972
• The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause
tides.
• The Moon's gravitational attraction is stronger on the side of
the Earth nearest to the Moon and weaker on the opposite side
• The Moon has no atmosphere
• The Moon's crust averages 68 km thick
• Most rocks on the surface of the Moon seem to be between 4.6
and 3 billion years old.

8. Earth Day is celebrated on 22nd April to
inspire the peoples to make the Earth
green and free from pollution and save
from extinction.

9. • To conserve wild life, trees and
environment the International
Environment Day is celebrated on 5th
June.

10. Satellites
• First artificial satellite launched by Soviet Union is Sputnik-1 in 1957.
• Types
Communicational
Observational
Navigational
Weather
Research
• Satellites orbits vary depending on purpose of satellite and
classified as:-
Low earth orbit
Polar orbit
Geostationary orbit

11. Mountains
• highest mountain in world is Mount Everest(8848m) in Asia.
• Tallest mountain in world is Mouna Kea in Hawaii.
• Types
Volcanic
Domed
Folded
Plateau
Fault-block

12. Minerals
• Minerals can be classified acc. to chemical
composition.
• Types of minerals
1. Silicates
2. Carbonate
3. Sulphate
4. Halide
5. Oxide
6. Sulphide
7. Phosphate
8. Element
9. Organic

13. Rocks
• The Earth's lithosphere is made of rock.
• Types
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
• Rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition
• Rocks are used to construct buildings and infrastructure.

14. Volcanoes
• Volcano is an opening of a planets surface which allows hot, molten
rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface.
• Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are pulled
apart or come together. .
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge- example of volcanoes caused by "divergent
tectonic plates“.
• the Pacific Ring of Fire- example of volcanoes caused by
"convergent tectonic plates”.
• Volcanoes also formed by-
Stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust called "non-hotspot
intraplate volcanism“.
“
Mantle plums called Hotspot volcanoes” found elsewhere in the
solar system, especially on rocky planets and moons .

15. Meteoroids
• If you have a dark clear sky you will probably see a few meteroids per
hour on an average night.
• During one of the annual meteor showers you may see as
many as 100/hour.
• Very bright meteors are known as fireballs.
• One of the Martian meteorites, known as ALH84001 (left), is
believed to show evidence of early life on Mars
• The largest found meteorite Hoba, in Namibia weighs 60 tons.
• A very large number of meteoroids enter the Earth's
atmosphere each day amounting to more than a hundred tons of
material
• The sound of the explosion of meteroid fall in Tunguska was heard
half-way around the world in London..
• One of these hits the Earth about once in a million years or so on the
average
•

16. Global warming
Green house effect
Pollution
• long-term rising levels of • it is increase in
atmospheric gases cause temperature of Earth.
slight but critical When incoming solar
increases in the acidity of radiation is passed but
ocean waters, and the outgoing thermal
possible effects of this on radiation is blocked by
marine ecosystems. the atm. then
environmental temp.
• raised levels of toxic increases which cause
gases in the atmosphere global warming. Carbon
affect the Earth's climate. dioxide and water vapor
are its major factors.

17. Ozone layer
• The ozone layer" refers to the ozone within stratosphere,
where over 90% of the earth's ozone resides. Ozone is
an irritating, corrosive, colorless gas with a smell
something like burning electrical wiring. In fact, ozone is
easily produced by any high-voltage electrical arc (spark
plugs, Van de Graff generators, Tesla coils, arc welders).
Each molecule of ozone has three oxygen atoms and is
produced when oxygen molecules (O2) are broken up by
energetic electrons or high energy radiation.

18. Depletion of ozone layer Hole in ozone layer
• a slow, steady decline of about • The ozone hole is
4% per decade in the total not technically a “hole”
volume of ozone in Earth's
stratosphere (ozone layer) where no ozone is present,
since the late 1970s, but is actually a region of
• Tropospheric ozone depleting exceptionally depleted ozone
events which occur near the in the stratosphere over the
surface in polar regions during Antarctic
spring. • Blue and purple colored area
• Ozone depleting substances centered over Antarctica is
CFCs seen on October 4, 2004.
Freon
Halones

19. Indication towards end of Earth
• Global warming.
• Ozone hole.
• Unbalanced rain.
• Very high temp. during summer.

20. Preventions
• Education programme.
• Stop illegal dumping.
• Awareness.
• Green movement.