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Early 20th c architecture
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- 2. Vladimir Tatlin Monument tothe 3rd International 1919-20 wood, iron and glass Productivism – developed in Russia Aimed to design better environments for human beings - Utopian thinking, using technology to benefit humans - abandoned abstraction for “functional art” Commissioned to honor the Russian Revolution – GOVERNMENTAL BUILDING - Glass and iron building, taller than Eiffel Tower Spiral cage with geometric rotating forms in center for various gov’t activities • Chambers decrease in size as the building ascends • Reinforces social and political reality Never was actually built, only exists in models
- 3. Gerrit Thomas Rietveld SchroderHouse Utrecht, the Netherlands 1924 • De Stijl Architecture – inspiration by Mondrian (straight lines, primary colors, primary values, geometric shapes) • Living rooms on 2nd floor, private rooms on ground level • Sliding screens to transform the space • Shifting quality appears in exterior, almost Cubist, moveable panels Rietveld’s philosophy: homes should be “machines for living”
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- 5. Walter Gropius Bauhaus Dessau, Germany 1925-26 •The organic shaping of things in accordance with their own current laws, avoids embellishment and whimsy • Restriction of basic forms and colors: emphasis on typical and universally legible themes • Simplicity in complexity • Economy in the use of space, materials, time and money
- 6. Walter Gropius Bauhaus Dessau, Germany 1925-26 Bauhaus:German school of design • Dismantled by Nazi Regime • Hitler quickly shut down the institution after 14 years • Students and professors fled Germany and disseminated Bauhaus aesthetics and ideals • Inspired curricula for many other art schools
- 7. Luwig Mies VanDer Rohe model for a glass skyscraper, Berlin, Germany 1922 • Took over Bauhaus after Gropius left • “less is more” “skin and bones” architecture • Model for tall glass building (never built) • Three towers, reveals cantilevered interior • Illusion of movement inspired later architects, especially for skyscrapers Cantilever = A long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end
- 8. Le Corbusier (CharlesEdouard Jeanneret) Villa Savoye Poissy-sur-Seine, France 1929-30 • Designed functional living spaces, “machines for living” • Sun, space, vegetation, controlled temp, quiet, insulated
- 9. Le Corbusier Villa Savoye Poissy-sur-Seine,France 1929-30 • Located outside Paris • Living rooms on second floor, bedroom, storage, garage on first • Open space, strip windows • Ramp leads to roof-terrace and garden • No traditional façade, must walk around and through house to understand it
- 10. Le Corbusier Villa Savoye Poissy-sur-Seine,France 1929-30 • INVERTED typical design practice • Heavier floor on TOP, negates solidity • Made possible with ferroconcrete (steel enforced concrete)
- 11. William van Allen ChryslerBuilding New York, New York 1928-30 ART DECO • In response to Bauhaus • Favored ornamentation using new materials • Appealed to all art forms: buildings, furniture, silverware, etc. • Very streamlines, geometric, organic, “aerodynamic” Chrysler Building Monument of the fabulous 1920s Celebrated the principles and success of American business…pre-Depression
- 12. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT •“architecture of democracy” • Natural, organic, interacts with natural surrounding • Free open space for free individuals to move through • Asymmetry • Use of innovative building techniques: cantilevers
- 13. Frank Lloyd Wright RobieHouse Chicago, Illinois 1907-09 • “Prairie style” – long, sweeping, ground-hugging lines reflects expansiveness of Midwest flatlands • No façade • Extended roof overhangs, conceal entrance, “wandering” plan • Sense of space and motion • The interior’s flowing space dictated the placement of external walls • Grouped around giant central fireplace • Every little decorative detail fits in with Wright’s design scheme
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- 15. Frank Lloyd Wright RobieHouse Chicago, Illinois 1907-09 Long, “prairie style” design
- 16. Frank Lloyd Wright KaufmannHouse (Fallingwater) Bear Run, Pennsylvania 1936-39 • Built as country home of dept store magnate Edgar Kaufmann • Fluid interplay of interior and exterior • Placed on top of waterfall, hence fallingwater • Incorporates building INTO site • Series of terraces • Concrete, painted metal and natural stone • SPACE, not mass. Created space for free movement • GREATLY influential on European architects