This document provides an overview of European art from the 15th to 18th centuries, beginning with the Northern Renaissance. Key developments include the influence of Italian Renaissance ideas on Northern European artists like Durer, the rise of printmaking and realism, and the effects of the Reformation and capitalism on art. The document then covers Mannerism, the Baroque styles in Italy and Spain characterized by elaborate compositions and drama, and the Baroque in Northern Europe as seen in the works of Rubens, Rembrandt, and Vermeer. Rococo art is described as delicate and sensual. Finally, Neoclassicism is presented as a rejection of the aristocracy in favor of democratic ideals inspired by antiquity. Major artists represented

1. THEME: Best of Both Worlds
“Consider the Nut” + “PMA”
PMA
+
Key Ideas:
• Reformation sparked iconoclasm in Northern Europe, nonetheless 1500-
1600 was a great creative period
• Artists sought new ways to represent figures without creating pagan idols
• Powerfully influenced by Italian Renaissance
• Albrecht Durer represents Northern realism/detail + Italian
monumentality
• Capitalism & printmaking (more $ to buy art, more opportunities to
sell/spread art)

2. Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
ca. 1510-15
oil on panel
center panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.
Patron –
Purpose –

3. Printmaking techniques!
• What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each?
Woodcut Engraving
Etching

4. Albrecht Dürer
The Great Piece of Turf
1503
watercolor
16 x 12 1/2 in.

5. Albrecht Dürer
The Fall of Man
1504
engraving
9 7/8 x 7 5/8 in.
Italian influences + Northern
characteristics. Can you name
them?

6. Albrecht Dürer
Knight, Death and the Devil
1513
engraving
9 5/8 x 7 3/8 in.

7. Albrecht Altdorfer
The Battle of Issus
1529
oil on panel
4 ft. 4 1/4 in. x 3 ft. 11 1/4 in.

8. Hans Holbein the Younger
The French Ambassadors
1533
oil and tempera on panel
6 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 9 1/2 in.

9. Quentin Massys
Money-Changer
and His Wife
1514
oil on panel
7 ft. 3 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 2 3/8 in.

10. Pieter Aertsen
Meat Still-Life
1551
oil on panel
4 ft. 3/8 in. x 6 ft. 5 3/4 in.

11. Pieter Breugel the Elder
Netherlandish Proverbs
1559
oil on panel
3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 4 1/8 in.

12. Pieter Breugel the Elder
Hunters in the Snow
1565
oil on panel
3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 4 in.

13. Juan de Herrera
Escorial
near Madrid, Spain
ca. 1563-1584

14. El Greco
(Domenikos Theotokopoulous)
The Burial of Count Orgaz
1586
oil on canvas
16 x 12 ft.

15. Mannerism - "Oh, what the hey. We could never top the
High Renaissance, so why bother?"
- Comes from Italian word Maniera
- Artifice
- Mannerist art is deliberately intellectual, asking the viewer to respond in a
sophisticated way to the spatial challenges
- Complicated compositions, distorted figures, complex allegorical
interpretations
- Calculated ambiguity gives Mannerism its enduring value

16. Jacopo da Pontormo
Descent from the Cross
Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicità, Florence, Italy
1525-1528
oil on wood
10 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 6 in.

17. Parmigianino
Madonna with the Long Neck
ca. 1535
oil on wood
7 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 4 in.

18. Bronzino
Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
(The Exposure of Luxury)
ca. 1546
oil on wood
5 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 8 3/4 in.

19. Tintoretto
Last Supper
Chancel. San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Italy
1594
oil on canvas
12 ft. x 18 ft. 8 in.

20. Paolo Veronese
Christ in the House of Levi
1573
oil on canvas
18 ft. 6 in. x 42 ft. 6 in.

21. Antonio Allegri da Correggio
Assumption of the Virgin
Dome fresco of Parma Cathedral
Parma, Italy
1526-1530
fresco

22. Giovanni da Bologna
Abduction of the Sabine Women
ca. 1579-1583
Marble

23. Baroque Art in Italy and Spain

24. Giacomo della Porta
façade of Il Gesù
Rome, Italy
ca. 1575-1584

25. Carlo Maderno
Aerial view of Saint Peter’s
Vatican City, Rome, Italy
1506-1666

26. Gianlorenzo Bernini
baldacchino Saint Peter’s
Vatican City, Rome, Italy
1624-33
gilded bronze
approximately 100 ft. high

27. Gianlorenzo Bernini
David
1623
marble
approximately 5 ft. 7 in. high

28. Gianlorenzo Bernini
Ecstasy of Saint Theresa
Cornaro Chapel,
Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy
1645-1652

29. Francesco Borromini
façade of
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Rome, Italy
1665-1676

30. Caravaggio
Calling of Saint Matthew
Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesci
Rome, Italy
ca. 1597-1601
oil on canvas
11 ft. 1 in. x 11 ft. 5 in.

31. Caravaggio
Conversion of Saint Paul
Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo
Rome, Italy
ca. 1601
oil on canvas
approximately 7 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 9 in.

32. Artemisia Gentileschi
Judith Slaying Holofernes
ca. 1614-1629
oil on canvas
6 ft. 6 1/3 in. x 5 ft. x 4 in.

33. Ceiling Frescoes
• What do these images have in common?
• What was appealing about ceiling paintings?

34. Fra Andrea Pozzo
Glorification of Saint Ignatius
ceiling fresco with stucco figures
in the nave of Sant’Ignazio, Rome, Italy
1691-1694
fresco

35. Diego Velázquez
Surrender of Breda
1634-1635
oil on canvas
10 ft. 1 in. x 12 ft. 1/2 in.

36. Diego Velázquez
King Philip IV of Spain
(Fraga Philip)
1644
oil on canvas
4 ft. 3 1/8 in. x 3 ft. 1/8 in.

37. Diego Velázquez
Las Meninas
1656
oil on canvas
approximately 10 ft. 9 in. x 9 ft.

38. Baroque Art in Northern Europe

39. Peter Paul Rubens
Elevation of the Cross
Antwerp Cathedral, Antwerp, Belgium
1610
oil on panel
15 ft. 2 in. x 11 ft. 2 in.

40. Peter Paul Rubens
Arrival of Marie de’ Medici
at Marseilles
1622-1625
oil on canvas
approximately 5 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 9 1/2 in.

41. Anthony Van Dyck
Charles I Dismounted
ca. 1635
oil on canvas
9 ft. x 7 ft.

42. Frans Hals – Leading Haarlem Painter of Portraits
Archers of Saint Hadrian
ca. 1633
oil on canvas
approximately 6 ft. 9 in. x 11 ft.

43. Judith Leyster –
Portraitist (studied with
Hals)
Self-Portrait
ca. 1630
oil on canvas
2 ft. 5 3/8 in. x 2 ft. 1 5/8 in.

44. Rembrandt van Rijn
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
1632
oil on canvas
5 ft. 3 3/4 in. x 7 ft. 1 1/4 in.

45. Rembrandt van Rijn
The Company of
Captain Frans Banning Cocq
(Night Watch)
1642
oil on canvas
11 ft. 11 in. x 14 ft. 4 in.

46. Rembrandt van Rijn
Self-Portrait
ca. 1659-1660
oil on canvas
3 ft. 8 3/4 in. x 3 ft. 1 in.

47. Jan Vermeer
The Letter
1666
oil on canvas
1 ft. 5 1/4 in. x 1 ft. 3 1/4 in.
Best known Dutch interior scene
painter
- Glimpses into the lives of
“prosperous, responsible and
cultured citizens”

48. Jan Vermeer
Allegory of the Art of Painting
1670-1675
oil on canvas
4 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 8 in.
The Science and Poetry of Light
- Master of pictorial light

49. Pieter Claesz
Vanitas Still Life
1630s
oil on panel
1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 11 1/2 in.
Dutch still lifes

50. Nicholas Poussin
Et in Arcadia Ego
ca. 1655
oil on canvas
2 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft.

51. Hyacinthe Rigaud
Louis XIV
1701
oil on canvas
9 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.

52. Jules Hardouin-Mansart &
Charles Le Brun
Galerie des Glaces
(Hall of Mirrors)
Palace of Versailles
Versailles, France
1667-1670

53. Christopher Wren
new Saint Paul’s Cathedral
London, England
1675-1710

54. From rocaille meaning “pebble” or “shell”
“Trust the body” + More is MORE!
• Shift of power from monarchy (Louis
XIV and Baroque) to the aristocracy
(Rococo)
• Royal Academy set the taste for art in
Paris
• Strong Satirical paintings
• Epitomized by paintings that show
aristocratic people enjoying leisures
Rococ
oSometimes referred to
as Late Baroque
Architecture: Simple exteriors, ornate interiors
- Naturalistic: small stones, shells, plant forms
- Feminine – delicate, undulating
- Silver & gold, light
- Small relief sculptures – cupids, clouds
Painting:
- Small in size
- Fete galante – themes of love
- Frivolity, playful, sensual
- Pastels, delicate curves
- Dainty figures

55. François de Cuvilliès
Hall of Mirrors, the Amalienburg
Nymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany
early 18th C.

56. Antoine Watteau
Return from Cythera
1717-1719
oil on canvas
4 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 4 in.
Fête galante
The French Academy –
Rubenistes vs Poussinistes

57. Jean-Honoré Fragonard
The Swing
1766
oil on canvas
2 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.

58. Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun
Self-Portrait
1790
oil on canvas
8 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 9 in.

59. William Hogarth
Breakfast Scene from Marriage à la Mode
ca. 1745
oil on canvas
2 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft.
Satire!
What would the contemporary
equivalent of this painting be?

60. NEOCLASSICISM (1750-1815)
• Enlightenment brought about the rejection of royal and aristocratic authority
• Supported by Napoleon in order to associated himself with the successes
of the Ancient Roman's Empire.
• Jacques-Louis David becomes First Painter
• Neoclassical art was more democratic
• Current events depicted have classical influences
INSPIRED by the excavation of
Pompeii & Heculaneum
- Grand Tour of Italy – A MUST!

61. Jacques-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii
1784
oil on canvas
approximately 11 x 14 ft.
The French Revolution – 1789
David became Neoclassical painter-ideologist
Patriotism & sacrifice!

62. Jacques-Louis David
The Death of Marat
1793
oil on canvas
approximately 5 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 1 in.

63. Richard Boyle and William Kent
Chiswick House
near London, England
begun 1725

64. Jean-Antoine Houdon
Voltaire
1778
marble
18 7/8 in. high