In the aerospace industry with highly competitive market the time to design and delivery is shortening every day. Pressure on delivering robust product with cost economy is in demand in each development. Even though technology is older, it is new for each customer requirement and highly non-liner to fit one in another place. Gas turbine is considered one of a complex design in the aircraft system. It involves experts to be grouped with designers of various segments to arrive the best output. The time is crucial to achieve a best design and it needs knowledge automation incorporated with CAD/CAE tools. In the present work an innovative idea in the form of Knowledge Based Engineering for axial compressor is proposed, this includes the fundamental design of axial compressor integrated with artificial intelligence in the form of knowledge capturing and programmed with high level language (Visual Basis.Net) and embedded into CATIA v5. This KBE frame work eases out the design and modeling of axial compressor design and produces 3D modeling for further flow simulation with fluid dynamic in Ansys-Fluent. Most of the aerospace components are developed through simulation driven product development and in this case it is established for axial compressor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document reports on a numerical investigation of a jet pump with twisted tapes. Water and air were used as the primary and secondary fluids, respectively. Computational fluid dynamics software was used to simulate flow through nozzles with diameters of 4mm and 6mm, both with and without single or double twisted tapes. Results found that double twisted tapes increased efficiency the most by enhancing momentum exchange and pressure drop after the nozzle through increased vorticity. Velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and vorticity profiles along the length supported these findings. The maximum 10% efficiency increase was with a double twisted tape compared to no tape.
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
This document describes the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel to generate 400 Watts of power. A Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine that converts pressure head into velocity head. The design calculations include determining the input and output power, number of buckets, speed ratio, belt length, and efficiency. The designed Pelton wheel has a jet diameter of 0.0254 m and runner diameter of 0.254 m. Testing showed the wheel has a hydraulic efficiency of 96.35% and generates an output power of 400 Watts, with only a 1.092% difference from the theoretical calculations. In conclusion, the Pelton wheel design is simple and cost-effective, making it suitable for generating power from small heads of water.
Centrifugal pumps work by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy using centrifugal force. They are commonly used to lift liquids to higher elevations.
The document discusses key components of centrifugal pumps including the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. It also covers critical concepts such as net positive suction head (NPSH), wearing rings, stuffing boxes, and lantern rings which are used to seal the pump shaft. Cavitation and its damaging effects are also summarized.
1. The affinity laws express the mathematical relationship between variables that affect centrifugal and axial flow pump performance, such as capacity, head, horsepower, speed, and impeller diameter.
2. The laws state that capacity, head, and horsepower are directly proportional to speed, while directly proportional to the cube of impeller diameter.
3. The example demonstrates using the affinity laws to determine the performance of a pump with a 13" impeller operating at 2000 RPM, given its performance data at 1750 RPM for various impeller diameters. The laws are applied to points on the 1750 RPM curve to generate a new 2000 RPM performance curve.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
The document discusses setting up pumps in series and parallel configurations and measuring their performance. It includes:
- Instructions on connecting a single pump, or two identical pumps in series or parallel, to a water circulation system and software.
- Procedures to operate each configuration at varying flow rates, recording total head and flow from sensors to obtain pump curve data.
- Objectives to analyze and compare the performance of a single pump versus pumps in series/parallel, and suggest appropriate configurations based on given flow and head requirements.
- Background theory that pumps in series double the achievable head rise while maintaining the same flow, and pumps in parallel double the flow while maintaining the same head rise.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document reports on a numerical investigation of a jet pump with twisted tapes. Water and air were used as the primary and secondary fluids, respectively. Computational fluid dynamics software was used to simulate flow through nozzles with diameters of 4mm and 6mm, both with and without single or double twisted tapes. Results found that double twisted tapes increased efficiency the most by enhancing momentum exchange and pressure drop after the nozzle through increased vorticity. Velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and vorticity profiles along the length supported these findings. The maximum 10% efficiency increase was with a double twisted tape compared to no tape.
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
This document describes the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel to generate 400 Watts of power. A Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine that converts pressure head into velocity head. The design calculations include determining the input and output power, number of buckets, speed ratio, belt length, and efficiency. The designed Pelton wheel has a jet diameter of 0.0254 m and runner diameter of 0.254 m. Testing showed the wheel has a hydraulic efficiency of 96.35% and generates an output power of 400 Watts, with only a 1.092% difference from the theoretical calculations. In conclusion, the Pelton wheel design is simple and cost-effective, making it suitable for generating power from small heads of water.
Centrifugal pumps work by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy using centrifugal force. They are commonly used to lift liquids to higher elevations.
The document discusses key components of centrifugal pumps including the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. It also covers critical concepts such as net positive suction head (NPSH), wearing rings, stuffing boxes, and lantern rings which are used to seal the pump shaft. Cavitation and its damaging effects are also summarized.
1. The affinity laws express the mathematical relationship between variables that affect centrifugal and axial flow pump performance, such as capacity, head, horsepower, speed, and impeller diameter.
2. The laws state that capacity, head, and horsepower are directly proportional to speed, while directly proportional to the cube of impeller diameter.
3. The example demonstrates using the affinity laws to determine the performance of a pump with a 13" impeller operating at 2000 RPM, given its performance data at 1750 RPM for various impeller diameters. The laws are applied to points on the 1750 RPM curve to generate a new 2000 RPM performance curve.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
The document discusses setting up pumps in series and parallel configurations and measuring their performance. It includes:
- Instructions on connecting a single pump, or two identical pumps in series or parallel, to a water circulation system and software.
- Procedures to operate each configuration at varying flow rates, recording total head and flow from sensors to obtain pump curve data.
- Objectives to analyze and compare the performance of a single pump versus pumps in series/parallel, and suggest appropriate configurations based on given flow and head requirements.
- Background theory that pumps in series double the achievable head rise while maintaining the same flow, and pumps in parallel double the flow while maintaining the same head rise.
Development of Hill Chart diagram for Francis turbine of Jhimruk Hydropower u...Suman Sapkota
The study is expected to provide a milestone for the study of performances of Francis Turbine at different loading conditions. It can also serve as a reference for the study of CFD analysis on Francis turbine for the development of performance characteristics curve and Hill chart.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Centrifugal compressors are critical equipment used to compress fluids like gas in chemical processes. They work by using impellers to add kinetic energy to the fluid and increase its pressure and temperature. Centrifugal compressors can have one or multiple impellers depending on the needed pressure increase. Impellers are the most important components as they provide all the kinetic energy and pressure rise. Well designed impellers can achieve over 96% efficiency. The type of impeller, whether shrouded or unshrouded, and blade design, 2D or 3D, depends on factors like required operating speed and pressure ratio. Proper selection of impeller is key to achieving high efficiency compression.
Analysis About Losses of Centrifugal Pump by Matlabijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Performance of a_centrifugal_pump_autosavedDickens Mimisa
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of a centrifugal pump performed by a student. Key findings include:
- The experiment investigated the relationship between head, discharge, input power, and efficiency of a centrifugal pump under different revolution speeds.
- Data was collected manually and analyzed to determine the pump's characteristic curve and efficiency at varying flow rates.
- Results show efficiency increases with flow rate until peak efficiency is reached, then decreases as flow rate continues to rise.
This document provides an overview of measuring the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump. It discusses the theoretical bases of how centrifugal pumps work including speed conditions in the impeller, compression in the impeller and volute, determining the delivery head, and sources of losses and efficiencies. It also describes the centrifugal pump test stand including the pump, drive system, measurement of flow, pressure, torque, and testing methods and evaluation.
1. Turbomachinery refers to machines that transfer energy between a continuously moving fluid and a rotating element. Turbines, compressors, fans, and pumps are all types of turbomachines.
2. Turbomachines can be classified based on the direction of fluid flow as axial, radial, or mixed flow. They can also be classified based on whether they absorb energy from a rotor to increase pressure (pumps, fans, compressors) or produce energy by expanding flow to lower pressures (turbines).
3. Key equations that govern turbomachinery include the Euler turbine equation, which relates power added or removed from flow to characteristics of a rotating blade row, and the energy equation, which equ
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
The document describes an experiment conducted to study the performance of a Pelton wheel turbine. The experiment varied the water discharge through the turbine while keeping the head constant. Measurements were taken of the turbine's power output and efficiency at different discharges. The results were analyzed and discussed to determine how the turbine's properties changed with discharge and if they agreed with theoretical predictions. The key components of a Pelton wheel turbine are also outlined, including the stationary nozzle, rotating buckets, and how water is directed by the nozzle onto the buckets.
This document discusses pumps and turbines as energy conversion devices. It begins by defining key terms like head, power, and efficiency as they relate to pumps and turbines. It then describes the main types of pumps and turbines, distinguishing between impulse and reaction turbines, and positive-displacement and dynamic pumps like centrifugal pumps. The document outlines how to determine the duty point by matching pump and system characteristics. It also discusses hydraulic scaling laws for relating pump performance at different speeds. Finally, it provides an overview of common pump and turbine designs and the problem of cavitation.
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
This document describes an experiment to obtain the characteristic curves for a Pelton wheel turbine and determine its specific speed. The experiment involves running the turbine under different gate openings and measuring the speed, power output, discharge, and efficiency. The data collected will be used to plot graphs of the unit quantities of speed, power, and discharge versus the unit quantity of speed to obtain the characteristic curves. From these curves, the maximum efficiency point will be determined and used to calculate the specific speed of the Pelton wheel turbine.
The document discusses different types of turbines:
1) Francis turbine - A mixed flow reaction turbine used for medium heads. It has a spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, and draft tube to gradually convert water's pressure to kinetic energy.
2) Kaplan turbine - An axial flow reaction turbine suitable for low heads. Water enters and exits the adjustable runner vanes axially.
3) Pelton wheel - Mentioned but not described in detail.
This document discusses turbomachines and provides classifications. It begins by defining turbomachines as machines that transfer energy between a rotor and fluid, including both turbines and compressors. Turbines transfer energy from fluid to rotor, while compressors transfer from rotor to fluid. Turbomachines are then classified based on: whether they transfer energy from fluid to rotor (turbine) or rotor to fluid (pump); number of stages (single or multi-stage); extent of fluid (infinite or finite); type of fluid (thermal, gas, hydro); flow type (axial, mixed, or radial); purpose (power producing or absorbing); and design (open or closed). Comparisons are made between turbomachines and positive
experimental analysis on francis turbine & to find out the powerNEERAJKUMAR1898
This document analyzes the power and efficiency of a Francis turbine with different heads. It begins with an abstract discussing the goals of analyzing a Francis turbine's performance under varying heads. It then provides background on Francis turbines, describing their main components like the casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. The document also explains how Francis turbines work as a reaction turbine that converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy. It presents observations, calculations and results from an experiment measuring the power output of a Francis turbine with a head of 15.26 meters, including its efficiency of 34%.
Diploma mechanical v thermal engineering u 5-reaction turbinelavmaheshwari28
A reaction turbine has a gradual pressure drop over fixed and moving blades, utilizing both impulse and reactive forces. Steam expands through multiple stages of stationary and rotating blades, gradually increasing in volume and decreasing in pressure. More stages are needed compared to impulse turbines of the same capacity due to the pressure drops at each stage. Compounding methods like velocity, pressure, and pressure-velocity compounding are used to reduce the rotor speed to an optimum value by absorbing steam pressure or velocity in stages.
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development of Hill Chart diagram for Francis turbine of Jhimruk Hydropower u...Suman Sapkota
The study is expected to provide a milestone for the study of performances of Francis Turbine at different loading conditions. It can also serve as a reference for the study of CFD analysis on Francis turbine for the development of performance characteristics curve and Hill chart.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Centrifugal compressors are critical equipment used to compress fluids like gas in chemical processes. They work by using impellers to add kinetic energy to the fluid and increase its pressure and temperature. Centrifugal compressors can have one or multiple impellers depending on the needed pressure increase. Impellers are the most important components as they provide all the kinetic energy and pressure rise. Well designed impellers can achieve over 96% efficiency. The type of impeller, whether shrouded or unshrouded, and blade design, 2D or 3D, depends on factors like required operating speed and pressure ratio. Proper selection of impeller is key to achieving high efficiency compression.
Analysis About Losses of Centrifugal Pump by Matlabijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Performance of a_centrifugal_pump_autosavedDickens Mimisa
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of a centrifugal pump performed by a student. Key findings include:
- The experiment investigated the relationship between head, discharge, input power, and efficiency of a centrifugal pump under different revolution speeds.
- Data was collected manually and analyzed to determine the pump's characteristic curve and efficiency at varying flow rates.
- Results show efficiency increases with flow rate until peak efficiency is reached, then decreases as flow rate continues to rise.
This document provides an overview of measuring the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump. It discusses the theoretical bases of how centrifugal pumps work including speed conditions in the impeller, compression in the impeller and volute, determining the delivery head, and sources of losses and efficiencies. It also describes the centrifugal pump test stand including the pump, drive system, measurement of flow, pressure, torque, and testing methods and evaluation.
1. Turbomachinery refers to machines that transfer energy between a continuously moving fluid and a rotating element. Turbines, compressors, fans, and pumps are all types of turbomachines.
2. Turbomachines can be classified based on the direction of fluid flow as axial, radial, or mixed flow. They can also be classified based on whether they absorb energy from a rotor to increase pressure (pumps, fans, compressors) or produce energy by expanding flow to lower pressures (turbines).
3. Key equations that govern turbomachinery include the Euler turbine equation, which relates power added or removed from flow to characteristics of a rotating blade row, and the energy equation, which equ
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
The document describes an experiment conducted to study the performance of a Pelton wheel turbine. The experiment varied the water discharge through the turbine while keeping the head constant. Measurements were taken of the turbine's power output and efficiency at different discharges. The results were analyzed and discussed to determine how the turbine's properties changed with discharge and if they agreed with theoretical predictions. The key components of a Pelton wheel turbine are also outlined, including the stationary nozzle, rotating buckets, and how water is directed by the nozzle onto the buckets.
This document discusses pumps and turbines as energy conversion devices. It begins by defining key terms like head, power, and efficiency as they relate to pumps and turbines. It then describes the main types of pumps and turbines, distinguishing between impulse and reaction turbines, and positive-displacement and dynamic pumps like centrifugal pumps. The document outlines how to determine the duty point by matching pump and system characteristics. It also discusses hydraulic scaling laws for relating pump performance at different speeds. Finally, it provides an overview of common pump and turbine designs and the problem of cavitation.
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
This document describes an experiment to obtain the characteristic curves for a Pelton wheel turbine and determine its specific speed. The experiment involves running the turbine under different gate openings and measuring the speed, power output, discharge, and efficiency. The data collected will be used to plot graphs of the unit quantities of speed, power, and discharge versus the unit quantity of speed to obtain the characteristic curves. From these curves, the maximum efficiency point will be determined and used to calculate the specific speed of the Pelton wheel turbine.
The document discusses different types of turbines:
1) Francis turbine - A mixed flow reaction turbine used for medium heads. It has a spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, and draft tube to gradually convert water's pressure to kinetic energy.
2) Kaplan turbine - An axial flow reaction turbine suitable for low heads. Water enters and exits the adjustable runner vanes axially.
3) Pelton wheel - Mentioned but not described in detail.
This document discusses turbomachines and provides classifications. It begins by defining turbomachines as machines that transfer energy between a rotor and fluid, including both turbines and compressors. Turbines transfer energy from fluid to rotor, while compressors transfer from rotor to fluid. Turbomachines are then classified based on: whether they transfer energy from fluid to rotor (turbine) or rotor to fluid (pump); number of stages (single or multi-stage); extent of fluid (infinite or finite); type of fluid (thermal, gas, hydro); flow type (axial, mixed, or radial); purpose (power producing or absorbing); and design (open or closed). Comparisons are made between turbomachines and positive
experimental analysis on francis turbine & to find out the powerNEERAJKUMAR1898
This document analyzes the power and efficiency of a Francis turbine with different heads. It begins with an abstract discussing the goals of analyzing a Francis turbine's performance under varying heads. It then provides background on Francis turbines, describing their main components like the casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. The document also explains how Francis turbines work as a reaction turbine that converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy. It presents observations, calculations and results from an experiment measuring the power output of a Francis turbine with a head of 15.26 meters, including its efficiency of 34%.
Diploma mechanical v thermal engineering u 5-reaction turbinelavmaheshwari28
A reaction turbine has a gradual pressure drop over fixed and moving blades, utilizing both impulse and reactive forces. Steam expands through multiple stages of stationary and rotating blades, gradually increasing in volume and decreasing in pressure. More stages are needed compared to impulse turbines of the same capacity due to the pressure drops at each stage. Compounding methods like velocity, pressure, and pressure-velocity compounding are used to reduce the rotor speed to an optimum value by absorbing steam pressure or velocity in stages.
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Memory Polynomial Based Adaptive Digital PredistorterIJERA Editor
Digital predistortion (DPD) is a baseband signal processing technique that corrects for impairments in RF
power amplifiers (PAs). These impairments cause out-of-band emissions or spectral regrowth and in-band
distortion, which correlate with an increased bit error rate (BER). Wideband signals with a high peak-to-average
ratio, are more susceptible to these unwanted effects. So to reduce these impairments, this paper proposes the
modeling of the digital predistortion for the power amplifier using GSA algorithm.
www.ijera.com 1|P a g e Production of microbial enzymes by new method of cult...IJERA Editor
1. The document describes a new method for cultivating microorganisms using immobilization on a substrate to produce enzymes. Traditional cultivation methods using free-floating cells have limitations like short production cycles.
2. The new immobilization method forms a loose, filamentous-spongy mycelium structure with good nutrient and oxygen access. This extends the active enzyme production phase from 3 to 11-14 days compared to traditional methods.
3. Other advantages of immobilization include increased enzyme productivities up to 10-12 times higher than traditional methods, longer overall cultivation periods of up to 60 days, and the ability to repeatedly harvest enzymes every 1-2 days from the same initial culture.
This document summarizes a study that used neural networks and particle swarm optimization incorporating fuzzy c-means (PSOFCN) segmentation to recognize handwritten characters in the Meetei Mayek script. 34 characters were analyzed. Images were preprocessed, segmented using PSOFCN and recognized using a multilayer feedforward neural network with backpropagation. 1700 samples were used for training and 1700 for testing. Recognition accuracy ranged from 30-100%, with an average of 72%. Characters with simpler shapes had higher accuracy than more complex characters.
This document analyzes the mechanical and thermal properties of polyester hybrid composites reinforced with jute and glass fibers. Three composite materials were made with different weight ratios of polyester resin, jute fibers, and glass fibers. Testing found that adding jute and glass fibers increased density, impact energy, tensile strength, and flexural strength but decreased mass loss with temperature and water absorption. Scanning electron microscopy showed fiber pull-out and interaction between fibers and resin. The hybrid composite with more jute fiber had better thermal stability and less water absorption than composites with more glass fiber.
This document discusses improvements made to an EMC simulation software tool called PRESTO_MBMS to enable simulation of signal integrity issues in multiboard electronic systems. The tool was enhanced to allow simulation of multiple interconnected boards, model copper planes for simultaneous switching noise analysis, and integrate with CAD tools. A case study validated the tool by comparing simulations of signals on a CPU board and between boards to measurements.
Soumita Purkait is seeking a position in human resource management or exports with a reputable organization. She has over 6 years of experience in recruitment, employee engagement, training and development, and export documentation. Her experience includes managing recruitment for various sectors and successfully achieving targets. She is proficient in tasks like recruitment, compensation management, employee relations, and export documentation. Currently she works as an Officer of Exports at Hindusthan National Glass and Industries Ltd.
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Feature Extraction of Gesture Recognition Based on Image Analysis for Differe...IJERA Editor
Gesture recognition system received great attention in the recent few years because of its manifoldness applications and the ability to interact with machine efficiently through human computer interaction. Gesture is one of human body languages which are popularly used in our daily life. It is a communication system that consists of hand movements and facial expressions via communication by actions and sights. This research mainly focuses on the research of gesture extraction and finger segmentation in the gesture recognition. In this paper, we have used image analysis technologies to create an application by encoding in MATLAB program. We will use this application to segment and extract the finger from one specific gesture. This paper is aimed to give gesture recognition in different natural conditions like dark and glare condition, different distances condition and similar object condition then collect the results to calculate the successful extraction rate.
A Novel Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Nine-Switc...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
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Effect of Harvest of Air Relative Humidity on Water and Heat Transfer in Soil...IJERA Editor
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Experimental Study of an Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge an...IJERA Editor
A homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in argon was produced by applying high voltage A.C. source of potential difference (0-20) kV operating at a frequency of 10-30 kHz across two parallel plate electrodes with glass as dielectric barrier. The discharge was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and electrical measurement. Four argon emission lines from the discharge were analyzed and the electron temperature was estimated by line intensity ratio method. The electron density in the discharge was estimated by power balance method. An investigation of the effect of inter-electrode distance on the electron density was made. The results showed that the electron temperature is less than 1 eV and the electron density is of the order of 1011cm-3 which varied with the inter electrode distance. Discharge was applied for surface modification of polyethylene terepthalate (PET). Modified surfaces were studied by contact angle measurement and FTIR spectroscopy.
Research on Privacy Protection in Big Data EnvironmentIJERA Editor
Now big data has become a hot topic in academia and industry, it is affecting the mode of thinking and working, daily life. But there are many security risks in data collection, storage and use. Privacy leakage caused serious problems to the user, false data will lead to error results of big data analysis. This paper first introduces the security problems faced by big data,analyzes the causes of privacy problems,discussesthe principle to solve the problem. Finally,discusses technical means for privacy protection.
Partner visa application fees increasing by 50% starting 1 january 2015yangwhavisa
Partner visa application fees in Australia will increase by 50% starting January 1, 2015. The onshore partner visa fee will rise from $4,575 to $6,865, and the offshore partner visa and prospective spouse visa fees will increase from $3,085 to $4,630. This decision was made by the Australian government to fund whole-of-government policy priorities. Applicants are advised to apply before the end of the year to avoid the higher fees.
Numerical Investigation of Single Stage of an Axial Flow Compressor for Effec...IJERA Editor
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Development of Software for Sizing of Axial Flow Fans -- Zeus NumerixAbhishek Jain
Above Research Paper can be downloaded from www.zeusnumerix.com
The research paper aims to showcase the development of software for the aerodynamic design of cooling tower fans. The software inputs requirements from the user and outputs the 3D CAD of an optimized fan. The software calculates power consumption, efficiency, torque, and sound level of the fan. The software has been found to overpredict the performance by few percentage points due to uncertainty in manufacturing. Authors - Abhishek Jain (Zeus Numerix), Ketan Bhokray (IIT Bombay)
This project work is to investigate the compression efficiency of different configuration of Turbo-Prop Co-Rotor Blade System of Subsonic Axial Flow Compressor. By this method the highly compressed air can be passed over the intake of the engine to the compressor with high mass flow rate in change of low velocity and high pressure ratio. The length of the small rotor is varied in terms of large rotor length by 25,50 & 75% . Each will have three space configuration in terms of diameter of rotor and in the percentage of 5,10,15%. A total of 12 configurations will be simulated to arrive optimum blade configuration. The blades are made in the shape of an airfoil like wing of an aircraft. The engine rotates the propeller blades, which produce lift. This lift is called thrust and moves the aircraft forward. Blades are usually made of high lift airfoil which allows more rotation to generate high pressure for engine. ANSYS- Fluent is commercial software which is robust for most of the fluid dynamic problems and it is used in this project work to evaluate the different configurations of co-rotor propeller system to arrive the best.
Numerical Investigation Of Compression Performance Of Different Blade Configu...IJERA Editor
This project work is to investigate the compression efficiency of different configuration of Turbo-Prop Co-Rotor Blade System of Subsonic Axial Flow Compressor. By this method the highly compressed air can be passed over the intake of the engine to the compressor with high mass flow rate in change of low velocity and high pressure ratio. The length of the small rotor is varied in terms of large rotor length by 25,50 & 75% . Each will have three space configuration in terms of diameter of rotor and in the percentage of 5,10,15%. A total of 12 configurations will be simulated to arrive optimum blade configuration. The blades are made in the shape of an airfoil like wing of an aircraft. The engine rotates the propeller blades, which produce lift. This lift is called thrust and moves the aircraft forward. Blades are usually made of high lift airfoil which allows more rotation to generate high pressure for engine. ANSYS- Fluent is commercial software which is robust for most of the fluid dynamic problems and it is used in this project work to evaluate the different configurations of co-rotor propeller system to arrive the best.
Design and Development of Transonic Axial Flow Compressor Rotor BladeIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- This paper is about a new computational fluid dynamics developed for the transonic flow in a compressor rotor. Due to 3-Dimensional blade modification the arrangements satisfying the required boundary condition. Engine compressor towards distorted inflow has to be taken in account which is already in the design phase. Flow separation over the blade surface reduction and elimination can improve better aerodynamic, performance, efficiency and stall margin. NASA transonic rotor tip critical in baseline blade rotor performance energizing the low momentum boundary layer, controlling the inception of stall. A Profile generator are attached on the inner casing of the rotor ahead to the loading edge of the rotor and it is influenced on the overall performance which has been studied.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine engines. It discusses the basic components and operation of gas turbines, including the compressor, combustor, and turbine. It also describes different types of gas turbine engines like jet engines, turboprop engines, and amateur gas turbines. Key aspects like the axial-flow compressor, blade design, kinetics and energy equations are explained. Finally, the advantages of high power-to-weight ratio and small size are contrasted with the disadvantages of high fuel consumption and emissions.
phase 1 Design and analysis of intake manifold of ic engine with various mate...WilliamJayaPrakash
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IRJET- A Review on Design Analysis and Optimization of Centrifugal BlowerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design, analysis, and optimization of centrifugal blowers. It discusses how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to optimize blower design parameters like impeller dimensions and blade angles. The document outlines a 4-phase design process: (1) selecting a blower type, (2) parametric studies to determine key design factors, (3) CFD analysis to improve pressure and efficiency, and (4) design of experiments to further optimize the housing design. CFD and experiments show designs with larger impellers increase flow rate and pressure but decrease efficiency. Blade and tip clearances also impact performance.
This document summarizes a numerical analysis of the flow through a mixed flow compressor stage designed for a small gas turbine engine. The analysis found that the stage achieved a total pressure ratio of 4.3 and isentropic efficiency of 73.85% at its design speed, lower than the targeted values of 5 and 80% respectively. Reasons for the lower performance include higher than expected flow angles and Mach numbers at the impeller inlet causing shocks, as well as flow separation in the diffuser due to its high curvature. Modifications to the geometry are recommended to improve the stage's performance and stability.
Influence of number of impeller and diffuser blades on the pressure recovery ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a numerical analysis that investigated the influence of the number of impeller and diffuser blades on the pressure recovery of a centrifugal fan. The analysis found that higher numbers of impeller blades (up to 14 blades) resulted in better pressure recovery due to improved blade loading. Additionally, a smaller number of diffuser blades (12 blades) produced higher pressure recovery by avoiding flow separation and stall near the blades. In general, the analysis showed that configurations with more impeller blades and fewer diffuser blades achieved better static pressure recovery and lower total pressure losses across the fan.
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW THROUGH ROTATING VANELESS DIFFUSERIjripublishers Ijri
The main objective of the work is to analyze the behavior of the fluid flow through a rotating vaneless diffuser,
flow near wall conditions, performance characteristics and means to reduce the flow losses in a centrifugal
compressor. The project presents a numerical procedure to investigate the pressure distortion at
exit flow of impeller and flow fields around impeller blade and to validate computational results against experimental
data with various models. In rotating vane less diffuser, there are various concepts. The concept
of blade cut back is to be employed in back ward curved impeller to obtain the rotating vaneless diffuser,
which rotates with the speed of the centrifugal impeller and the performance parameters is to be compared
with the static vane less diffuser.
Lecture-1- Compressor and its Types.pptWaqasRahman10
1. A compressor increases the mass flow rate of air through a jet engine by compressing the ingested air and feeding it to the combustion chamber. It works by imparting kinetic energy to the air through rotating blades, then converting this to increased static pressure.
2. The two main types of compressors are centrifugal and axial flow. Centrifugal compressors force air outward radially from the center, while axial flow compressors maintain air flow parallel to the compressor shaft.
3. Key factors that affect compressor performance include aerofoil design, blade angles, clearance between blades and casing, and stability of operation over a range of conditions to avoid stall or surge. Higher pressure ratios, mass flow rates,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect of tip clearance on performance of a centrifugal compressoreSAT Journals
Abstract The centrifugal compressor is to study the effect of tip clearance on the performance characteristics and the wall static pressure for a different flow co-efficient. The method of testing the compressor is run at a constant speed at 2000rpm. The tip clearance is varied by using spacers. The volume flow rate is varied with the help of throttling device to conduct the performance test. The performance characteristic of the centrifugal compressor showing the variation of discharge pressure with volume flow rate is plotted. Obtaining the performance characteristics showing the variation of discharge pressure with volume flow rate for different tip clearance, viz. =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%. Measurement of periodic pressure at various tip clearance viz. =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%. For each tip clearance pressure measured in radial location of impeller at 6 positions for different flow co efficient values. Five flow coefficients viz., ф =0.40, =0.34 (both above design flow), =0.28 (near design flow), =0.21=0.18 (both below design flow) and four values of non-dimensional tip clearance viz., =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%, are chosen for experimental work. The objective of the research work is to measure the periodic variation static pressure on the casing over the rotor at different values of tip clearance and flow coefficients. With the availability of these data, it is possible to improve the tip clearance flow in centrifugal compressor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Parametric study of_centrifugal_fan_performance_exVnTunNguyn13
This document describes a study of centrifugal fan performance through experiments and numerical simulation. An experimental setup was developed to test fan prototypes and measure flow rate and power consumption. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was also developed and validated against experimental results. Parametric studies were conducted to quantify the effects of number of blades, outlet angle, and diameter ratio on fan performance metrics like power coefficient, flow coefficient, efficiency, and pressure coefficient. The results provide insight on how fan performance is affected by geometric parameters and operating conditions.
CFX ANALYSIS OF AN IMPELLER BLADE DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the design of an impeller blade for a centrifugal compressor using CFX analysis software. The researchers aim to determine the optimal back-swept angle of the impeller blade to improve efficiency. They design blades with varying back-swept angles and simulate them in CFX to compare output parameters such as pressure ratio, temperature, Mach number, and efficiency. Their results show that back-swept angles between 15-30 degrees provide the best balance of increased pressure and low Mach number at the outlet. Accounting for both aerodynamic and manufacturing considerations, they conclude that 15-30 degrees is the optimal range for back-swept angle of the impeller blade design.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Efficiency of Domestic Hawt without Nos...IRJET Journal
This document compares the mechanical efficiency of a domestic horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) without and with a nose cone. Testing was conducted by measuring the rotational speed and power output of the turbine at varying wind speeds. Without a nose cone, the average efficiency was 38.75%. With a nose cone, which provides streamlined airflow over the blades to reduce drag, the average efficiency increased to 40.38%. The nose cone improved the value of the Betz limit, which describes the maximum power that can theoretically be extracted from the wind. In conclusion, the addition of a nose cone to reduce drag and increase lift improved the mechanical efficiency of the small HAWT design.
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1. Dinesh kumar.R Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.34-40
www.ijera.com 34 | P a g e
Knowledge Based Design of Axial Flow Compressor
Dinesh kumar.R*,Balaji.S**
*(Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.)
** (Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.)
ABSTRACT
In the aerospace industry with highly competitive market the time to design and delivery is shortening
every day. Pressure on delivering robust product with cost economy is in demand in each development. Even
though technology is older, it is new for each customer requirement and highly non-liner to fit one in another
place. Gas turbine is considered one of a complex design in the aircraft system. It involves experts to be grouped
with designers of various segments to arrive the best output. The time is crucial to achieve a best design and it
needs knowledge automation incorporated with CAD/CAE tools. In the present work an innovative idea in the
form of Knowledge Based Engineering for axial compressor is proposed, this includes the fundamental design
of axial compressor integrated with artificial intelligence in the form of knowledge capturing and programmed
with high level language (Visual Basis.Net) and embedded into CATIA v5. This KBE frame work eases out the
design and modeling of axial compressor design and produces 3D modeling for further flow simulation with
fluid dynamic in Ansys-Fluent. Most of the aerospace components are developed through simulation driven
product development and in this case it is established for axial compressor.
Keywords – codes, Visual Basis net, model, compressor, single rotor
I. INTRODUCTION
An air compressor is a device that converts power
(usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a
gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing
and pressurizing air, which, on command, can be
released in quick bursts.
Axial flow compressor: An axial compressor is a
pressure producing machine. It is a rotating, airfoil-
based compressor in which the working fluid
principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation. This
is in contrast with other rotating compressors such
as centrifugal compressors, axial compressors and
mixed-flow compressors where the air may enter
axially but will have a significant radial
component on exit. The energy level of air or gas
flowing through it is increased by the action of the
rotor blades which exert a torque on the fluid which
is supplied by an electric motor or a steam or a gas
turbine.
Axial flow compressors produce a continuous
decelerating flow of compressed gas, and have the
benefits of high efficiency and large mass flow rate,
particularly in relation to their cross-section. They
do, however, require several rows of airfoils to
achieve large pressure rises making them complex
and expensive relative to other designs (e.g.
centrifugal compressors). Axial compressors are
widely used in gas turbines such as jet engines, high
speed ship engines, and small scale power stations.
They are also used in industrial applications such as
large volume air separation plants, blast furnace air,
fluid catalytic cracking air, and
propane dehydrogenation. Due to high performance,
high reliability and flexible operation during the
flight envelope, they are also used
in aerospace engines.
Axial compressors consist of rotating and stationary
components. A shaft drives a central drum, retained
by bearings, which has a number of annular airfoil
rows attached usually in pairs, one rotating and one
stationary attached to a stationary tubular casing. A
pair of rotating and stationary airfoils is called a
stage. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or
rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils,
also known as stators or vanes, convert the increased
rotational kinetic energy into static pressure
through diffusion and redirect the flow direction of
the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next
stage. The cross-sectional area between rotor drum
and casing is reduced in the flow direction to
maintain an optimum Mach number using variable
geometry as the fluid is compressed.
The rotor reduces the relative kinetic head of the
fluid and adds it to the absolute kinetic head of the
fluid i.e., the impact of the rotor on the fluid
particles increases its velocity (absolute) and thereby
reduces the relative velocity between the luid and the
rotor. In short, the rotor increases the absolute
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Dinesh kumar.R Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.34-40
www.ijera.com 35 | P a g e
velocity of the fluid and the stator converts this into
pressure rise. Designing the rotor passage with a
diffusing capability can produce a pressure rise in
addition to its normal functioning. This produces
greater pressure rise per stage which constitutes a
stator and a rotor together. This is the reaction
principle in turbo machines. If 50% of the pressure
rise in a stage is obtained at the rotor section, it is
said to have a 50% reaction.
The airfoil profiles are optimized and matched for
specific velocities and turning. Although
compressors can be run at other conditions with
different flows, speeds, or pressure ratios, this can
result in an efficiency penalty or even a partial or
complete breakdown in flow (known as compressor
stall and pressure surge respectively). Thus, a
practical limit on the number of stages, and the
overall pressure ratio, comes from the interaction of
the different stages when required to work away
from the design conditions. These “off-design”
conditions can be mitigated to a certain extent by
providing some flexibility in the compressor. This is
achieved normally through the use of adjustable
stators or with valves that can bleed fluid from the
main flow between stages (inter-stage bleed).
Modern jet engines use a series of compressors,
running at different speeds; to supply air at around
40:1 pressure ratio for combustion with sufficient
flexibility for all flight conditions.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Majid Ahmadi, conducted research over
“Aerodynamic Design of Turbo machinery Cascades
Using A Finite Volume Method on Unstructured
Meshes”. National Science and Engineering
Council, Canada. A recently developed aerodynamic
inverse design method for turbo machinery cascades
is presented and is implemented in a cell-vertex
finite volume method on unstructured triangular
meshes. In this design method, the mass-averaged
swirl schedule and the blade thickness distribution
are prescribed. The design method then provides the
blade shape that would accomplish this loading by
imposing the appropriate pressure jump across the
blades and the flow tangency condition. The method
is validated for a parabolic cascade. It is then used to
design an impulse cascade and to redesign the
ONERA cascade. A recently developed inverse
design method for transonic cascade flows has been
implemented using a cell-vertex finite volume Euler
solver on unstructured triangular meshes. The design
method has been validated and was demonstrated for
the design of three different cascades. The
usefulness of the method in re-moving shocks has
also been demonstrated.
Ernesto Benini conducted research over
“Three-Dimensional Multi-Objective Design
Optimization of a Transonic Compressor Rotor”,
Journal of Propulsion And Power, Vol. 20, No. 3,
May–June 2004. A method for transonic compressor
multi-objective design optimization was developed
and applied to the NASA rotor 37, a test case
representative of complex three-dimensional viscous
flow structures in transonic bladings. The
optimization problem considered was to maximize
the isentropic efficiency of the rotor and to
maximize its pressure ratio at the design point, using
a constraint on the mass flow rate. The three-
dimensional Navier–Stokes code CFXTASCflow®
was used for the aerodynamic analysis of blade
designs. The capability of the code was validated by
comparing the computed results to experimental data
available in the open literature from probe traverses
up and downstream of the rotor. A multi-objective
evolutionary algorithm was used for handling the
optimization problem that makes use of Pareto
optimality concepts and implements a novel genetic
diversity evaluation method to establish a criterion
for fitness assignment. The optimal rotor
configurations, which correspond to the maximum
pressure ratio and maximum efficiency, were
obtained and compared to the original design. A
method for three-dimensional multi-objective
optimization of a transonic rotor blade was
developed and tested which was based on an
evolutionary algorithm and a Navier–Stokes code.
The method BENINI 565 was applied to the design
optimization of NASA rotor 37 with the aim of
achieving maximum efficiency and maximum
pressure ratio with a constraint on the mass flow
rate. The rotor blade was described using three
profiles along the span, each of which was defined
using parametric curves. The effect of blade lean
was considered by changing the mutual tangential
coordinates of the three profiles. The optimization
run was carried out on a multi-processor computer
and demonstrated that the overall adiabatic
efficiency can be improved by approximately 1.5%
(without changing the pressure ratio in a significant
way) by giving the blade a proper lean toward the
direction of rotation and by slightly changing the
profile shape, especially toward the tip. This
improvement followed from a drastic modification
in the shock structure within the blade passage. The
results also showed that the improvement in the
overall efficiency, achieved in one operating point,
is maintained at off-design conditions. The results
also showed that the pressure ratio can be improved
by about 5.5% by paying for a small efficiency drop
(−0.8%). This was achieved by leaning the blade in
the direction of rotation and by slightly increasing
the profile curvature toward the rear to assure a
subsonic diffusion. In this case, however, the
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presence of a shock wave, although less intense,
accentuated the interaction between the shock and
the boundary layer on the rear of the suction surface,
a phenomenon that possibly determined a reduction
in the operating range of the compressor.
III. KBE FRAME WORK AND DESIGN
The axial-flow compressor compresses its
working fluid by first accelerating the fluid and then
diffusing it to obtain a pressure increase. The fluid is
accelerated by a row of rotating airfoils (blades)
called the rotor, and then diffused in a row of
stationary blades (stator). The diffusion in the stator
converts the velocity increase gained in the rotor to a
pressure increase. A compressor consists of several
stages. One rotor and one stator make-up a stage,
one additional row of fixed blades (Inlet Guide
Vanes) is frequently used at the compressor inlet to
ensure that the air enters the first stage rotors at the
desired angle although the working fluid can be any
compressible fluid , only air will be considered in
design.
The relative speed
of the rotor blade
from the rotational
velocity.
209.44 m/s
The air to blade
relative and the
angle between the
relative and actual
air speed
β1= -50.934°
Calculate relative
exit angle (2),
then portion of the
relative blade
speed (Uw2).
Calculate relative
air speed (W2)
β2=- 35.93°
Uw2 =-123.214 m/s
W2 =209.956 m/s
The portion of the
relative blade
speed associated
with the actual air
velocity (Uv2), and
the actual air
speed (V2)
Uv2 = -86.22 m/s
V2=190.617m/s
The calculation to
identify the
Compressor
Pressure Ratio
(CPR).This can be
found from the
isentropic
relationship
Po2/Po1 =(To2/To1) (γ/(γ-1))
To1 =Ti + (Vi2/2Cp)
=314.392 K
Specific work of
the stage is
Wst = 1.806e4 J/Kg
To2 =T01 + (Wst / Cp)
calculated from
the torque of the
shaft, angular
velocity of the
blade, and mass
flow rate of the air
Cp =1004 m2
/s2
K
=332.38 K
Shaft Torque Tsh =754.476 J
Power=632.068 Kw
Compressor
pressure ratio
1.215
Principle
dimensions
Tip Radius (Rt) =0.2663 m
Rr/ Rt =0.5
Root Radius (Rr) =0.13315 m
Mean Radius =Rt + Rr / 2
= 0.199725 m
Root Diameter = 532.6 mm
Tip Diameter = 266.30 mm
Tip and Hub Radius
Rt
2
= M / [πρVi (1 – (rr2
/ rt2
))]
N = U / (2πRt)
U = 350 m/s
N = 8000
Rt = U / 2πN
Rt
2
= 0.0532 / [1 - (rr2
– rt2
))]
For Hub to tip Ratio 0.3 to 0.7 tabulation is
formed from the above relation the RPM can
be modified to suit the required hub tip ratio.
Ratio Rt (m) U(m/s) N (Rps) N (Rpm)
0.30 0.2418 350.00 230.38 13823.06
0.35 0.2462 350.00 226.23 13573.98
0.40 0.2517 350.00 221.35 13280.77
0.45 0.2583 350.00 215.67 12940.44
0.50 0.2663 350.00 209.15 12549.15
0.55 0.2762 350.00 201.70 12101.96
0.60 0.2883 350.00 193.21 11592.41
0.65 0.3035 350.00 183.53 11011.83
0.70 0.3230 350.00 172.47 10348.29
Fig. 1: Ratio Vs Tip & Root Radius
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Fig.2: Ratio Vs RPM
Fig. 3: NACA 63A010
Knowledge based engineering is a knowledge
automation technique used widely for design
automation. Complex design tasks which conceive
lot of time in product development needs KBE tools
to accelerate the design phase, which is term
minimize the overall product development time.
Each product have their own difficulties in
development stage and engineering design principals
lays foundation for proper product design, in such
cases experience designer is the key for best results.
Development of software programming helps us to
create artificial intelligence integrated programs to
represent the designer work and automates all
possible works to greatly minimize time and
accuracy. In system design where numerous
branches integrates their design to get a final product
(Ex. Aircraft design), complexity also in greater
density, these type of constraints pushes the delivery
of best product against time, but thanks to the
development of computers and software to develop
state of the art tools for knowledge automation, this
could be from simple interest calculation to very
complex space vehicle design, KBE already into
action in almost all industries, for example Boeing
uses CATIA for their entire product development,
which greatly minimize time and human error. In
this research work a KBE frame work is developed
for design and modelling of single stage of an axial
compressor is proposed and delivered, CATIA is
extensively used in aviation industries and its
automation tools like VBA, C++ are very much
supportive in custom based designs and the same is
utilized in this work to do the KBE frame work. The
following are the steps involved in developing the
KBE frame work for axial flow compressor
GUI Design
Input Verification
Design Calculation
Result Reporting
Parametrical CAD model
Once valid design inputs are received then the
program performs necessary design calculation to
output designed values for compressor blade, the
output report delivers all the design results. The
following screen shows the codes that performs the
necessary design calculations
Fig.4: Code
IV. Result Reporting
Once the design calculation is over the results
are written to files and delivered as report for
further process
i. Parametric CAD Modelling
Parametric modeling uses parameters to define a
model (dimensions, for example). Examples of
parameters are: dimensions used to create model
features, material density, formulas to describe
swept features, imported data (that describe a
reference surface, for example). The parameter may
be modified later, and the model will update to
reflect the modification. Typically, there is a
relationship between parts, assemblies, and
drawings. A part consists of multiple features, and
an assembly consists of multiple parts. Drawings can
be made from either parts or assemblies. Related to
parameters, but slightly different are constraints.
Constraints are relationships between entities that
make up a particular shape. For a window, the sides
might be defined as being parallel, and of the same
length. Parametric modeling is obvious and intuitive.
But for the first three decades of CAD this was not
the case. Modification meant re-draw, or add a new
cut or protrusion on top of old ones. Parametric
modeling is very powerful, but requires more skill in
model creation. A complicated model for
an injection molded part may have a thousand
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features, and modifying an early feature may cause
later features to fail. Skilfully created parametric
models are easier to maintain and modify.
Parametric modeling also lends itself to data re-use.
A whole family of cap screws can be contained in
one model, for example. The design results will
update a parametric CATIA cad model to deliver the
first stage of the compressor, which will be taken for
flow and further design verification and
enhancement works.
The parametric CAD model is very much
user friendly and can be updated at any time and for
any valid design output to provide faster, quicker
and easier design results, the same will be exported
is required format (STEP, IGES, etc.,) to perform
flow simulation. Since the design, assembly and
drafting are concurrently connected updates in
design will simultaneously updates other relevant
linked works (assembly, drafting, simulation, etc.)
Fig.5: Parametric CAD Model
Fig.6: Linked Parameters
V. Simulation results
The benefit of COSMOS flow works is, the solver
intelligently takes the iteration quantity which is not
possible with Fluent and CFX
Fig.7: Convergence Plot
Fig.8: Flow Stream
Fig.9: Pressure Plot
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Fig.10: Temperature Plot
Fig.11: Density Plot
Fig.12: Mach plot
Fig.13: Pressure at Leading Edge
Fig.14: Temperture at Leading Edge
Fig.15: Density at Leading Edge
Fig.16: Mach at Leading Edge
VII. CONCLUSION
The knowledge based engineering frame
work for axial flow compressor is done successfully.
The initial phase of the work provides detailed
literature review on concept of KBE technique, its
methodologies and application, also delivers the
problem in handling system and its sub design like
aircraft engine, etc. reviews provides KBE
techniques and tools used to develop it, design
procedure of axial flow compressor also retrieved
from books and journals. Methodology is formulated
to carry out the work in systematic manner; the same
is done to achieve the task. CATIA is a PLM tool
used worldwide for end to end product development,
here in this research work CATIA is used to design
and model the first stage of axial flow compressor is
performed using its automation tool VBA, it is an
add-in product available with CATIA to develop
KBE inside CATIA, even though CATIA has got
dedicated KBE product like knowledge ware, it is
always recommended to go with customized KBE
frame work, which is very much reusable in the
scalable version of the CATIA software. The flow
simulation is a separate part from design and is
presented to verify the design and enhance it further.
Since the flow simulation requires parallel
computing module and license to get more accurate
design, which in terms require larger high density
computational far field mesh, which is possible only
by parallel modules of any CFD software (Fluent,
CFX, STAR-CCM, etc.,), here a light meshed model
is created with COSMOS flow simulation tool and
verified the pressure difference, it produced a result
with 93% accuracy (CPR designed 1.215, CFD
result 1.135)
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