This research deals with how to facilitate and manage surveying methods to accomplish
modernized and cost effective urban survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by replacing
traditional surveying methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical point of view. At
first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition urban planning project in Saudi Arabia is
performed by replacing traditional urban planning techniques previously used with more applicable
surveying techniques as total stations regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and
accuracy. After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical urban planning case
study is performed using total station, geodetic GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private
settlement block consisting of 6 buildings in a crowded neighborhood of Cairo city. The applied
surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort, while saving observation time
reaching to 60%. Accordingly, the adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all desired
aspects, as well as being promising for more extensive study areas in future.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJRET-V1I1P3 - Remotely Sensed Images in using Automatic Road Map CompilationISAR Publications
High Resolution satellite Imagery is an important source for road network extraction for
roads database creation, refinement and updating. Various sources of imagery are known for their
differences in spectral, spatial, radioactive and temporal characteristics and thus are suitable for
different purposes of vegetation mapping. A number of shape descriptors are computed to reduce
the misclassification between road and other spectrally similar objects. The detected road segments
are further refined using morphological operations to form final road network, which is then
evaluated for its completeness, correctness and quality. The proposed methodology has been tested
on updating on road extraction from remotely-sensed imagery.
Infrastructure Development of Aarey colony Mumbai on GIS platform - A case studyAM Publications
Roads are considered as the measure of the Infrastructure development of the country. Roadway construction planning
involves dealing with a number of activities and information simultaneously. A large amount of information regarding design,
construction methodology to be followed, quantities, unit costs & production rates, etc is to be continuously processed & refined.
Doing this manually is time consuming & cumbersome as the size of the projects today has increased manifold. Geographic
Information System (GIS) is a very effective tool for integrating & managing various types of information required for roadway
construction planning. This piece of work tries to understand how GIS can be applied for improving roadway construction planning.
It also aims at developing a system which can help construction planners to make a proper decision with features like space scheduling & activity sequence visualization process.
Seismic vulnerability assessment using field survey and Remote Sensing techni...Beniamino Murgante
Seismic vulnerability assessment using field survey and Remote Sensing techniques
Paolo Ricci, Gerardo Mario Verderame, Gaetano Manfredi - Department of
Structural Engineering (DIST) - University of Naples Federico II
Maurizio Pollino, Flavio Borfecchia, Luigi De Cecco, Sandro Martini - National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA, UTMEA-TER)
Carmine Pascale, Elsabetta Ristoratore, Valentina James - Consortium T.R.E. Technologies for Building Rehabilitation
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJRET-V1I1P3 - Remotely Sensed Images in using Automatic Road Map CompilationISAR Publications
High Resolution satellite Imagery is an important source for road network extraction for
roads database creation, refinement and updating. Various sources of imagery are known for their
differences in spectral, spatial, radioactive and temporal characteristics and thus are suitable for
different purposes of vegetation mapping. A number of shape descriptors are computed to reduce
the misclassification between road and other spectrally similar objects. The detected road segments
are further refined using morphological operations to form final road network, which is then
evaluated for its completeness, correctness and quality. The proposed methodology has been tested
on updating on road extraction from remotely-sensed imagery.
Infrastructure Development of Aarey colony Mumbai on GIS platform - A case studyAM Publications
Roads are considered as the measure of the Infrastructure development of the country. Roadway construction planning
involves dealing with a number of activities and information simultaneously. A large amount of information regarding design,
construction methodology to be followed, quantities, unit costs & production rates, etc is to be continuously processed & refined.
Doing this manually is time consuming & cumbersome as the size of the projects today has increased manifold. Geographic
Information System (GIS) is a very effective tool for integrating & managing various types of information required for roadway
construction planning. This piece of work tries to understand how GIS can be applied for improving roadway construction planning.
It also aims at developing a system which can help construction planners to make a proper decision with features like space scheduling & activity sequence visualization process.
Seismic vulnerability assessment using field survey and Remote Sensing techni...Beniamino Murgante
Seismic vulnerability assessment using field survey and Remote Sensing techniques
Paolo Ricci, Gerardo Mario Verderame, Gaetano Manfredi - Department of
Structural Engineering (DIST) - University of Naples Federico II
Maurizio Pollino, Flavio Borfecchia, Luigi De Cecco, Sandro Martini - National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA, UTMEA-TER)
Carmine Pascale, Elsabetta Ristoratore, Valentina James - Consortium T.R.E. Technologies for Building Rehabilitation
This is a very quick look at some great use of GIS for local Cities and Towns. What is the problem, the solution and the ROI and are all covered for a number of different projects.
MULTICRITERIA DECISION AIDED SYSTEM FOR RANKING INDUSTRIAL ZONES (RPRO4SIGZI) cscpconf
Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a privileged and indispensable way to evolve GIS into real decision support systems. RPRO4SIGZI, the system proposed in this paper allows, from a detailed study of geographical, environmental and socioe-conomic criteria to cooperate GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis method for spatial choosing of the right site for installing industrial projects. The result obtained by RPRO (Ranking PROMETHEE) for ranking industrial zones in western Algeria is refined by a viewing SIGZI (Geographic Information System for Industrial Zones). The RPRO unit rank industrial zones using the outranking PROMETHEE II method issue from European school and SIGZI module to the visualization of these zones on the map. RPRO4SIGZI system was designed for the evaluation of a new methodology of multi-criteria analysis guided by data mining. The objective is to show how data mining is used to model the preferences of the decision maker tainted with subjectivity and hesitance to generate suitable performance tables. Only RPRO4SIGZI system is presented in this paper.
Construction Cost Prediction by Using Building Information ModelingIJERA Editor
The increased interest in using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in detailed construction cost estimates calls for methodologies to evaluate the effectiveness of BIM-Assisted Detailed Estimating (BADE) tools in generating detailed construction cost estimates. The focus of this research is on developing a quantified evaluation method to measure the impact of these BADE tools. Further, in order to understand the cognitive details of the estimator, this research also tested and evaluated the impact of the visualization factor and the compound impact of the visualization factor and aggregated calculation factor on the construction cost estimating process.Two cases study were tested, building and bridge. Three methods were applied on each case study,method 1the manual estimating method, method 2 used a BADE tool without a calculation function (i.e., the quantities of the individual building components can be read as properties of the component), method 3 used a BADE tool with calculation functions that allowed the user to directly calculate/aggregate the query results of the BIM database in the MS Excel spreadsheet.Results obtained from the test cases helped to reinforce the reliability of the observations and the evaluation. Four parameters were used to evaluate the performance results individually in the first step: generality, flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy. Then a multiattribute utility model, which took into account the four individual parameters, was developed and used to evaluate the overall performance of BIM assisted estimating versus the performance of the traditional estimating method on quantity takeoffs. The research concluded that the BIM-assisted estimate demonstrated better performance over traditional estimating methods. Both the visualization and aggregation functions of the BADE tool had significant impact on the performance of the detailed estimate.
Remote sensing technology for disaster mitigation and regional infrastructure...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A Very high intensity of regional development is ubiquitous in urban areas. Therefore, urban development requires a proper spatial development strategy in many facets, especially social aspect and disaster potential. The essence of social aspect lies in the prevailing norms and local wisdom that have long existed and become the basis of community life. Inducing various effects on infrastructure development, disaster potential has to be considered as well. Disaster mitigation measures can start with the use of continually developing remote sensing technology, which provides a basis for preparing sustainable development planning. The realization of these measures in urban areas demands specific adjustment to the environmental conditions. This study aimed to examine the capacity of remote sensing data to support disaster mitigation and infrastructure planning based on energy conservation in urban areas. The results indicate that remote sensing technology can be an option for sustainable development planning in urban areas.
Planning of erosti communications on the basis of building standards in the p...SubmissionResearchpa
In this article, the error of determining the location of points on the basis of building standards in the planning and construction of the city in the implementation plan of erosti communications and the norm of the distance between erosti communication networks are explained in detail. M.H. Bobokalonov. (2020). Planning of erosti communications on the basis of building standards in the planning and construction of the city. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(7), 9-10. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v2i7.805 Pdf Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/805/772 Paper Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/805
TLE 9 (Technical Drafting) - Theory and Concepts of Site Development PlanJuan Miguel Palero
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the topic or lesson: Theory and Concepts of Site Development Plan. It also includes the definition, characteristics and examples of a Site Development Plan..
Building Simulation, Its Role, Softwares & Their LimitationsPrasad Thanthratey
A presentation on Building Simulation, Its Role, Softwares & Their Limitations for the course of Energy Efficient Architecture from students of 5th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Aug-December 2015)
The care and feeding of project communitiesMark Unwin
So you have some code or a good idea for a project. You get some hosting, throw up a page, make the code available and people start downloading. Everything is great, but where is my community participation? This presentation provides, from the perspective of one open source project leader, some insight into the realities of starting and managing an open source project in terms of community involvement.
This is a very quick look at some great use of GIS for local Cities and Towns. What is the problem, the solution and the ROI and are all covered for a number of different projects.
MULTICRITERIA DECISION AIDED SYSTEM FOR RANKING INDUSTRIAL ZONES (RPRO4SIGZI) cscpconf
Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a privileged and indispensable way to evolve GIS into real decision support systems. RPRO4SIGZI, the system proposed in this paper allows, from a detailed study of geographical, environmental and socioe-conomic criteria to cooperate GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis method for spatial choosing of the right site for installing industrial projects. The result obtained by RPRO (Ranking PROMETHEE) for ranking industrial zones in western Algeria is refined by a viewing SIGZI (Geographic Information System for Industrial Zones). The RPRO unit rank industrial zones using the outranking PROMETHEE II method issue from European school and SIGZI module to the visualization of these zones on the map. RPRO4SIGZI system was designed for the evaluation of a new methodology of multi-criteria analysis guided by data mining. The objective is to show how data mining is used to model the preferences of the decision maker tainted with subjectivity and hesitance to generate suitable performance tables. Only RPRO4SIGZI system is presented in this paper.
Construction Cost Prediction by Using Building Information ModelingIJERA Editor
The increased interest in using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in detailed construction cost estimates calls for methodologies to evaluate the effectiveness of BIM-Assisted Detailed Estimating (BADE) tools in generating detailed construction cost estimates. The focus of this research is on developing a quantified evaluation method to measure the impact of these BADE tools. Further, in order to understand the cognitive details of the estimator, this research also tested and evaluated the impact of the visualization factor and the compound impact of the visualization factor and aggregated calculation factor on the construction cost estimating process.Two cases study were tested, building and bridge. Three methods were applied on each case study,method 1the manual estimating method, method 2 used a BADE tool without a calculation function (i.e., the quantities of the individual building components can be read as properties of the component), method 3 used a BADE tool with calculation functions that allowed the user to directly calculate/aggregate the query results of the BIM database in the MS Excel spreadsheet.Results obtained from the test cases helped to reinforce the reliability of the observations and the evaluation. Four parameters were used to evaluate the performance results individually in the first step: generality, flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy. Then a multiattribute utility model, which took into account the four individual parameters, was developed and used to evaluate the overall performance of BIM assisted estimating versus the performance of the traditional estimating method on quantity takeoffs. The research concluded that the BIM-assisted estimate demonstrated better performance over traditional estimating methods. Both the visualization and aggregation functions of the BADE tool had significant impact on the performance of the detailed estimate.
Remote sensing technology for disaster mitigation and regional infrastructure...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A Very high intensity of regional development is ubiquitous in urban areas. Therefore, urban development requires a proper spatial development strategy in many facets, especially social aspect and disaster potential. The essence of social aspect lies in the prevailing norms and local wisdom that have long existed and become the basis of community life. Inducing various effects on infrastructure development, disaster potential has to be considered as well. Disaster mitigation measures can start with the use of continually developing remote sensing technology, which provides a basis for preparing sustainable development planning. The realization of these measures in urban areas demands specific adjustment to the environmental conditions. This study aimed to examine the capacity of remote sensing data to support disaster mitigation and infrastructure planning based on energy conservation in urban areas. The results indicate that remote sensing technology can be an option for sustainable development planning in urban areas.
Planning of erosti communications on the basis of building standards in the p...SubmissionResearchpa
In this article, the error of determining the location of points on the basis of building standards in the planning and construction of the city in the implementation plan of erosti communications and the norm of the distance between erosti communication networks are explained in detail. M.H. Bobokalonov. (2020). Planning of erosti communications on the basis of building standards in the planning and construction of the city. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(7), 9-10. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v2i7.805 Pdf Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/805/772 Paper Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/805
TLE 9 (Technical Drafting) - Theory and Concepts of Site Development PlanJuan Miguel Palero
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the topic or lesson: Theory and Concepts of Site Development Plan. It also includes the definition, characteristics and examples of a Site Development Plan..
Building Simulation, Its Role, Softwares & Their LimitationsPrasad Thanthratey
A presentation on Building Simulation, Its Role, Softwares & Their Limitations for the course of Energy Efficient Architecture from students of 5th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Aug-December 2015)
The care and feeding of project communitiesMark Unwin
So you have some code or a good idea for a project. You get some hosting, throw up a page, make the code available and people start downloading. Everything is great, but where is my community participation? This presentation provides, from the perspective of one open source project leader, some insight into the realities of starting and managing an open source project in terms of community involvement.
Methodology used for improving overall equipment effectiveness by Implementi...IJMER
The global marketplace is highly competitive and organizations who want to survive long-term, have to continuously improve, change and adapt in response to market demands. Improvements in
a company's performance should focus on cost cutting, increasing productivity levels, quality and
guaranteeing deliveries in order to satisfy customers. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is one
method, which can be used to achieve these goals. TPM is an approach to equipment management that
involves employees from both production and maintenance departments. Its purpose is to eliminate major
production losses by introducing a program of continuous and systematic improvements to production
equipment.
Strehl Ratio with Higher-Order Parabolic FilterIJMER
In all the branches of science, engineering and technology, it is known that the output due to
an input impulse function, spatial or temporal, is never an impulse. There is a spread of the input impulse
function in the output due to the noise introduced by the physical device. It was Strehl who first
introduced the important image-quality assessment parameter “Definitionshelligkeit” or simply known
as the Strehl Ratio (SR) after his name. In this paper, we have studied this parameter for an optical system apodised with the higher-order super-resolving parabolic filters. The results obtained have been discussed graphically
Structural Formation & Seismicity of Kopili Fault Region in North-East India ...IJMER
Abstract: In the North-East India region, Meghalaya plateau plays a distinct physical characteristic for its high rising
granitic rocks and rocks of Gondwana character. The exposed portion of the Indian peninsular shield is evident in
Meghalaya plateau and Mikir hills. Here in the plateau we mainly get Archaean gneissic complex, overlain by proterozoic
intracratonic sediments of Shillong group. Upper Cretaceous and Carbonatite ultramafic complex are also evident in Kopili
Fault region. The Kopili Fault, which extends from western part of Manipur up to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal
Pradesh and Assam, covers a distance of about 400 km. The Kopili fault bisects the Meghalaya Plateau and isolated the
Mishmi block from the main part of the plateau. The fault behaviour is studied using Global Positioning System (GPS)
techniques to understand the velocity of twelve (12) different points selected on both bank of the Kopili river, since the fault
is almost passing through the river. From a field study of four long years, it is observed that the Kopili Fault region is
moving in North-East direction at an average velocity of 28.397N(±1.167) mm/yr and 40.227E(±1.184) mm/yr. This paper
makes an attempt to understand the physical development or geological character of the region and its crustal velocity
studied on various parts of the Kopili Fault area.
Key words: Kopili fault region, global positioning system, Meghalaya plateau, crustal velocity
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
Abstract: In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time (Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Virtualization Technology using Virtual Machines for Cloud ComputingIJMER
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing and storage capacity as a service to a community of end users. The name “cloud computing” comes from the use of a cloud-shaped symbol as an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it contains in system diagrams. Cloud computing entrusts services with a user's software, data and computation over a network. End users access cloud-based applications through a web browser or mobile application or a light-weight desktop while the business software and user's data are stored on servers at a remote location. Proponents claim that cloud computing environment allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT industry to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand. In this paper, we present a system that uses virtualization technology to allocate the data center resources dynamically based on the application demands and support green computing by optimizing the number of servers in use. This method multiplexes virtual to physical resources adaptively based on the changing demand. We use the concept of skewness metric to combine virtual machines with different resource characteristics appropriately so that the capacities of servers are well utilized.
Εργασία των μαθητριών Αναστασίας Τσαγκαρίδου και Χαράς Χατζηαθανασίου στο πλαίσιο του περιβαλλοντικού προγράμματος " Η αειφόρος κοινωνία αναπτύσσεται στην κινηματογραφική λέσχη cinelans"
Σχολικό έτος 2016-17, 1ο Λύκειο Νέας Σμύρνης Λ.Α.Ν.Σ
An Efficient top- k Query Processing in Distributed Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are usually defined as large-scale, ad-hoc, multi-hop and
wireless unpartitioned networks of homogeneous, small, static nodes deployed in an area of interest.
Applications of sensor networks include monitoring volcano activity, building structures or natural
habitat monitoring. In this paper, we present the problem of processing probabilistic top-k queries in a
distributed wireless sensor networks. The basic problem in top-k query processing is that, a single method
cannot be used as a solution to the problem of top-k query processing because there are many types of
top-k query processing. The method has to be based on the situation, the classification and the type of
database and the query model. Here we develop three algorithms, namely, sufficient set-based (SSB),
necessary set-based (NSB), and boundary-based (BB), for inter- cluster query processing with bounded
rounds of communications. Moreover, in responding to dynamic changes of data distribution in the
overall network, we develop an adaptive algorithm that dynamically switches among the three proposed
algorithms to minimize the transmission cost.
A Threshold Fuzzy Entropy Based Feature Selection: Comparative StudyIJMER
Feature selection is one of the most common and critical tasks in database classification. It
reduces the computational cost by removing insignificant and unwanted features. Consequently, this
makes the diagnosis process accurate and comprehensible. This paper presents the measurement of
feature relevance based on fuzzy entropy, tested with Radial Basis Classifier (RBF) network,
Bagging(Bootstrap Aggregating), Boosting and stacking for various fields of datasets. Twenty
benchmarked datasets which are available in UCI Machine Learning Repository and KDD have been
used for this work. The accuracy obtained from these classification process shows that the proposed
method is capable of producing good and accurate results with fewer features than the original
datasets.
Use of GPS in survey data error control and managementNishanta Khanal
Paper titled "Use of GPS in survey data error control and management" explaining how GPS data is used to identify and help address errors in data survey. The paper was presented on United Nations/Nepal Workshop on the Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
KATHMANDU, NEPAL, 12 - 16 DECEMBER 2016
An assessment-based process for modifying the built fabric of historic centre...Beniamino Murgante
An assessment-based process for modifying the built fabric of historic centres: the case of Como in Lombardy
Pier Luigi Paolillo, Alberto Benedetti, Umberto Baresi, Luca Terlizzi, Giorgio Graj -Polytechnic of Milan
Principles of Survey Work and Different Techniques for Urban Designijtsrd
This paper sets out a progression of regularizing standards for organizers and others to utilize when making arrangements for and directing public space plan and the executives. In view of a thorough assessment of public space, the substance of which is accounted for somewhere else, a first segment sets out three overall standards identifying with the basic yet regularly missing key arranging structure for the turn of events and recovery of public spaces. A second and last area sets out seven more gritty contemplations for assessing the nature of public space plan. This is an unashamedly sure system for molding public space, in view of the idea that public spaces in our urban communities come in various structures and pretenses, yet all things considered increase the value of the experience and capability of metropolitan regions. Thusly, they merit genuine thought by those with administrative and different responsibilities regarding their conveyance. The review manual arrangements with two significant components a contextual analysis in Providence, which shows the most common way of directing a study and the sorts of discoveries and results which might be gotten and a system area which centers around the strategies and techniques utilized in study research. Logical study testing is demonstrated to be a helpful instrument for acquiring data on an assortment of metropolitan issues, remembering suppositions for nature of public offices, purposes behind moving, support for urban renewal and model cities projects, and assessment of social government assistance programs. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Principles of Survey Work & Different Techniques for Urban Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49209.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/architecture-and-planning/49209/principles-of-survey-work-and-different-techniques-for-urban-design/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urba...civej
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Our uDirect technology can accurately estimate the facing direction of a mobile phone user, independent of device position and orientation and without any user intervention.
Knowing which way a user is facing can provide valuable information for the provision of mobile services and applications. The proposed technology utilises inertial sensors that are readily available in mobile consumer devices (e.g. smart phones). While providing high accuracy, the solution is able to cope with arbitrary wearing positions and orientations of the mobile consumer device, making it suitable for use in every-day life situations. This is achieved by an estimation of the user orientation with respect to the reference frame of both sensing module, and earth coordinate system.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
The Evolution of Traditional Urban Survey using Applicable Surveying Techniques
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.1| Jan. 2015 | 37|
The Evolution of Traditional Urban Survey using Applicable
Surveying Techniques
Ahmed E. Ragheb1
, Mohamed A. El-Fayoumi2
1
Assistant Professor, Public works Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
2
Assistant Professor, Urban Planning and Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
I. INTRODUCTION
Various purposes of urban planning are of vital importance nowadays, basically [1] property
documentation of formal and informal settlements, legalization and taxation are just few applications.
However, initial stages of these applications in the form of urban survey have to be performed in a safe and
economical manner along with social and environmental experience of the area under consideration to achieve
adequate and high performance [2]. Undoubtedly, there is a strengthened relationship between urban survey
procedures and surveying field, as the need for accurate and comprehensive urban survey parallel with efficient
cost and time is a problematic phenomenon of traditional, primitive and detailed urban survey, hindering
accuracy and inclusion of data [3]. Accordingly, urban field is firm depending on that of surveying to start its
existing situation studies phase, followed by analysis and the upgrade process or even any other missions that
must initially refer surveying, in order to know what will be used to upgrade or develop. See Fig.1.
Fig. 1 Characteristic features of different stages in the physical planning process [4]
II. METHODOLOGY
The basic idea starts with illustrating both urban and surveying fields to pinpoint the main
problematic issue that is the different urban surveying types and techniques and their reflections on traditional
and modern surveying methods. Here by, the research penetrates deeply into its two main axes, the first is the
theoretical part on a previously surveyed project using linear measurements and the simulation of other
applicable surveying technique in the form of total station. Secondly, the practical part, with a comparative
study through different traditional and more advanced surveying methods, in order to reach out and deduce
ABSTRACT: This research deals with how to facilitate and manage surveying methods to accomplish
modernized and cost effective urban survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by replacing
traditional surveying methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical point of view. At
first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition urban planning project in Saudi Arabia is
performed by replacing traditional urban planning techniques previously used with more applicable
surveying techniques as total stations regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and
accuracy. After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical urban planning case
study is performed using total station, geodetic GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private
settlement block consisting of 6 buildings in a crowded neighborhood of Cairo city. The applied
surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort, while saving observation time
reaching to 60%. Accordingly, the adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all desired
aspects, as well as being promising for more extensive study areas in future.
Keywords: GPS, Surveying techniques, Urban Survey
2. The Evolution of Traditional Urban Survey using Applicable Surveying Techniques
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.1| Jan. 2015 | 38|
how to facilitate and manage surveying methods to accomplish modernized and cost effective urban survey
with best achievable accuracy.
III. URBAN SURVEY
Urban planning is the discipline of land use planning which explores several aspects of the built and
social environments of municipalities and communities. Other professions deal in more detail with a smaller
scale of development, namely architecture, landscape architecture and urban design. Regional planning deals
with a still larger scale. In terms of its objectives, planning is the elaboration of a set of related programs
designed to achieve certain goal, while the planning process itself is the set of interventions and other actions
undertaken during the elaboration of a plan. On the other hand, in terms of future control, it is the ability to
control the future by current acts [4].
3.1 Urban Survey Definition
The urban survey concerns with the existing situation studies for an urban fabric context, which is a
preparatory phase for analysis studies for the location to start further upgrading phases. This mentioned
preparatory phase is very important as the accuracy of the related studies after that depends totally on the
accuracy of this initial step. Accordingly, it is clearly essential to study and compare between different types
and methods of urban survey, as to be able to reach the most accurate and progressive method to be used as a
starting step in the right way of this long phases work.
3.2 Urban Survey Types
Here we need to define and study different variable types and methods, then subsequently, give fairly
comparative analysis to illustrate the most effective, accurate, short timing and cheapest method.
Consequently, several methods can be used to obtain the same main results with some differences in quality,
details, accuracy, data covering and many fields' usages. The first type is the ordinary method by using the
satellite images maps then start to update it by visual observations and non-accurate measurements of lengths
and dimensions, then merging these drawn information by filled applications for all observed data to obtain
finally the named fundamental maps, using geographic information system (GIS). This can be summarized
clearly in five basic drawing sheets namely; land-uses, building uses, buildings heights, building conditions
and building construction. An example of some of those sheets is given in Fig. 2.
3. The Evolution of Traditional Urban Survey using Applicable Surveying Techniques
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.1| Jan. 2015 | 39|
Fig. 2 Example for land-uses, buildings heights and conditions sheets [6]
The second type is detailing, which uses first sketches to draw, approximate the building outlines, this
sometimes can be aided by total stations to give more accurate drawing for its outlines of the ground floor plan
and the land edges. After that the survey engineers starts to measure the internal dimensions for the roof and
its components and any missing dimensions not given by the total station, and then all observed data and
obtained information are filled in applications. The overall product are cad drawings sheet for the collective
map of the buildings, and every building is drawn in a different sheet as follows: land sheet, ground floor
sheet, typical floor sheet, roof sheet, apartment sheet and any additional drawings sheet (such as shops,….etc),
as given earlier in Fig. 2. Note that, this second type is used by both the urban field and that of surveying.
3.3 Urban Survey Results
Accordingly, as illustrated in the previous section, urban survey results are, in the first type; colored drawing
sheets with areas and information which are not detailed and accurate enough and do not give full needed data,
while in the second type, almost full detailed information are extracted, but takes longer time, more effort,
expensive procedures, great number of manpower and variable work steps that gives accumulative errors.
IV. SURVEYING FIELD
As much known to many people in the engineering field, the surveying process is the base and start
point for almost all projects. That is to say, prior, during or even after design, construction or field work,
surveying measurements will be taken, whether for fixation of control reference points, setting out of
previously determined points onsite or production of maps and quality control. Few examples of such
applications include; water pipelines layout, establishment of residential complexes, excavation works,
deformation monitoring…..etc. This can be done by different instruments and techniques varying in
technology, price and application.
4.1 Traditional Surveying Methods
Previously, surveying application in urban survey projects included mainly the use of regular tapes
distance measurements and optical theodolites for angular measurements. Different kind of tapes varying in
length and material were used in measuring the boundaries and details of buildings and complexes. However,
this technique –although its simplicity and cheap price of the used tool- has many disadvantages, starting with
various errors accompanied with the tape, such as sagging especially in long distances, difference of nominal
length and temperature effect….etc. Optical theodolites were quite handy and popular in angular and direction
measurements in order to maintain building corners especially non right angle corners, but similar to the use of
tapes, at the end large amount of data are required to be taken, displayed and then saved and copied, in
addition to all this, the whole field operation being time consuming and executed using extensive manpower.
4.2 Modern Surveying Methods
Recently, many modern surveying instruments are used in various projects and applications, mainly
total stations and GPS equipment. Total stations combine both distance measuring device (EDM) along with
angular measuring equipment (Theodolite) together with processor and memory, in order to observe, calculate
and save direct boundaries corners and features in their local or global coordinate (Easting, Northing, Height)
format. GPS receivers wither geodetic precise ones or less accurate navigators, observe continuously rotating
satellite signals from sky, and again determine the global coordinates of surveyed points relative to the Global
datum. The wide use of the aforementioned instruments comes from their efficiency, or in other words easiness
4. The Evolution of Traditional Urban Survey using Applicable Surveying Techniques
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.1| Jan. 2015 | 40|
of data sampling, storage and display. This will of course lead to reduction in manpower needed as well as
required field and even office work time. However, these advantages will surely be accompanied with slight
disadvantages, which should be compared versus their benefit of usage.
Now speaking about disadvantages, price of used instruments here in is one good example, as total stations are
minimum three time expensive than regular digital theodolites, while geodetic GPS receivers being at least 7
times more. However, regular navigators are cheap in price; quarter the price of digital theodolites, but they
sure will propose degraded accuracy. Concerning GPS receivers, various errors will affect GPS positioning,
either from satellites, atmosphere or receivers. However, most of these errors can be modeled and thus reduced
by adopting several techniques such as differencing between two receivers, i.e. relative positioning, some errors
will still evolve in the solution, especially the inevitable multipath error, caused by receiving signals from more
than one path.
V. THEORETICAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS
After presentation of the different techniques to be adopted in the current research, the theoretical
applied part in this research will be introduced, regarding the case study area, and surveying of the building
complex using both traditional and modern instruments.
5.1 Case Description
The area under study consists of 9 buildings as a part of building complex in Madinah, KSA, which
was already under investigation in a previous urban survey project. Three of these buildings are only one floor
buildings and the others are multi-story buildings consisting of three to four floors. Fig. 3 shows a layout of
these buildings along with surrounding streets [7].
Fig. 3 Madinah map, KSA showing Google maps hierarchy for case site [8]
5.2 Traditional Surveying Methods Application
Dimensions of all buildings in this case are surveyed using a tape and two persons. The required time
intervals to survey each building are indicated in Table 1. Note that, all common points repeated among floors
in each building have to be observed each time in order to find its relation and dimensions with respect to
every point per each floor, which is considered a disadvantage when compared to surveying of such buildings
using more advanced instruments.
5.3 Modern Surveying Methods Application
The application of reflectorless total station here is a theoretical application, meaning that it was not
applied during the actual project. Herein, the time required for the surveying of buildings using a total station
is investigated, which is shown as well in Table 1. Note that the application of GPS was not undertaken in the
theoretical case because it was not applied during the actual project, basically due the variety of its usage
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according to the surrounding environment, mainly because the usage of GPS and its success will depend on the
blockage of satellite signals, loss of lock and multipath. This will be highly variable near to buildings
especially while surveying of buildings dimension from the outside. However, the usage of GPS will be taken
into consideration in the practical applied case later on.
Also not here that, surveying of buildings using a total station in this case is done only using one surveyor only
due to the unneccessity of another surveyor to hold the reflector, as the use of reflectorless total station is very
beneficial here in and could be thought to be a must. This is backed by the fact that the cost of reflectorless
total station is reasonable nowadays and very applicable here in by targeting buildings’ points directly given
that buildings are within few hundred meters from the instrument, which is the case here and originally during
any urban survey project. Of course, the usage of only one surveyor during the whole process will definitely
vastly decrease the overall cost of the urban survey work.
5.4 Theoretical case Results and Conclusions
After studies from different point of views such as shape, accessibility….etc, some important
conclusions can be extracted, noting that some factors regarding the building such as building dimensions,
current status, material….etc. is outside the scope of the current research as it will not affect the undertaken
factors, such as time and cost among the comparison between techniques and thus can be considered non
effective here. In addition, some of the shops within the buildings were identified without dimensions, due to
accessibility, which could be solved easily using total station, as will be shown later.
From previous experience, the time required for one linear measurement is taken to be 15 seconds,
and another 15 seconds for manipulation between one measurement and the other, while regarding total station
measurements, the time for setting the instrument over any point for a regular surveyor with moderate
experience is 3 minutes, taking 15 seconds for observing each point and targeting from one point to the other.
A very powerful remark in the use of total station, is that when the building dimensions changes from the base
to repeated floors, and since buildings usually are not entered from the inside and measured from the outside
borders, in some cases mostly the dimensions of the buildings are obtained in an approximate way using the
projection of a staff and mentioning the distance between such projection and the actual dimension of the base,
or approximated from the previous or latter floor. This will surely affect the accuracy of these measurements.
On the other hand, this can be simply resolved using reflector less total station.
In addition, a very important remark, is that number of setups of the total station instrument can be
minimized (which considered the most time consuming step) if the dimensions of several buildings can be
obtained from common setups of the instrument especially for adjacent buildings. This is very clear in the time
saved, as shown in Table 1. From the shown table, it can be seen that the concept of common setups among
different buildings has excluded seven required setups through the whole project saving around 62.5 minutes
of the whole process, that is around 44 % of the total required time when using linear measurements. This of
course will surely be highly multiplied for bigger projects having multiple of buildings’ complexes. Based on
the results obtained here from the theoretical case study, the efficiency of the applicable total station technique
was well illustrated, in the form of time saving, less effort and manpower needed and of course leading to
better accuracy. This was a main catalyst to apply such technique along with GPS positioning in the practical
case study.
VI. PRACTICAL URBAN SURVEY CASE STUDY
6.1 Case Description
Following the conclusions obtained from the theoretical case study, it was essential to justify the
results through an actual practical case applying traditional and more advanced surveying instruments. The
chosen practical study area consists of six adjacent buildings as a part of a building complex in Nasr City area,
Cairo, Egypt. These buildings had variable heights, different floors and accessibility around them, as two of
these buildings are about 11 floor buildings and the others are intermediate height buildings consisting of five
floors, as shown in Table 2. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show a layout of these buildings along with surrounding streets.
These variable factors were the main reason behind the choice of this study area.
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Table 1 Comparison on the usage of traditional and modern surveying techniques for
the urban survey of the practical applied case (Ground: G, Repeated: R)
Remarks
Timedifference
betweenTSand
Tape(sec)
Total Station (TS)Tape
Floors
Building
Effective
RequiredTime
Timerequired
(Setup&
Observation)
(sec)
SetupLocation
No.ofsetups
Points
Timerequired
(sec)
Measurements
One
common
setup on
roof for
the three
buildings
0270270Roof162709G2610401
225105285Roof1733011G2610403
225
105285
Roof1733011G267439
Setup A
for 2
buildings
45285465G
2
733011G
268402 525165165G1169023R
---0240240Roof142408Roof
No new
setup
required
10575435G
2
51806G
268404 1957575G52709R
----75225225Roof131505Roof
Setup B
for 4
buildings
180330510G
2
1051017G
267440
3757575G5450151
540210210G1475025R
---0510510Roof21051017Roof
Setup C
for 3
buildings
45285465G
2
733011G
269402 3157575G539013R
---180510510Roof21069023Roof
Setup D
for 3
buildings
-45255435G
2
52107G
267441 315
105105
G742014R
---0480480Roof2848016Roof
Setup E
for 2
buildings
-90240420G
2
41505G
269404 690240240G1693031R
---0210210Roof122107Roof
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Fig. 4 Cairo map, Egypt showing practical case site [9]
Fig. 5 General layout of practical case site [9]
6.2 Surveying using Traditional methods
Herein, as a common linear surveying procedure, two tapes are going to be used for the planimetric
surveying of the six buildings whether from the ground, the roof or any floor. From a practical point of view,
several photos and sketches were taken for proper visualization and reliability of all surveyed buildings. Note
that some measurements were taken on the roof as well, for the case where the plan of the building differs on
the ground from that corresponding plan on the roof. This is a familiar case nowadays, especially with modern
architecture design. Accordingly, the first part of Table 2 shows a detailed vision of the total linear
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measurements taken for each floor and building, along with the time taken for each process. This extensive
time taken for the surveying process is accompanied with hard working paid labor, however on the contrary the
whole process is executed using cheap surveying tools, such as the tape, along with moderate payments for
regular not necessary skilled trained labor. Note that, in this case here, each floor should be entered in order
get all relevant information for such floor, which is considered a major disadvantage of such technique
regarding time, effort and privacy of such floor especially if it is occupied by civilian users. However, in such a
case were details of any floor cannot be obtained directly, it is referenced with an approximation from the
previous or latter floor, as mentioned earlier, which is always considered a disadvantage of this technique
regarding accuracy and time.
6.3 Surveying using Modern Methods
A mixture of modern commonly used surveying instruments are utilized here, namely one total
station, two geodetic receivers and one GPS navigator. The Trimble reflectorless total station is used for
surveying of the outer perimeter of buildings from the ground. GPS receivers or navigators will be mainly used
on the roof of the buildings, but not on the ground or of course inside the buildings due to the lack of clear sky
and thus blockage of signals or loss of lock on satellites. The remaining part of Table 2 shows the whole
procedure for the total station technique. Note that, surveying with the total station was done differently to
what was performed in the practical theoretical case. Each building was surveyed relative to some control
points for all its floors. Accordingly, the setup time is being considered only for the ground floor, in which any
of these setups can be used then freely for all floors. In other words, in each setup, different points are observed
for all sighted floors of nearby buildings.
The surveying of buildings was then performed first using two geodetic GPS receivers, where one base
station is fixed on one of the previously known control points and the other rover kinematic receiver mounts on
different points on the roof, and then using a GPS navigator, taking an observation time of 15 seconds on each
point. However this was performed only on the roof of the buildings only, due to satellite blockage at the
bottom of building or at any of its floors. This of course will lead to different analysis due the change of
dimensions from the ground floor and repeated floors and roof as well, but will surely be beneficial where roof
is similar to ground as well as similar multi-stories. Surveying using both GPS techniques will appear similar
regarding number of surveyed points but will differ in the accuracy of the position of points, leading to higher
accuracy in the case of using geodetic receivers. The whole process using GPS receivers and navigator is
shown in Table 3.
6.4 Practical case Results and Conclusions
The comparison here between those three sets of measurement technique, is considered relative to the
amount of data i.e. observed measurements, consumed time and manpower needed. However, another
parameter here can be added regarding the format of data output from those latter three techniques, when
compared to the output data using traditional surveying methods. This can be effective while considering the
additive calculations required in order to output building coordinates to be exported to AutoCAD.
As well as, based on the results obtained from both the theoretical and practical cases, several
comparisons can be extracted regarding several factors, mainly: accuracy, time and cost. Starting with
accuracy, the total station and geodetic receivers possessed the best accuracy when compared to tapes and GPS
navigators, as the used of tapes will degrade the accuracy due to the vast negative effect of human errors during
measurements. The use of GPS navigators will implement point positioning technique which is full of errors
affecting highly the accuracy of surveyed points. Now speaking about time management for each technique,
and having a quick glance at Tables 1, 2 and 3, the use of modern surveying instruments especially the total
station technique reduced the required time by 683 minutes, that is with 60%, due to the reduction of
manpower and mainly the required time to survey each point. This proves that although the total station and
GPS techniques seem to be more expensive due to the more advancement of the instrument used, but when
compared to the manpower used and time required, as previously mentioned, the cost of the whole process is
significantly reduced.
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Table 2 Detailed report on the usage of total station technique for the urban survey of the practical case
(Common Point: CP)
Remarks
Timedifference
betweenTSand
Tape(sec)
Total Station (TS)TapeFloors
Building
Effective
RequiredTime
Timerequired
(Setup&
Observation)
(sec)
Setup
Location
No.ofsetups
Points
Timerequired
(sec)
Measurements
220320320
G3
854018G
B1
51036036024870291
1005525525351530512
Similar to
8th
Floor
975585585391560523
1035585585391620544
1035585585391620545
960660660441620546
975645645431620547
------8
915705705471620549
9906306304216205410
10505705703816205411
420900900Roof236132044Roof
-300960960
G4
1666022G
B6
1380660660442040681
Similar to
3rd
Floor
192010501050702970992
------3
1005555555371560524
190510651065712970995
2445124512458336901236
1275585585391860627
1455675675452130718
1260600600401860629
14556756754521307110
12905705703818606211
138011101110Roof250249083Roof
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Remarks
Timedifference
betweenTSand
Tape(sec)
Total Station (TS)Tape
Floors
Building
Effective
RequiredTime
Timerequired
(Setup&
Observation)
(sec)
Setup
Location
No.ofsetups
Points
Timerequired
(sec)
Measurements
3 common
CP with B1
(1st
and 3rd
floor are
similar)
60240780
G4
430010G
B2
960360360241320441
1410600600402010672
------3
Similar to
5th
Floor
1230570570381800604
------5
1 CP from
B6
540540720Roof224108036Roof
1 common
CP with B2
-120420600
G3
430010G
B3
975435435291410471
1395705705472100702
1335555555371890633
1335555555371890634
1245645645431890635
2 CP from
B1 and B6
1605345705Roof223195065Roof
2 common
CP with B3
60240600
G3
430010Ground
B4
3601201208480161
Similar to
3rd
, 4th
and
5th
Floor
48018018012660222
------3
------4
------5
2 CP from
B1 and B6
1005375735Roof225138046Roof
2 common
CP with B6
-120420420
G2
430010G
B5
Similar to
2nd
, 3rd
and
4th
Floor
30018018012480161
------2
------3
------4
48018018012660225
1 CP from
B1
765555735Roof225132044Roof
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Table 3 Detailed report on the usage of GPS surveying techniques for the urban survey of the
practical case
Building
No. of
points
Geodetic Receivers GPS Navigator
Time
difference
(sec)
Remarks
Setup time of
Base station
(sec)
Time of
surveyed
points (sec)
Time of
surveyed points
(sec)
B1 36 1800 540 540 1800
Setup time
required for
initialization
on the
reference point
B2 24 - 360 360 -
B3 23 - 345 345 -
B4 25 - 375 375 -
B5 25 - 375 375 -
B6 50 - 750 750 -
It is worthwhile mentioning here that, although surveying using GPS is always hindered on the ground and
repeated floors of all buildings, it can be merged efficiently with total station. This can be performed by
surveying each building with both the total station and GPS techniques, by using the first on the ground and
repeated floors, while using the latter on the roof. This will surely produce the most effective combined
technique regarding applicability, cost and time.
VII. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The use of modern surveying equipment in the form of total stations and GPS receivers/ navigators,
improved not only the accuracy of the surveying task, but as well as the efficiency of the survey due to the vast
improvement in the form of reduction in number of manpower required to perform the same task in the
traditional method using tapes, in addition to time saving in performing the survey and planning process. This
of course can be easily proved by the large amount of data required to survey buildings’ relations and
dimensions using tapes. However, this large amount of data is reduced quite considerably using modern
surveying by dealing with coordinates obtained from any of the aforementioned instruments, as well as the
ability to control the amount of data that are essentially needed in urban planning purposes.
In addition, modern surveying is not only appreciated than traditional methods in this context only,
but since the amount of data is known and easily formatted, and can be recognized easily, given the fact of
proper reconnaissance of the site prior to surveying, field planning is considered advantageous in this case,
since total number of instruments, manpower per day, number of days can all be set in advance before start of
the survey, which offers a very powerful tool for modern surveying, as several factors and focal issues can be
resolved accurately, not forgetting the pre-estimation of the surveying process cost in advance.
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