Parallel search or multithreaded search is a way to increase search speed by using additional processors.
Parallel search algorithms are classified by their scalability (that means the behavior of the algorithm as the number of processors becomes large) and their speed up.
The document discusses instruction set architecture (ISA), describing it as the interface between software and hardware that defines the programming model and machine language instructions. It provides details on RISC ISAs like MIPS and how they aim to have simpler instructions, more registers, load/store architectures, and pipelining to improve performance compared to CISC ISAs. The document also discusses different types of ISA designs including stack-based, accumulator-based, and register-to-register architectures.
Knowledge representation is a field of artificial intelligence that represents information about the world in a way that a computer system can understand to perform complex tasks. It simplifies complex systems through modeling human psychology and problem-solving. Examples of knowledge representation include semantic nets, frames, rules, and ontologies. Knowledge representation allows for automated reasoning about represented knowledge and asserting new knowledge. While first-order logic provides powerful and compact representation, it lacks ease of use and practical implementation for real-world problems. Effective knowledge representation requires balancing expressive power with practical considerations like execution efficiency.
Arrays are a data structure that store elements of the same type in consecutive memory locations. This allows individual elements to be accessed via an index into the memory block. The time complexity of most basic array operations is O(1) for accessing elements by index but O(n) for operations like insertion, deletion, and searching that may require shifting other elements. Additional space complexity is O(n) to store the elements.
This document discusses active database management systems. It defines active databases as database systems that can automatically respond to events inside or outside the system through the use of event-condition-action rules. These rules allow the database to monitor and react to specific events. The document outlines the key components of an active database architecture, including a knowledge model and execution model. It also discusses features, applications, strengths and weaknesses of active databases.
The document discusses three sorting algorithms: bubble sort, selection sort, and insertion sort. Bubble sort works by repeatedly swapping adjacent elements that are in the wrong order. Selection sort finds the minimum element and swaps it into the sorted portion of the array. Insertion sort inserts elements into the sorted portion of the array, swapping as needed to put the element in the correct position. Both selection sort and insertion sort have a time complexity of O(n^2) in the worst case.
The document discusses query optimization in database management systems. It describes the steps in cost-based query optimization including parsing, transformation, implementation, and plan selection based on cost estimates. It provides an example of projections and how the estimated storage requirements would change based on eliminating a column. It also discusses how queries interact with a DBMS and the differences between interactive users and embedded queries.
Parallel search or multithreaded search is a way to increase search speed by using additional processors.
Parallel search algorithms are classified by their scalability (that means the behavior of the algorithm as the number of processors becomes large) and their speed up.
The document discusses instruction set architecture (ISA), describing it as the interface between software and hardware that defines the programming model and machine language instructions. It provides details on RISC ISAs like MIPS and how they aim to have simpler instructions, more registers, load/store architectures, and pipelining to improve performance compared to CISC ISAs. The document also discusses different types of ISA designs including stack-based, accumulator-based, and register-to-register architectures.
Knowledge representation is a field of artificial intelligence that represents information about the world in a way that a computer system can understand to perform complex tasks. It simplifies complex systems through modeling human psychology and problem-solving. Examples of knowledge representation include semantic nets, frames, rules, and ontologies. Knowledge representation allows for automated reasoning about represented knowledge and asserting new knowledge. While first-order logic provides powerful and compact representation, it lacks ease of use and practical implementation for real-world problems. Effective knowledge representation requires balancing expressive power with practical considerations like execution efficiency.
Arrays are a data structure that store elements of the same type in consecutive memory locations. This allows individual elements to be accessed via an index into the memory block. The time complexity of most basic array operations is O(1) for accessing elements by index but O(n) for operations like insertion, deletion, and searching that may require shifting other elements. Additional space complexity is O(n) to store the elements.
This document discusses active database management systems. It defines active databases as database systems that can automatically respond to events inside or outside the system through the use of event-condition-action rules. These rules allow the database to monitor and react to specific events. The document outlines the key components of an active database architecture, including a knowledge model and execution model. It also discusses features, applications, strengths and weaknesses of active databases.
The document discusses three sorting algorithms: bubble sort, selection sort, and insertion sort. Bubble sort works by repeatedly swapping adjacent elements that are in the wrong order. Selection sort finds the minimum element and swaps it into the sorted portion of the array. Insertion sort inserts elements into the sorted portion of the array, swapping as needed to put the element in the correct position. Both selection sort and insertion sort have a time complexity of O(n^2) in the worst case.
The document discusses query optimization in database management systems. It describes the steps in cost-based query optimization including parsing, transformation, implementation, and plan selection based on cost estimates. It provides an example of projections and how the estimated storage requirements would change based on eliminating a column. It also discusses how queries interact with a DBMS and the differences between interactive users and embedded queries.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including both static and dynamic allocation approaches. It discusses fixed and variable partitioning for static allocation, as well as first-fit, next-fit, best-fit, and worst-fit algorithms for dynamic allocation. The document also covers fragmentation, base-limit registers, swapping, paging, and segmentation for virtual memory management. The key aspects of paging include using page tables to map virtual to physical addresses, allowing sharing and abstracting physical organization. Segmentation divides memory into logical segments specified by segment tables.
Query processing and Query OptimizationNiraj Gandha
This presentation is made with many efforts and I believe that it will be proven as good presentation to clear the basic of query processing and optimization under the DBMS subject. The topics covered in this presentation are the basic fundamentals of the topic as suggested.
The document describes the architecture of the Pentium family processor. It discusses the Pentium processor's architecture including its 64-bit data bus, separate code and data caches, pipeline sequence, and superscalar execution using two pipelines. It also describes the Pentium's registers including the general purpose, segment, debug, and EFlags registers. Finally, it discusses the Pentium's bus description including the address bus, data bus, control bus, byte enables, and bus cycles.
The document discusses different types of queues including their representations, operations, and applications. It describes queues as linear data structures that follow a first-in, first-out principle. Common queue operations are insertion at the rear and deletion at the front. Queues can be represented using arrays or linked lists. Circular queues and priority queues are also described as variants that address limitations of standard queues. Real-world and technical applications of queues include CPU scheduling, cashier lines, and data transfer between processes.
The document discusses techniques used by a database management system (DBMS) to process, optimize, and execute high-level queries. It describes the phases of query processing which include syntax checking, translating the SQL query into an algebraic expression, optimization to choose an efficient execution plan, and running the optimized plan. Query optimization aims to minimize resources like disk I/O and CPU time by selecting the best execution strategy. Techniques for optimization include heuristic rules, cost-based methods, and semantic query optimization using constraints.
Memory system, and not processor speed, is often the bottleneck for many applications.
Memory system performance is largely captured by two parameters, latency and bandwidth.
Latency is the time from the issue of a memory request to the time the data is available at the processor.
Bandwidth is the rate at which data can be pumped to the processor by the memory system.
This document discusses superscalar and super pipeline approaches to improving processor performance. Superscalar processors execute multiple independent instructions in parallel using multiple pipelines. Super pipelines break pipeline stages into smaller stages to reduce clock period and increase instruction throughput. While superscalar utilizes multiple parallel pipelines, super pipelines perform multiple stages per clock cycle in each pipeline. Super pipelines benefit from higher parallelism but also increase potential stalls from dependencies. Both approaches aim to maximize parallel instruction execution but face limitations from true data and other dependencies.
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide computational capabilities for computers. These instructions are divided into three basic types: arithmetic instructions, logical and bit manipulation instructions, and shift instructions. Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and incrementing and decrementing values. Logical and bit manipulation instructions operate on individual bits and include AND, OR, XOR, and clearing, complementing, and manipulating carry bits. Shift instructions shift the contents of an operand left or right in logical, arithmetic, or rotate operations.
Disk drives map logical blocks of data to physical sectors sequentially, beginning with sector 0 on the outermost track and proceeding inward. Sectors are arranged in cylinders from outer to inner, and tracks within cylinders are mapped in order. Defective sectors are hidden by substituting spare sectors elsewhere. The number of sectors per track and bit density can vary depending on whether constant linear velocity (uniform bit density) or constant angular velocity (uniform rotation speed with decreasing density outward) is used.
the presentation would brief the online reader with the concepts of few advanced data structures like hash tables, tries, Binary Trees, Binary Search Trees, Threaded Binary Trees and AVL Trees.
The document discusses various indexing techniques used to improve data access performance in databases, including ordered indices like B-trees and B+-trees, as well as hashing techniques. It covers the basic concepts, data structures, operations, advantages and disadvantages of each approach. B-trees and B+-trees store index entries in sorted order to support range queries efficiently, while hashing distributes entries uniformly across buckets using a hash function but does not support ranges.
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory beyond the available physical memory by storing inactive memory pages on disk. This separation of physical and virtual memory makes programming easier and allows memory to be shared between processes. When a program requests a page not in memory, demand paging loads it from disk. If no frames are available, page replacement writes the contents of an unused frame to disk to free it for the requested page. Thrashing occurs when too many pages are continuously replaced from disk due to insufficient memory, degrading system performance.
Query Processing and Optimisation - Lecture 10 - Introduction to Databases (1...Beat Signer
This document discusses query processing and optimization in databases. It covers the basic steps of query processing including parsing, optimization, and evaluation. It also describes different algorithms for query operations like selection, join, and sorting that are used to process queries efficiently. The goals of query optimization are to select the most efficient query execution plan based on the given data and minimize the number of disk accesses.
Shell Sort is a generalization of insertion sort that works by sorting elements with large gaps first then decreasing the gaps until a gap of 1, which is regular insertion sort. It has a worst case time complexity of O(n^2) but average complexity near O(n). Merge Sort divides the array into halves recursively, merges the sorted halves back together to fully sort the array. It has a best, average, and worst case time complexity of O(nlogn) and requires O(n) auxiliary space but is not an in-place sorting algorithm.
The document discusses parallelism and techniques to improve computer performance through parallel execution. It describes instruction level parallelism (ILP) where multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously through techniques like pipelining and superscalar processing. It also discusses processor level parallelism using multiple processors or processor cores to concurrently execute different tasks or threads.
This overview provides insight into the ODA Engineered System. It outlines how the ODA is: Simple, Optimsed and Affordable to implement for all organisations.
Contact me to find out more:
E-mail:daryll.whyte@oracle.com
Phone: +441189244490
Twitter: @daryllwhyte
LinkedIn: https://ie.linkedin.com/in/daryllwhyte
Website- Oracle ODA: https://www.oracle.com/oda
This document discusses different file organization methods including sequential files, indexed sequential files, indexed files, and direct/hashed files. Sequential files store records in the order they are entered with each record having a fixed format. Indexed sequential files add an index to allow random access by key fields while maintaining sequential ordering. Indexed files use multiple indexes on different keys to allow searching by different fields. Direct/hashed files directly access records by key values using hashing techniques for fast random access.
This document discusses distributed database design and fragmentation techniques. It begins with an outline of topics covered, then describes the design problem of placing data and applications across computer network sites. Primary horizontal fragmentation is explained as fragmenting a relation based on minterm predicates derived from a complete and minimal set of simple predicates describing the relation and application access patterns. An algorithm is provided to determine this fragmentation through several steps including finding the simple predicates, deriving minterm predicates, and eliminating contradictions to form the fragments. An example demonstrates applying this process to fragment relations based on salary and project budget attributes.
Time-space tradeoffs allow solving problems in less time by using more memory or solving problems using very little space by spending more time. Common tradeoffs include storing compressed vs uncompressed data, re-rendering images vs storing pre-rendered images, using smaller code with loops vs larger code without loops, and storing lookup tables vs recalculating values. Examples demonstrate algorithms that use more time and less space vs more space and less time.
The document discusses inter-VLAN routing and layer 3 switching. It describes legacy, router-on-a-stick, and multilayer switch approaches to inter-VLAN routing. It also covers configuring and troubleshooting inter-VLAN routing, including using switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) and routed ports for layer 3 switching. The document provides instructions on configuring various inter-VLAN routing options and identifies common configuration issues.
Packet Tracer Simulation Lab Layer 2 SwitchingJohnson Liu
The document discusses configuring layer 2 switching and inter-VLAN routing. It describes powering on switches, assigning ports to VLANs, setting up trunk links between switches, and enabling inter-VLAN routing by adding a router with subinterfaces for each VLAN to allow communication between the VLANs.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including both static and dynamic allocation approaches. It discusses fixed and variable partitioning for static allocation, as well as first-fit, next-fit, best-fit, and worst-fit algorithms for dynamic allocation. The document also covers fragmentation, base-limit registers, swapping, paging, and segmentation for virtual memory management. The key aspects of paging include using page tables to map virtual to physical addresses, allowing sharing and abstracting physical organization. Segmentation divides memory into logical segments specified by segment tables.
Query processing and Query OptimizationNiraj Gandha
This presentation is made with many efforts and I believe that it will be proven as good presentation to clear the basic of query processing and optimization under the DBMS subject. The topics covered in this presentation are the basic fundamentals of the topic as suggested.
The document describes the architecture of the Pentium family processor. It discusses the Pentium processor's architecture including its 64-bit data bus, separate code and data caches, pipeline sequence, and superscalar execution using two pipelines. It also describes the Pentium's registers including the general purpose, segment, debug, and EFlags registers. Finally, it discusses the Pentium's bus description including the address bus, data bus, control bus, byte enables, and bus cycles.
The document discusses different types of queues including their representations, operations, and applications. It describes queues as linear data structures that follow a first-in, first-out principle. Common queue operations are insertion at the rear and deletion at the front. Queues can be represented using arrays or linked lists. Circular queues and priority queues are also described as variants that address limitations of standard queues. Real-world and technical applications of queues include CPU scheduling, cashier lines, and data transfer between processes.
The document discusses techniques used by a database management system (DBMS) to process, optimize, and execute high-level queries. It describes the phases of query processing which include syntax checking, translating the SQL query into an algebraic expression, optimization to choose an efficient execution plan, and running the optimized plan. Query optimization aims to minimize resources like disk I/O and CPU time by selecting the best execution strategy. Techniques for optimization include heuristic rules, cost-based methods, and semantic query optimization using constraints.
Memory system, and not processor speed, is often the bottleneck for many applications.
Memory system performance is largely captured by two parameters, latency and bandwidth.
Latency is the time from the issue of a memory request to the time the data is available at the processor.
Bandwidth is the rate at which data can be pumped to the processor by the memory system.
This document discusses superscalar and super pipeline approaches to improving processor performance. Superscalar processors execute multiple independent instructions in parallel using multiple pipelines. Super pipelines break pipeline stages into smaller stages to reduce clock period and increase instruction throughput. While superscalar utilizes multiple parallel pipelines, super pipelines perform multiple stages per clock cycle in each pipeline. Super pipelines benefit from higher parallelism but also increase potential stalls from dependencies. Both approaches aim to maximize parallel instruction execution but face limitations from true data and other dependencies.
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide computational capabilities for computers. These instructions are divided into three basic types: arithmetic instructions, logical and bit manipulation instructions, and shift instructions. Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and incrementing and decrementing values. Logical and bit manipulation instructions operate on individual bits and include AND, OR, XOR, and clearing, complementing, and manipulating carry bits. Shift instructions shift the contents of an operand left or right in logical, arithmetic, or rotate operations.
Disk drives map logical blocks of data to physical sectors sequentially, beginning with sector 0 on the outermost track and proceeding inward. Sectors are arranged in cylinders from outer to inner, and tracks within cylinders are mapped in order. Defective sectors are hidden by substituting spare sectors elsewhere. The number of sectors per track and bit density can vary depending on whether constant linear velocity (uniform bit density) or constant angular velocity (uniform rotation speed with decreasing density outward) is used.
the presentation would brief the online reader with the concepts of few advanced data structures like hash tables, tries, Binary Trees, Binary Search Trees, Threaded Binary Trees and AVL Trees.
The document discusses various indexing techniques used to improve data access performance in databases, including ordered indices like B-trees and B+-trees, as well as hashing techniques. It covers the basic concepts, data structures, operations, advantages and disadvantages of each approach. B-trees and B+-trees store index entries in sorted order to support range queries efficiently, while hashing distributes entries uniformly across buckets using a hash function but does not support ranges.
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory beyond the available physical memory by storing inactive memory pages on disk. This separation of physical and virtual memory makes programming easier and allows memory to be shared between processes. When a program requests a page not in memory, demand paging loads it from disk. If no frames are available, page replacement writes the contents of an unused frame to disk to free it for the requested page. Thrashing occurs when too many pages are continuously replaced from disk due to insufficient memory, degrading system performance.
Query Processing and Optimisation - Lecture 10 - Introduction to Databases (1...Beat Signer
This document discusses query processing and optimization in databases. It covers the basic steps of query processing including parsing, optimization, and evaluation. It also describes different algorithms for query operations like selection, join, and sorting that are used to process queries efficiently. The goals of query optimization are to select the most efficient query execution plan based on the given data and minimize the number of disk accesses.
Shell Sort is a generalization of insertion sort that works by sorting elements with large gaps first then decreasing the gaps until a gap of 1, which is regular insertion sort. It has a worst case time complexity of O(n^2) but average complexity near O(n). Merge Sort divides the array into halves recursively, merges the sorted halves back together to fully sort the array. It has a best, average, and worst case time complexity of O(nlogn) and requires O(n) auxiliary space but is not an in-place sorting algorithm.
The document discusses parallelism and techniques to improve computer performance through parallel execution. It describes instruction level parallelism (ILP) where multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously through techniques like pipelining and superscalar processing. It also discusses processor level parallelism using multiple processors or processor cores to concurrently execute different tasks or threads.
This overview provides insight into the ODA Engineered System. It outlines how the ODA is: Simple, Optimsed and Affordable to implement for all organisations.
Contact me to find out more:
E-mail:daryll.whyte@oracle.com
Phone: +441189244490
Twitter: @daryllwhyte
LinkedIn: https://ie.linkedin.com/in/daryllwhyte
Website- Oracle ODA: https://www.oracle.com/oda
This document discusses different file organization methods including sequential files, indexed sequential files, indexed files, and direct/hashed files. Sequential files store records in the order they are entered with each record having a fixed format. Indexed sequential files add an index to allow random access by key fields while maintaining sequential ordering. Indexed files use multiple indexes on different keys to allow searching by different fields. Direct/hashed files directly access records by key values using hashing techniques for fast random access.
This document discusses distributed database design and fragmentation techniques. It begins with an outline of topics covered, then describes the design problem of placing data and applications across computer network sites. Primary horizontal fragmentation is explained as fragmenting a relation based on minterm predicates derived from a complete and minimal set of simple predicates describing the relation and application access patterns. An algorithm is provided to determine this fragmentation through several steps including finding the simple predicates, deriving minterm predicates, and eliminating contradictions to form the fragments. An example demonstrates applying this process to fragment relations based on salary and project budget attributes.
Time-space tradeoffs allow solving problems in less time by using more memory or solving problems using very little space by spending more time. Common tradeoffs include storing compressed vs uncompressed data, re-rendering images vs storing pre-rendered images, using smaller code with loops vs larger code without loops, and storing lookup tables vs recalculating values. Examples demonstrate algorithms that use more time and less space vs more space and less time.
The document discusses inter-VLAN routing and layer 3 switching. It describes legacy, router-on-a-stick, and multilayer switch approaches to inter-VLAN routing. It also covers configuring and troubleshooting inter-VLAN routing, including using switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) and routed ports for layer 3 switching. The document provides instructions on configuring various inter-VLAN routing options and identifies common configuration issues.
Packet Tracer Simulation Lab Layer 2 SwitchingJohnson Liu
The document discusses configuring layer 2 switching and inter-VLAN routing. It describes powering on switches, assigning ports to VLANs, setting up trunk links between switches, and enabling inter-VLAN routing by adding a router with subinterfaces for each VLAN to allow communication between the VLANs.
The document introduces data structures and their types. It discusses arrays, linked lists, and how to insert nodes in a single linked list. Specifically, it covers classifying data structures as static, dynamic or elastic. It also describes one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, and different types of linked lists like single, circular and double linked lists. The key operations on linked lists are insertion, traversal, deletion and modification.
This document discusses configuring VLANs on Cisco switches. It covers VLAN configuration topics like configuring VTP, creating and modifying VLANs, assigning ports to VLANs, configuring trunking, and troubleshooting VLAN issues. The document provides examples of Cisco IOS commands used to configure these features on Catalyst 1900 and Catalyst 2950 switches. It also describes show commands used to verify proper VLAN, VTP, and trunking operation.
VLANs are used to divide a physical network into logical network segments to control broadcast domains. VLANs create multiple virtual LANs within a physical LAN by using VLAN tags in the header of Ethernet frames to logically separate devices on the same switch. VLAN trunks connect switches and route traffic for multiple VLANs by using a common physical link and identifying VLAN membership through tags in the frame header.
This document discusses VLANs and their implementation in Cisco switches. It covers VLAN segmentation and types of VLANs, how switches use 802.1Q tagging to identify VLAN traffic on trunk links between switches, and best practices for VLAN security and design including mitigating VLAN hopping and double-tagging attacks. Configuration topics include creating VLANs, assigning ports, configuring trunks, and troubleshooting. The objectives are to explain VLAN purposes, switch forwarding based on VLANs, and configure and secure VLAN environments.
VLANs logically divide the LAN into separate broadcast domains without using routers. Switches with VLAN capability allow ports to be configured as access, trunk, or general ports. Access ports belong to one VLAN and use untagged frames. Trunk ports can belong to multiple VLANs and use tagged frames, with a native VLAN using untagged frames. Ingress filtering ensures frames are tagged with an associated VLAN.
Una VLAN permite agrupar equipos lógicamente independientemente de su ubicación física, lo que ofrece ventajas como la movilidad de usuarios, la seguridad y la administración de redes. Las VLAN se pueden configurar de forma manual, semiautomática o totalmente automática, y existen diferentes criterios para asignar equipos a VLAN como puertos, direcciones MAC, protocolos o definidas por el usuario.
This document contains a chapter from a Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching course on VLANs. It begins with objectives for sections on VLAN segmentation, implementations, and inter-VLAN routing. It then provides explanations and examples of VLAN definitions and benefits, types of VLANs including voice VLANs, VLAN trunks, controlling broadcast domains with VLANs, tagging Ethernet frames for VLAN identification, native VLANs, and configuring VLAN assignments, trunk links, and verifying and deleting VLAN information.
VLANs logically segment LANs into broadcast domains by using switches to assign ports and their attached devices to VLAN groups based on their MAC address, IP subnet, or switch port. This allows devices that are physically located on different floors or buildings to belong to the same logical LAN segment while preventing Layer 2 broadcasts from crossing VLAN boundaries. VLAN trunk links between switches allow multiple VLANs to be transmitted over the same physical link.
This document provides instructions for basic router operations and commands on a Cisco router including:
- How to access user and privileged modes, exit the router, and use keyboard shortcuts.
- Commands for viewing router information like the IOS version, configurations, interfaces, neighbors, and protocols.
- How to manage configuration files by backing up, restoring, and editing configurations.
- Instructions for configuring passwords, router identification, and auto-install.
- An overview of commands for configuring TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, serial interfaces, and basic routing protocols.
- Details on access lists, frame relay, and PPP configuration.
This document discusses VLANs and trunking in converged networks. It explains that VLANs logically group devices to segment broadcast domains, reducing costs and improving security and performance. Types of VLAN traffic include data, voice, and network protocols. Communication between VLANs requires routers. Trunks are used for intra-VLAN communication and use 802.1Q tagging to identify frame VLANs, without tagging the native VLAN. The document also covers configuring and troubleshooting VLANs and trunks on Cisco switches.
Lab practice 1 configuring basic routing and switching (with answer) Arz Sy
This document describes a lab activity to configure basic routing and switching between two routers and connected devices. The objectives are to configure static routes and RIP routing between the routers, configure VLAN and management interfaces on a switch, and test connectivity between hosts connected to each network. Students will configure interfaces, IP addresses, routing protocols and verify connectivity using commands like ping, show ip route and show cdp neighbors.
Alphorm.com Support de la Formation Cisco CCNP SWITCH (examen 300-115)Alphorm
Formation complète ici :
http://www.alphorm.com/tutoriel/formation-en-ligne-cisco-ccnp-switch-examen-300-115
Décrire la structure hiérarchique d’un campus, les opérations de commutation basiques, Utiliser le SDM, la PoE et le protocole LLDP,
Implémenter les VLANs et les trunks, expliquer VTP, implémenter DHCP dans des environnements IPv4 et IPv6, et configurer l’agrégation de ports,
Implémenter et optimiser le mécanisme STP qui convient le mieux à votre réseau : PVST+, PVST+ RSTP ou MSTP,
Configurer le routage sur un switch multiniveau,
Implémenter la redondance first-hop (HSRP, VRRP) dans des environnements IPv4 et IPv6,
Sécuriser le réseau campus en accord aux pratiques recommandées,
Préparer la certification Cisco CCNP SWITCH (examen 300-115).
Description de la formation
Après avoir suivi la formation Cisco CCNP ROUTE et avoir réussi l’examen 300-101, Redouane BAIK vous a préparé cette nouvelle formation Cisco CCNP SWITCH qui vous prépare à l’examen 300-115 pour l’obtention de la certification CCNP SWITCH.
Pendant cette formation Cisco CCNP SWITCH, vous apprendrez à planifier, configurer et vérifier la réalisation d'infrastructures complexes de réseaux commutés Cisco Enterprise Campus.
Cette formation Cisco CCNP SWITCH permet d'acquérir les connaissances nécessaires à la création d’un réseau d’entreprise efficace et extensible. Vous approfondirez les fonctionnalités des commutateurs de niveau 2 et multi-niveaux tels que les VLANs, les trunks, le routage inter-VLAN, l’agrégation de ports, le spanning tree ainsi que la sécurité et la haute disponibilité.
Cette formation Cisco CCNP SWITCH vous permettra d'acquérir les connaissances et compétences nécessaires pour appréhender les concepts avancés du switching, et vous aidera à trouver facilement des opportunités de travail et de faire une carrière dans le domaine des réseaux vue la demande importante pour des ingénieurs certifié CCNP.
1. Linked lists are linear data structures where elements are linked using pointers rather than stored contiguously in memory like arrays. Each element contains a data field and a pointer to the next node.
2. There are several types of linked lists including singly linked, doubly linked, circular linked lists. Singly linked lists have a single pointer, doubly linked lists have pointers to the next and previous nodes, and circular lists have the last node point to the first.
3. Common operations on linked lists include inserting and deleting nodes from the beginning, middle, or end as well as traversing the list.
1. Linked lists are linear data structures where elements are linked using pointers rather than stored contiguously in memory like arrays. Each element consists of the data and a pointer to the next element.
2. There are different types of linked lists including singly linked, doubly linked, circular linked lists. Singly linked lists have a pointer to the next element, while doubly linked lists have pointers to both the next and previous elements.
3. Common operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, and traversal of elements. Elements can be inserted or deleted at the head, tail, or middle of the list by adjusting the pointers between elements.
This document discusses linked lists, including:
1. Linked lists are dynamic data structures where each node contains a data field and references to the next and/or previous nodes. This allows lists to grow and shrink as needed.
2. Linked lists have advantages over arrays like dynamic sizing and efficient memory usage. They allow easier insertion and deletion without shifting elements.
3. The document describes singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, and circular linked lists. It also covers linked list operations like traversal, insertion, deletion, and searching.
The document discusses linked lists, which are a linear data structure composed of nodes that contain data and a link to the next node. Linked lists allow for easy insertion and removal of nodes, unlike arrays which have fixed sizes. There are several types of linked lists including single linked lists, double linked lists, circular linked lists, and circular double linked lists. Common operations on linked lists include creation, insertion, deletion, traversal, searching, concatenation, and displaying the list.
Linked lists are a data structure that arranges data non-contiguously in memory. Each node of a linked list contains a data field as well as a pointer to the next node. This allows linked lists to dynamically grow and shrink in size as needed. Single linked lists contain a single pointer in each node pointing to the next node, while double linked lists contain pointers both to the next and previous nodes, allowing traversal in both directions. Common operations on linked lists include traversing, inserting, deleting, searching, and sorting nodes.
Linked lists allow for dynamic memory allocation by connecting nodes using pointers. There are several types of linked lists including singly linked, doubly linked, and circular linked lists. Singly linked lists use a single pointer to connect nodes in a linear fashion, while doubly linked lists use two pointers to allow traversal in both directions. Circular linked lists connect the last node back to the first to form a circular structure. Common operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching which are implemented through manipulating the pointers between nodes.
This document discusses linked lists and their advantages over arrays. It defines linked lists as dynamic data structures that store elements non-contiguously in memory. Each element of a linked list, called a node, contains a data field for its value and a pointer field for the next node. The document describes singly linked lists, which have one pointer per node pointing to the next, and their basic operations like insertion, deletion, display and search. It also provides code for defining the structure of linked list nodes and using malloc() to dynamically allocate memory for new nodes.
Linked list
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of linked lists
Singly linked list
Doubly linked list
Header linked lists
Applications of linked list
Algorithm to search a value
Example of LinkedList
Algorithm for inserting a node
single link list
Applications of Arrays
data in continuous memory
queues
stacks
beginning of a linked list
traversing a linked list
Algorithm for traversing
Grounded header linked list
Circular Header linked list
This document discusses doubly linked lists. It begins by defining a linked list and its basic structure of nodes connected by pointers. It then describes doubly linked lists, which contain pointers between adjacent nodes in both directions, allowing traversal forward and backward. The document defines the structure of a node in both single and doubly linked lists. It notes the advantages of doubly linked lists in being able to traverse both directions and more efficient deletion, at the cost of using more space per node and requiring an extra pointer.
This document discusses different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, and circular linked lists. It describes the basic structure of nodes in each type of linked list and common operations like insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching. Circular linked lists are defined as lists where the last node points back to the first node, forming a continuous loop without a null terminator.
What is DSA ?
What are different types of data structures ?
Primitive and Non Primitive DSA
Arrays
Queue
Stack
Linked List
Memory representation of Linked Lists
The document discusses various data structures and operations on linked lists. It defines linked lists as a collection of nodes where each node contains a data field and a link to the next node. The summary describes:
Linked lists allow dynamic sizes and efficient insertions/deletions by not requiring shifting of elements, unlike arrays. Common operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, traversal, searching, and concatenation of lists. Single linked lists contain next pointers, while double linked lists contain both next and previous pointers.
The document discusses arrays and linked lists as abstract data types (ADTs). It describes arrays as the simplest data structure, storing elements in sequential memory locations. Linked lists store elements using pointers, with each node containing data and a pointer to the next node. The document outlines common operations on arrays and linked lists like traversal, insertion, deletion, and searching. It also discusses different types of linked lists like singly linked, doubly linked, and circular linked lists.
Trees are nonlinear hierarchical data structures composed of nodes connected by edges. They allow for quicker access to data than linear structures like arrays as it is nonlinear. A tree has various terminologies like root, leaf nodes, height, and degree. There are different types of trees like binary trees and binary search trees. Trees can be traversed in various orders like inorder, preorder and postorder. Threaded binary trees improve space efficiency by repurposing empty child pointers. Trees have applications in searching, sorting, routing and syntax parsing.
This document provides an overview of different data structures including linked data structures, arrays, and pointers. It discusses linked lists, their advantages over arrays, and different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, and circular linked lists. It also covers pointers, how they store addresses, and pointer variables.
Linked lists are a data structure made up of nodes that contain data and a pointer to the next node. There are several types of linked lists including single linked lists where each node points to the next node, doubly linked lists where each node points to both the next and previous node, circular linked lists where the last node points to the first node, and header linked lists that contain a header node with metadata about the list. Memory for linked lists can be allocated statically at compile time or dynamically at runtime using functions like malloc, calloc, and realloc.
This document discusses data structures and linked lists. It provides definitions and examples of different types of linked lists, including:
- Single linked lists, which contain nodes with a data field and a link to the next node.
- Circular linked lists, where the last node links back to the first node, forming a loop.
- Doubly linked lists, where each node contains links to both the previous and next nodes.
- Operations on linked lists such as insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are also described.
A linked list is a linear data structure where nodes are linked using pointers. Each node contains a data field for storing elements and a pointer field for linking to the next node. There are different types of linked lists including singly linked lists where each node has a pointer to the next node, doubly linked lists where each node has a pointer to both the next and previous nodes, and circular linked lists where the last node is linked to the first node. Common operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, traversal, searching, and sorting of nodes. Linked lists have advantages over arrays for dynamic memory allocation and efficient insertion/deletion but have disadvantages for random access and memory usage.
This document discusses the key concepts and operations related to linked lists. It describes the different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, circular linked lists, and circular doubly linked lists. It provides algorithms for common linked list operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. Memory allocation and various applications of linked lists are also covered.
Data can exist in various forms such as numbers, text, images, and more. Data itself has little meaning until it is processed to extract useful information. There are different types of data including categorical/qualitative data, which represents characteristics like gender, and numerical/quantitative data, which can be discrete like coin flips or continuous like measurements. Common data structures used to organize and store data include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs. Efficient searching of data structures is important and can be done using methods like linear search, which sequentially checks each element, and binary search, which can more quickly find elements in a sorted data set.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. CONTENTS
– LIMITATIONS OF AN ARRAY
– DYNAMIC DATA STRUCTURE
– INSEARTION AND DELETION
– ADVANTAGES
– SPECIAL TYPE OF DYNAMIC STRUCTURES
– CONCLUSION
3. Limitations of an Array
• LIMITED SIZE
• ITEMS OF SAME DATA TYPE CAN BE ONLY STORED
• DIFFICULT TO ADD ELENT TO SORTED ARRAY
• SOME TIMES IT WASTE THE MEMORY
• STATIC DATA STRUCTURE.
4. CONSIDER AN ARRAY OF SIZE 7
THIS LEAD TO THE CONCEPT OF LINKED LIST..
5.
6. • WHAT IS A LINEAR LINKED LIST ?
• an ordered set of data elements, each containing a
link to its successor (and sometimes its predecessor).
• It is a sequence of nodes.
• Each node stores
– element
– link to the next node
next
elem node
7.
8. • A linked list is a series of connected nodes
• Each node contains at least
– A piece of data (any type)
– Pointer to the next node in the list
• Head: pointer to the first node
• Tail : The last node points to NULL
13. Advantages of Linked Lists
• They are a dynamic in nature which allocates
the memory when required.
• Insertion and deletion operations can be
easily implemented.
• Stacks and queues can be easily executed.
• Linked List reduces the access time.
14. CIRCULAR LINKED LIST
• A Circular Linked List is a special type of Linked List
• It supports traversing from the end of the list to the beginning
by making the last node point back to the head of the list
• A Rear pointer is often used instead of a Head pointer(the last
node point back to the first node )
REAR
10 20 40 7055
15. USES OF CIRCULAR LINKED LIST
• Circular linked lists are useful for playing video
and sound files in “looping” mode.
• They are also a stepping stone to
implementing graphs.
16. Doubly-Linked List
• info: the user's data.
• next, back: the address of the next and
previous node in the list.
back nextinfo
17. – Each node points to not only successor but the
predecessor
– There are two NULL: at the first and last nodes
in the list
– Advantage: Given a node, it is easy to visit its
predecessor. Convenient to traverse lists
backwards
A B C
18. • A linked list is a dynamic data structure
• Which is a sequence of nodes
• Advanced linked lists are circular and double
linked list
• We can allocate memory when it is required
• It is difficult to locate an item in the middle
position.