A detailed study on the durability of geopolymer concrete has been done. Geopolymer concrete is an
environment friendly concrete which has lower carbon footprint as compared to that of conventional concrete. In
this study, cement has been replaced by fly ash and the properties such as compressive strength, sulphur
resistance, acid resistance, water absorption, sorptivity and chloride attack have been studied. Class F fly ash has
been used and geopolymer concrete was heat cured for 24 hours under 75◦C. It was observed that use of
geopolymer in concrete not only reduces its greenhouse footprint but, also increases its strength and resistivity
to harmful acids.
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes a study on the strength and shrinkage properties of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) placed in a large concrete column. Key findings include:
1) The AASC had improved workability over time compared to ordinary portland cement concrete, with minimal slump loss over 2 hours.
2) The temperature development in the AASC column was similar to a blended cement column and slower than an ordinary portland cement column, with a smaller temperature difference between the interior and exterior.
3) The compressive strength of the AASC column was identical to ordinary portland cement concrete and stronger than blended cement concrete at 28 and 91 days.
4) Embedded strain gauges
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This study investigated the strength properties of geopolymer concrete with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a replacement for fly ash. Five mixes were prepared with different percentages of fly ash replaced by GGBS ranging from 0% to 28.57%. The concrete was prepared using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were tested at curing periods of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The mix with the maximum GGBS replacement of 28.57% achieved the highest compressive strength of 57MPa at 28 days. This mix also achieved a compressive strength of 43.
This document summarizes research on the effects of different curing methods on the properties of geopolymer concrete. Several studies investigated how compressive strength is affected by curing temperature and duration using oven curing at temperatures ranging from 40-120°C for 6-24 hours. Higher curing temperatures and longer durations generally increased compressive strength. Other parameters examined included water-to-binder ratio, fly ash fineness, alkaline activator concentration, and curing of specimens. The document reviews multiple investigations on developing optimized mixes for geopolymer concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Elevated Temperatures on M35 grade...IJERD Editor
In the event of sudden fire break out, the concrete elements such as columns, beams etc. are
subjected to extreme temperatures. The assessment of their performance after fire becomes necessary to decide
upon its fitness and required repair measures. Hence, it is important to understand the changes in the concrete
properties due to its exposure to extreme temperatures. It is important to know the effect of elevated temperature
on the properties of concrete. In this project thesis work experimental investigation is carried out to study the
effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of normal concrete and on concrete by partial
replacement of cement with various percentages of fly ash. In the present study a concrete mix M35 and is taken.
In the normal concrete, cement is replaced with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) fly ash.The compressive strength of
concrete with various percentages of fly ash (0%to 25%) are subjected to temperatures (400 to 6000C), for
different time periods (30 and 60min) which were tested for 28 days and 56 days of curing. The samples are
cured in water and later exposed to various temperatures with various time periods. After heating the samples in
electrical furnace to the desired temperatures .They are allowed to cool to the room temperatures and tested
under compression. The average of the readings obtained is recorded and presented in various tables. This study
shows that the compressive strength of fly ash (0%to 10%) concrete is more than the normal concrete at room
temperatures and elevated temperatures and also compared to compressive strength of fly ash (15%to 25%)
concrete.
Study on Flexural Behaviour of Activated Fly Ash Concreteijsrd.com
Cement concrete is the most widely used construction material in many infrastructure projects. The development and use of mineral admixture for cement replacement is growing in construction industry mainly due to the consideration of cost saving, energy saving, environmental production and conservation of resources. Present study is aimed at replacing cement in concrete with activated fly ash. The paper highlights the chemical activation of low calcium fly ash. Today activation of fly ash is playing an important role for enhancing the effectiveness of fly ash and accelerating the pozzolanic properties of fly ash. Activated fly ash certainly improves the early age strength and durability of concrete and corrosion tolerance. Many methods such as mechanical (physical), thermal and chemical activation are in use to activate the fly ash. The chemical activation is one of the easiest methods where fly ash can be activated by alkaline activators (i.e. alkaline solutions of high alkaline concentration chemicals like gypsum, sodium silicate and calcium oxide, KOH, etc.), which enhances the effectiveness of fly ash by disintegrating the glassy layer of fly ash molecules in cement concrete, thereby increasing its corrosion resistance. In the present dissertation, quality of fly ash is improved by chemical treatment by using chemical activators. The mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength of activated fly ash concrete and flexural strength of activated fly ash reinforced concrete beams are studied. For this project work, the chemicals like sodium silicate, calcium oxide are used to activate the fly ash in the ratio 1:8.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes a study on the strength and shrinkage properties of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) placed in a large concrete column. Key findings include:
1) The AASC had improved workability over time compared to ordinary portland cement concrete, with minimal slump loss over 2 hours.
2) The temperature development in the AASC column was similar to a blended cement column and slower than an ordinary portland cement column, with a smaller temperature difference between the interior and exterior.
3) The compressive strength of the AASC column was identical to ordinary portland cement concrete and stronger than blended cement concrete at 28 and 91 days.
4) Embedded strain gauges
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This study investigated the strength properties of geopolymer concrete with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a replacement for fly ash. Five mixes were prepared with different percentages of fly ash replaced by GGBS ranging from 0% to 28.57%. The concrete was prepared using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were tested at curing periods of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The mix with the maximum GGBS replacement of 28.57% achieved the highest compressive strength of 57MPa at 28 days. This mix also achieved a compressive strength of 43.
This document summarizes research on the effects of different curing methods on the properties of geopolymer concrete. Several studies investigated how compressive strength is affected by curing temperature and duration using oven curing at temperatures ranging from 40-120°C for 6-24 hours. Higher curing temperatures and longer durations generally increased compressive strength. Other parameters examined included water-to-binder ratio, fly ash fineness, alkaline activator concentration, and curing of specimens. The document reviews multiple investigations on developing optimized mixes for geopolymer concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Elevated Temperatures on M35 grade...IJERD Editor
In the event of sudden fire break out, the concrete elements such as columns, beams etc. are
subjected to extreme temperatures. The assessment of their performance after fire becomes necessary to decide
upon its fitness and required repair measures. Hence, it is important to understand the changes in the concrete
properties due to its exposure to extreme temperatures. It is important to know the effect of elevated temperature
on the properties of concrete. In this project thesis work experimental investigation is carried out to study the
effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of normal concrete and on concrete by partial
replacement of cement with various percentages of fly ash. In the present study a concrete mix M35 and is taken.
In the normal concrete, cement is replaced with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) fly ash.The compressive strength of
concrete with various percentages of fly ash (0%to 25%) are subjected to temperatures (400 to 6000C), for
different time periods (30 and 60min) which were tested for 28 days and 56 days of curing. The samples are
cured in water and later exposed to various temperatures with various time periods. After heating the samples in
electrical furnace to the desired temperatures .They are allowed to cool to the room temperatures and tested
under compression. The average of the readings obtained is recorded and presented in various tables. This study
shows that the compressive strength of fly ash (0%to 10%) concrete is more than the normal concrete at room
temperatures and elevated temperatures and also compared to compressive strength of fly ash (15%to 25%)
concrete.
Study on Flexural Behaviour of Activated Fly Ash Concreteijsrd.com
Cement concrete is the most widely used construction material in many infrastructure projects. The development and use of mineral admixture for cement replacement is growing in construction industry mainly due to the consideration of cost saving, energy saving, environmental production and conservation of resources. Present study is aimed at replacing cement in concrete with activated fly ash. The paper highlights the chemical activation of low calcium fly ash. Today activation of fly ash is playing an important role for enhancing the effectiveness of fly ash and accelerating the pozzolanic properties of fly ash. Activated fly ash certainly improves the early age strength and durability of concrete and corrosion tolerance. Many methods such as mechanical (physical), thermal and chemical activation are in use to activate the fly ash. The chemical activation is one of the easiest methods where fly ash can be activated by alkaline activators (i.e. alkaline solutions of high alkaline concentration chemicals like gypsum, sodium silicate and calcium oxide, KOH, etc.), which enhances the effectiveness of fly ash by disintegrating the glassy layer of fly ash molecules in cement concrete, thereby increasing its corrosion resistance. In the present dissertation, quality of fly ash is improved by chemical treatment by using chemical activators. The mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength of activated fly ash concrete and flexural strength of activated fly ash reinforced concrete beams are studied. For this project work, the chemicals like sodium silicate, calcium oxide are used to activate the fly ash in the ratio 1:8.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This study evaluated the influence of mineral admixtures (fly ash and GGBS) on the properties of concrete mixtures containing chemical admixtures. Concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing cement with 15-45% fly ash or 40-60% GGBS. Compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength tests were performed on specimens cured for 3, 7, and 28 days. Results showed that replacing 15% of cement with fly ash or 50% with GGBS improved workability and increased compressive strength by over 5% and 7% respectively at 28 days compared to a control mixture. Replacing cement with mineral admixtures also improved split tensile and flexural strengths. The optimum replacements were found
This study evaluated the effect of calcium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor in quarry dust concrete. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast with 0-4% calcium nitrite additions. Strength tests at 3, 7, and 28 days showed maximum improvements of 8.75% in compression, 5.26% in splitting tension, and 3.53% in flexure at 2% calcium nitrite. Impressed voltage and rapid chloride permeability tests indicated corrosion initiation was delayed up to 288 hours and permeability decreased up to 97.87% at 2% addition. Weight loss measurements also showed maximum corrosion resistance at 2% calcium nitrite. The study demonstrated that quarry dust concrete with 2% calcium nitrite exhibited improved strength and
Effect of Replacement of Cement by Different Pozzolanic Materials on Heat of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The paper aims to focus on the possibility of using industrial by products like SF, GGBS, FA and MK. The utilization of pozzolans is well accepted because of several improvements possible in the concrete composites. The present study reports the results of experimental study conducted to evaluate Setting Time, HOH and Compression Strength of Concrete, by partially replacing cement by various percentages of silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK) (5%, 10%, 15%, & 20%). The Heat of Hydration (HOH) and Compression Strength test are done for M30 grade concrete. The effort is made towards a specific understanding of efficiency of pozzolans in concrete considering the percentage of replacement and combinations of pozzolans. The pozzolans replacement as cementitious material is characterised by high compressive strength, low heat of hydration and increased initial and final setting time of concrete.
Literature study on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
Combines waste products into useful product.
Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
Curing temp is between 60-90oC.
Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers.
Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid surface and folded plates
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
This document summarizes a study on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) made with different percentages of fly ash replacement. The key points are:
1) SCC mixes were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% cement replacement by fly ash. Fresh properties like slump flow and passing ability generally increased with higher fly ash content.
2) Hardened properties like compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength generally decreased with higher fly ash content compared to the control mix, though the 30% replacement mix performed best.
3) Durability properties like acid resistance and saturated water absorption improved with increasing fly ash content, indicating fly ash increases concrete imper
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERCONCRETEAshik97
The high amount of epoxy resin cause not only the high cost of monomer in Polymer concrete but also some drawbacks when sustainable development for repair works is considered.
The production of cement increases the content of CO2, which impacts on global warming. In this respect, using the chemical(monomer) can be an attractive alternative.
Elimination of Water in Polymer concrete tends to have best scope in the water scarce Areas
Abstract
The paper presents the studies on properties of blended concretes containing various mineral admixtuers like fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin as partial replacement to cement. By addition of these admixtures reduces the cement content so that it can minimize the enivornment impact from the producion of cement.Various properties of blended concretes are reviewed from different research articles.
Keywords- Blended Concrete, Binary Blended, Triple Blended, Quaternary Blended Concretes, Strength Properties, Durability Properties
This document discusses the effect of different curing methods on the compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) paste. It finds that water curing results in the highest compressive strengths. Compressive strength increases with curing time for all methods, but increases less for heat curing. Heat curing is also found to cause microcracking and surface cracks. Higher alkali content generally leads to higher strengths, with the maximum achieved with 10.41% alkali content under water curing. Controlled curing strengths increase with higher relative humidity levels.
Study on Strength of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Under Heat Curingijsrd.com
fly ash is a noncombustible material obtained from the various thermal power plants. Since fly ash is available in large scale, it is disposed of in rivers and landfills and ponds by thermal industries which are posing danger to environment. Due to high pozzolanic activity of fly ash, efforts are being made to use it as a cement replacement material. GeoPolymer concrete makes 100 percent utilization of fly ash in concrete along with alkaline solutions, as a binder. The cube specimens and beams are casted for 2% and 4% super plasticizers and alkaline to fly ash ratio of 0.35. The compressive strength of cubes is compared to that of conventional cubes at 7, 14 and 28 days .it is observed that GeoPolymer concrete is economical as compared to normal concrete from compressive strength point of view.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Impact test on geopolymer concrete slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Geopolymer is an eco-friendly binding material alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer concrete is
produced by mixing fly ash, GGBS, alkaline solution, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Alkaline solution is composed of
NaOH and Na2SiO3 solution. This paper deals with the study of impact resistance capacity of geopolymer concrete slabs
subjected to impact loading. For this study, ten specimens of size 600 mm (length) × 600 mm (width) × 60 mm (thick) were casted
with nine different combination of geopolymer concrete mix using different molar sodium hydroxide solutions and different
percentages of mineral admixtures and a normal concrete slab as control slab. The molarity of NaOH solution used was 8M, 12M
and 16M. Fly ash and GGBS admixtures were used in three different ratios of 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50.The slabs were oven cured
at 600C for 24 hours. These slabs were subjected to impact loading by drop weight test method. All the slabs were tested under a
drop weight of 75.50 N through a guide pipe from a height of 700mm. The results obtained from this study showed that with the
increase in molarity of NaOH solution, the strength characteristics and the impact resistance capacity of the specimen increases.
Also increase in percentage of GGBS content as replacement for Fly ash content increases the impact resistance and overall
strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete. From the test results, geopolymer concrete slab with 16M NaOH solution using
50:50 Fly ash and GGBS content showed higher impact energy absorption capacity as compared other geopolymer mixes.
Key Words: Geopolymer, Molarity, Impact loading, First crack, Ultimate failure etc…
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
This document summarizes research on the development and properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The research aims to develop geopolymer concrete as an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete by using fly ash as the primary binder instead of cement. The document outlines the manufacturing process and mixture proportions tested. It discusses the effects of various parameters such as curing temperature, time, and alkaline activator concentration on the compressive strength of the resulting concrete. The research found that geopolymer concrete made from fly ash has high early strength, low shrinkage, and good durability. It is presented as a more sustainable alternative to Portland cement concrete.
Durability studies on high strength high performance concrete 2IAEME Publication
The document discusses durability studies on high strength high performance concrete. Three key findings are:
1) Initial surface absorption values for the mixes studied were generally low, below 0.17 ml/m2/s after 10 minutes, indicating dense microstructure limiting water ingress.
2) For a given microsilica content, there exists an optimum superplasticizer dosage that yields best durability results, and this dosage increases with increasing microsilica.
3) At the same powder content, mixes with higher cement content exhibited lower absorption and permeability, emphasizing the complex relationship between cement, microsilica and superplasticizer quantities.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
This study evaluated the influence of mineral admixtures (fly ash and GGBS) on the properties of concrete mixtures containing chemical admixtures. Concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing cement with 15-45% fly ash or 40-60% GGBS. Compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength tests were performed on specimens cured for 3, 7, and 28 days. Results showed that replacing 15% of cement with fly ash or 50% with GGBS improved workability and increased compressive strength by over 5% and 7% respectively at 28 days compared to a control mixture. Replacing cement with mineral admixtures also improved split tensile and flexural strengths. The optimum replacements were found
This study evaluated the effect of calcium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor in quarry dust concrete. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast with 0-4% calcium nitrite additions. Strength tests at 3, 7, and 28 days showed maximum improvements of 8.75% in compression, 5.26% in splitting tension, and 3.53% in flexure at 2% calcium nitrite. Impressed voltage and rapid chloride permeability tests indicated corrosion initiation was delayed up to 288 hours and permeability decreased up to 97.87% at 2% addition. Weight loss measurements also showed maximum corrosion resistance at 2% calcium nitrite. The study demonstrated that quarry dust concrete with 2% calcium nitrite exhibited improved strength and
Effect of Replacement of Cement by Different Pozzolanic Materials on Heat of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The paper aims to focus on the possibility of using industrial by products like SF, GGBS, FA and MK. The utilization of pozzolans is well accepted because of several improvements possible in the concrete composites. The present study reports the results of experimental study conducted to evaluate Setting Time, HOH and Compression Strength of Concrete, by partially replacing cement by various percentages of silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK) (5%, 10%, 15%, & 20%). The Heat of Hydration (HOH) and Compression Strength test are done for M30 grade concrete. The effort is made towards a specific understanding of efficiency of pozzolans in concrete considering the percentage of replacement and combinations of pozzolans. The pozzolans replacement as cementitious material is characterised by high compressive strength, low heat of hydration and increased initial and final setting time of concrete.
Literature study on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
Combines waste products into useful product.
Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
Curing temp is between 60-90oC.
Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers.
Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid surface and folded plates
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
This document summarizes a study on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) made with different percentages of fly ash replacement. The key points are:
1) SCC mixes were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% cement replacement by fly ash. Fresh properties like slump flow and passing ability generally increased with higher fly ash content.
2) Hardened properties like compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength generally decreased with higher fly ash content compared to the control mix, though the 30% replacement mix performed best.
3) Durability properties like acid resistance and saturated water absorption improved with increasing fly ash content, indicating fly ash increases concrete imper
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERCONCRETEAshik97
The high amount of epoxy resin cause not only the high cost of monomer in Polymer concrete but also some drawbacks when sustainable development for repair works is considered.
The production of cement increases the content of CO2, which impacts on global warming. In this respect, using the chemical(monomer) can be an attractive alternative.
Elimination of Water in Polymer concrete tends to have best scope in the water scarce Areas
Abstract
The paper presents the studies on properties of blended concretes containing various mineral admixtuers like fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin as partial replacement to cement. By addition of these admixtures reduces the cement content so that it can minimize the enivornment impact from the producion of cement.Various properties of blended concretes are reviewed from different research articles.
Keywords- Blended Concrete, Binary Blended, Triple Blended, Quaternary Blended Concretes, Strength Properties, Durability Properties
This document discusses the effect of different curing methods on the compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) paste. It finds that water curing results in the highest compressive strengths. Compressive strength increases with curing time for all methods, but increases less for heat curing. Heat curing is also found to cause microcracking and surface cracks. Higher alkali content generally leads to higher strengths, with the maximum achieved with 10.41% alkali content under water curing. Controlled curing strengths increase with higher relative humidity levels.
Study on Strength of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Under Heat Curingijsrd.com
fly ash is a noncombustible material obtained from the various thermal power plants. Since fly ash is available in large scale, it is disposed of in rivers and landfills and ponds by thermal industries which are posing danger to environment. Due to high pozzolanic activity of fly ash, efforts are being made to use it as a cement replacement material. GeoPolymer concrete makes 100 percent utilization of fly ash in concrete along with alkaline solutions, as a binder. The cube specimens and beams are casted for 2% and 4% super plasticizers and alkaline to fly ash ratio of 0.35. The compressive strength of cubes is compared to that of conventional cubes at 7, 14 and 28 days .it is observed that GeoPolymer concrete is economical as compared to normal concrete from compressive strength point of view.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Impact test on geopolymer concrete slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Geopolymer is an eco-friendly binding material alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer concrete is
produced by mixing fly ash, GGBS, alkaline solution, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Alkaline solution is composed of
NaOH and Na2SiO3 solution. This paper deals with the study of impact resistance capacity of geopolymer concrete slabs
subjected to impact loading. For this study, ten specimens of size 600 mm (length) × 600 mm (width) × 60 mm (thick) were casted
with nine different combination of geopolymer concrete mix using different molar sodium hydroxide solutions and different
percentages of mineral admixtures and a normal concrete slab as control slab. The molarity of NaOH solution used was 8M, 12M
and 16M. Fly ash and GGBS admixtures were used in three different ratios of 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50.The slabs were oven cured
at 600C for 24 hours. These slabs were subjected to impact loading by drop weight test method. All the slabs were tested under a
drop weight of 75.50 N through a guide pipe from a height of 700mm. The results obtained from this study showed that with the
increase in molarity of NaOH solution, the strength characteristics and the impact resistance capacity of the specimen increases.
Also increase in percentage of GGBS content as replacement for Fly ash content increases the impact resistance and overall
strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete. From the test results, geopolymer concrete slab with 16M NaOH solution using
50:50 Fly ash and GGBS content showed higher impact energy absorption capacity as compared other geopolymer mixes.
Key Words: Geopolymer, Molarity, Impact loading, First crack, Ultimate failure etc…
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
This document summarizes research on the development and properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The research aims to develop geopolymer concrete as an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete by using fly ash as the primary binder instead of cement. The document outlines the manufacturing process and mixture proportions tested. It discusses the effects of various parameters such as curing temperature, time, and alkaline activator concentration on the compressive strength of the resulting concrete. The research found that geopolymer concrete made from fly ash has high early strength, low shrinkage, and good durability. It is presented as a more sustainable alternative to Portland cement concrete.
Durability studies on high strength high performance concrete 2IAEME Publication
The document discusses durability studies on high strength high performance concrete. Three key findings are:
1) Initial surface absorption values for the mixes studied were generally low, below 0.17 ml/m2/s after 10 minutes, indicating dense microstructure limiting water ingress.
2) For a given microsilica content, there exists an optimum superplasticizer dosage that yields best durability results, and this dosage increases with increasing microsilica.
3) At the same powder content, mixes with higher cement content exhibited lower absorption and permeability, emphasizing the complex relationship between cement, microsilica and superplasticizer quantities.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
An Experimental Study on Durability of Concrete Using Fly Ash & GGBS for M30 ...IJERD Editor
Concrete when subjected to severe environments its durability can significantly decline due to
degradation. Degradation of concrete structures by corrosion is a serious problem and has major economic
implications. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the durability of concrete using the mineral
admixtures like Fly Ash & Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) for M30 grade concrete.Cube
Specimens were casted and are immersed in normal water, sea water, H2SO4 of various concentrations and were
tested after 7 days, 28 days & 60 days.
This document summarizes an investigation into the behavior of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete exposed to acidic environments. Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete and conventional concrete cubes were immersed in 5% hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and magnesium sulfate solutions for up to 4 weeks. The geopolymer concrete exhibited much lower mass loss and higher residual compressive strength when compared to conventional concrete after acid immersion. For example, after 7 days of immersion the geopolymer concrete retained 89-96% of its original compressive strength, while conventional concrete retained only 75-90%. This confirms that geopolymer concrete has superior acid resistance compared to conventional concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Sulphate attack occurs most commonly in mortar, concrete foundations and floors, rising walls, flue liners, and chimneys. It is caused by soluble sulphate salts in some clay bricks reacting with constituents in portland cement, forming crystals that expand and cause cracking. Signs include lightening and cracking of mortar joints. Prevention methods include using sulphate-resisting cement and bricks with low salt levels, and keeping brickwork from becoming saturated. Sulphate attack is difficult to repair and often requires rebuilding. Proper inspection of moisture, soil chemistry, and structure is needed to identify the causes, which can include sulphate attack, wall tie failure, or salt erosion.
The document discusses the durability of concrete and the factors that affect it. It defines durability as the ability of concrete to resist weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired properties. The main factors discussed are abrasion, biological factors, temperature effects, freezing and thawing, and various types of chemical attacks including carbonation, chloride attack, acid attack, and sulfate attack. Prevention and mitigation methods are provided for each factor.
High performance concrete provides improved durability and structural capacity compared to conventional concrete. It has a denser microstructure due to a lower water-cement ratio, making it more impermeable and durable. Various methods can be used to produce high strength concrete, including seeding, revibration, and using admixtures. High performance concrete requires careful material selection and mixing to obtain properties like low permeability, high early strength, and resistance to chemical attack. It is an engineered concrete that achieves optimized performance for given loading and exposure conditions.
This presentation gives an overview on different types of acid attacks on concrete. Mechanism of each attack is discussed with few case studies. Hope it is useful
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the abrasion resistance of geopolymer concrete at varying temperatures. The paper prepared geopolymer concrete samples using fly ash as the source material and an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Samples were cured at 25°C, 60°C, and 80°C and tested for abrasion resistance at 5-25 minutes using a tile abrasion testing machine. Results showed that abrasion resistance increased with higher curing temperature, with samples cured at 80°C showing the highest resistance. The paper concluded that geopolymer concrete has good abrasion resistance properties and further research is needed on mixtures with higher alkaline liquid ratios.
Evaluation of Performance of Geopolymer Concrete in Acid EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the performance of geopolymer concrete and Portland cement concrete in acid environments. Specimens of both concretes were immersed in 2% sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions for periods of 28, 56, and 112 days. The weight change and compressive strength of the specimens were measured to analyze their resistance to acid attack. The results showed that geopolymer concrete exhibited higher resistance to both acids compared to Portland cement concrete, with lower weight loss and strength reduction when immersed. Geopolymer concrete therefore has potential for use in acid-prone environments where conventional concrete is vulnerable.
CHARACTERIZATION & DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYME...Journal For Research
Huge scale generation of cement is creating environmental issue on one hand and depletion of natural resources on the other hand. This danger to nature has prompted research being made of industrial byproducts as supplementary cementetious materials in making concrete for more green and durable. Fly ash and silica fume both are pozzolanic materials which have been broadly utilized for improving the properties like strength and durability in concrete. Silica fume demonstrates the greater pozzolanic activity then fly ash because of its finer particle size distribution, the pozzolanic activity of fly ash also can be enhanced by decreasing the particle size distribution. Geopolymer is a class of aluminosilicate binding materials integrated by thermal action of solid aluminosilicate based materials such as metakoaline, GGBFS, fly ash. Geopolymer get activated with the alkaline solution and heat. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were utilized as an alkaline solution with a steady ratio of 2.5 and the mix is designed for molarity 10 for the work carried out. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the geopolymer concrete by utilizing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) produced by air classification and processed GGBFS with varied proportions. Discusses on the properties of geopolymer concrete has also been mentioned. Compressive strength and durability tests like Permeability, Abrasion, Sorptivity, Acid and sulphate attack, Drying shrinkage were conducted. In this work geopolymer concrete was prepared with varying proportions of GGBS and UFFA in the ratio of 92.5:7.5 and 88:12 and 80:20. The maximum strength was achieved for the ratio 92.5:7.5. The obtained compressive strength is in the range of 36.5MPa to 91.6MPa from 1st day to 28th day of hot curing.
Effect of Alccofine and Fly Ash Addition on the Durability of High Performanc...ijsrd.com
The aim of this Study is to evaluate the performance of concrete (HPC) containing supplementary cementitious materials such as Fly ash & Alccofine. The necessity of high performance concrete is increasing because of demands in the construction industry. Efforts for improving the performance of concrete over the past few years suggest that cement replacement materials along with Mineral & chemical admixtures can improve the strength and durability characteristics of concrete. Alccofine (GGBS) and Fly ash are pozzolanic materials that can be utilized to produce highly durable concrete composites. This study investigates the performance of concrete mixture containing Local Alccofine. in terms of Compressive strength, Sulphate Attack tests, Alkali test and RCPT (Rapid chloride penetration test) at age of 28 and 56 days. In addition find out the optimum dosage of alccofine and fly ash from that get M70 Strength, in final mix proportion perform a given test. Result show that concrete incorporating Alccofine and fly ash had higher compressive strength and alccofine enhanced the durability of concretes and reduced the chloride diffusion. An exponential relationship between chloride permeability and compressive strength of concrete is exhibited.
This document provides an overview of geopolymer concrete. It discusses that geopolymer concrete completely replaces Portland cement, reducing CO2 emissions. Geopolymer concrete uses industrial byproducts like fly ash or GGBS reacted with an alkaline activator like sodium silicate. The document reviews several studies on geopolymer concrete properties using different mixes, curing methods, and molarities. In general, the studies found that geopolymer concrete strength increases with higher molarity and temperature curing. Replacing fly ash partially with GGBS also increased strength. Geopolymer concrete properties depend on the alkaline activator ratio and curing conditions.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES ON GEOPOL...Journal For Research
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the compressive strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete made with ultra-fine ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Several mix designs were tested with different ratios of GGBS, fly ash, and ultra-fine GGBS. The mix with 20% replacement of ultra-fine GGBS achieved the highest compressive strength of 91.1 MPa. Durability tests also showed improved results for mixes with higher ultra-fine GGBS content, as it reduced voids in the concrete. The study demonstrated that geopolymer concrete made with ultra-fine GGBS can provide high strength and durability suitable for construction applications.
A Review On Development Of Flyash Based High Strength Geopolymer Concretecedmmantc5411
Geopolymer concrete is the latest development in the field of concrete technology and it is still
developing. Geopolymers are inorganic, stable, hard and non-inflammable binder. The application of
geopolymer binder are in fire resistance fiber composite, sealant industry, tooling aeronautics SPF aluminium,
foundry equipment’s, radioactive toxic waste, ceramic, bricks and other precast concrete. The current review is
aims to put forward the development in geopolymer concrete for the production high strength geopolymer
concrete having strength more than 90MPa. The development of high strength concrete is aimed to reduce
structural member sizes and for economical construction in case of long span bridges and tall buildings. Also
the use flyash in concrete to reduce green gas house emission into the atmosphere by reducing cement usage
Durability Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Incorporat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the durability characteristics of fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Tests were conducted to determine the sulfate resistance, chloride resistance, water absorption, and abrasion resistance of the concrete. Various fiber dosages were tested. The results showed that the geopolymer concrete exhibited better durability when exposed to sulfate and chloride environments compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The geopolymer concrete also had lower water absorption.
An Experimental Study on Structural Grade Concrete Using Multi Mineral Admixt...IJERD Editor
Supplementary cementitious material (SCM) such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag
sand silica fume are extensively used in construction. A partial replacement of cement by mineral admixtures
such as, fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume (SF) in concrete mixes would help to overcome these problems and lead to
improvement in the durability of concrete. In this thesis of work, an attempt has been made to study the
mechanical properties of structural grade concrete using ternary blend.
This document outlines a study on developing an acid-resistant concrete mix using silica fume. The objectives are to evaluate the optimum silica fume content to control compressive strength, investigate the effect of sulfuric acid environments on strength at different silica fume replacements, and conduct experiments to determine changes in weight, strength and appearance of specimens exposed to acid. Three concrete mixes with silica fume replacements of 4%, 8% and 15% will be tested for compressive strength in acid and normal curing conditions at various ages. The results will determine the effect of silica fume on strength in acid, optimum silica fume content for different grades of concrete in acid environments.
Experimental investigation on concrete using industrial waste & advance c...Divyarajsinh Chudasama
This document provides details about an experimental study on concrete that utilizes industrial waste and advanced construction materials. The objectives are to study the compatibility of used foundry sand as industrial waste and silica fume as an advanced material in concrete, and to compare the compressive strengths of concrete with silica fume and nano silica. The experimental plan involves casting concrete cubes and cylinders with partial replacements of fine aggregate with used foundry sand and cement with silica fume or nano silica. The specimens will be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, and acid resistance at various ages. Literature on the topics is also reviewed to understand previous findings.
IRJET-Study on Strength and Durability Aspects of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders to replace cement. Various mix designs were tested with different ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the geopolymer concrete cubes increased with an increasing percentage of GGBS in the mix. The highest compressive strength of 66MPa was observed for a mix with a 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS ratio. Additionally, sorptivity tests found that geopolymer concrete has lower water absorption than traditional concrete, indicating better durability. The study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete
Acid resistance and corrosion protection potential of concrete prepared with aTalalSalem5
An experimental investigation was conducted on two key aspects of the durability characteristics of concrete
materials prepared with an alkali aluminosilicate hydraulic cement and with Portland cement, both cured at
room temperature. The durability characteristics evaluated concerned the acid resistance of concrete, and its
ability to protect the embedded reinforcing steel against corrosion under wet-dry cycles. Acid resistance was
evaluated through monitoring of mass and strength change over time under acid attack, visual observations, and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Corrosion resistance was evaluated through measurement of the corrosion
potential, visual observations and scanning electron microscopy. The acid resistance and corrosion protection
potential of the concrete prepared with the alkali aluminosilicate cement were found to be superior to those of
Portland cement concrete.
Experimental Study of Sulphate Attack on Neutralized Red MudIJRES Journal
Concrete exposed to sulfate solutions can be attacked and suffer deterioration by expansion. The deterioration of reinforced concrete by sulfate attack causes the reinforcing steel to be exposed to the action of aggressive agents starting the corrosion of the reinforcement. It is known that the concrete resistance to sulfates can be significantly improved producing a dense waterproof concrete. Both the physical resistance of concrete to the penetration and capillary-induced migration of aggressive agents and the chemical resistance of the concrete to the deleterious reactions described above are important attributes of sulfate resisting concrete. Thus factors influencing the permeability and surface porosity of the concrete and the chemical resistance of cement are prime performance parameters of concrete exposed to sulphate attack. In this project physical resistance of concrete is traditionally achieved by specifying mix design parameters such as maximum water–cement ratio and minimum cement content, while the chemical resistance is by the use of sulphate resisting cement.
Effect of Severe Environmental Exposure on Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of severe environmental exposure on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The study developed geopolymer concrete with fly ash as the binder material activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength after curing and after immersion in 5% sulfuric acid for periods of time. Results showed geopolymer concrete achieved compressive strengths from 32-38 MPa and had higher residual strengths after acid exposure compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The study aimed to evaluate the durability and acid resistance of fly ash geopolymer concrete.
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Experimental Study on Durability Characteristics of High Performance Concrete...theijes
High performance concrete (HPC) is developed gradually over the last 15 years with respect to production of concrete with higher and higher strength. To enhance the properties such as durability, strength, workability, economy has increased due to the usage of mineral admixtures in making high performance concrete. The scope of the present study is to investigate the effect of mineral admixtures and by-products towards the performance of HPC. An effort has been made to concentrate on the mineral admixture of silica fume towards their pozzolanic reaction and industrial by-product of bottom ash and steel slag towards their hydration reaction can be contributed towards their strength and durability properties. The strength characteristics such as compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength were investigated to find the optimum replacement of mineral admixture and by-product admixture. HPC with mineral admixture of silica fume at the replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% were studied at the age of 28 days and industrial by-products of bottom ash and steel slag aggregate at the replacement level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% were studied at the age of 28 days. There were a total of 15 mixes created with different material contents. Out of 14 were HPC mixes and 1 were conventional concrete mixes. Finally strength has enhanced with the mix of silica fume can replaced by cement with 5% and bottom ash and steel slag can replaced by fine and coarse aggregate with 10% can be achieved higher strength when compared with other percentage of mixes. The combination mixes can be classified as binary and ternary mixes. Binary mixes involved combinations of silica fume and bottom ash (SF+BA), silica fume and steel slag aggregate (SF+SSA), bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (BA+SSA) and Ternary mixes involved combination of three materials such as silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (SF+BA+SSA) in High performance concrete. The investigation revealed that the combined use of silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate improved the mechanical properties of HPC and thus there 3 materials may use as a partial replacement material in making HPC. The durability studies such as acid resistance, salt resistance, sulphate resistance & water absorption were conducted. From the experimental investigation, it was observed that mineral admixture of silica fume and industrial by-products of bottom ash & steel slag aggregate plays a vital role in improving the strength and durability parameter itself.
Effect Of Curing Temperature And Curing Hours On The Properties Of Geo-Polyme...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Partial Replacement of cement by GGBS and FLY ASH.pptxManoharManu993491
This document presents the results of a study on the effects of partially replacing cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash in concrete. The study tested different mix proportions at replacement levels of 0-30% and examined the workability (slump and compaction factor) and compressive strength at various curing periods. The results showed that workability initially increased with replacement but then decreased, while compressive strength generally improved with higher replacement levels and longer curing times. Specifically, mixes with 15% replacement exhibited optimal workability while mixes with 30% replacement achieved the highest compressive strength of 33.45 MPa.
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
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IEEE Slovenia GRSS
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IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Durability Studies of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete
1. Salmabanu Luhar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 4) August 2015, pp.17-32
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Durability Studies of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete
Salmabanu Luhar*, Urvashi Khandelwal
Research Scholar, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302017, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
A detailed study on the durability of geopolymer concrete has been done. Geopolymer concrete is an
environment friendly concrete which has lower carbon footprint as compared to that of conventional concrete. In
this study, cement has been replaced by fly ash and the properties such as compressive strength, sulphur
resistance, acid resistance, water absorption, sorptivity and chloride attack have been studied. Class F fly ash has
been used and geopolymer concrete was heat cured for 24 hours under 75◦C. It was observed that use of
geopolymer in concrete not only reduces its greenhouse footprint but, also increases its strength and resistivity
to harmful acids.
KEYWORDS: Geopolymer concrete, fly ash, compressive strength, control concrete, sulphate resistance, acid
resistance, sorptivity.
I. INTRODUCTION
With increasing concern about environment,
sustainable development and green design issues
have become an important part of civil engineering.
Geopolymer concrete is one such step taken towards
sustainable development. The manufacturing of
conventional concrete releases a considerable amount
of carbon di-oxide in the atmosphere. A study shows
that its production contributes to 7% of the global
CO2 emissions. Geopolymer concrete is an eco-
friendly material of construction which has lower
carbon footprint than conventional concrete.
Geopolymer concrete is made from industrial waste
materials like fly ash, GGBS etc. which contain
alumina-silicate by their alkali activation.
Geopolymer not only reduce the greenhouse footprint
of the concrete but also enhances its mechanical
properties. Geopolymer concrete resists chloride
penetration and acid resistance. Also, it has very low
creep and shrinkage. Geopolymer has been divided
into nine classes among which the class with
alumina-silicates is the most popular for use in
concrete.
In this study, the properties fly-ash based
geopolymer concrete have been studied in detail.The
main objectives of this study are to study the change in
compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with
change in fly ash content, to study durability
properties of geopolymer concrete i.e. Permeability,
Acid resistance, Sulphate resistance, Chloride attack,
Sorptivity after various days of exposure and its
comparison with control concrete and to study effect
of accelerated corrosion on Geopolymer Concrete
and its comparison with control concrete.
II. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
2.1 Geopolymer concrete:
Mixdesignofgeopolymerconcreteiscalculatedfro
mthedensityofgeopolymerconcrete.Generally,inthede
signofgeopolymerconcretemix,coarseandfineaggregat
eshave been taken as 75% of entire mix by mass. This
value is similar to that usedinOPC concrete in which
they have been in the range of 75% to 80% of
theconcretemix by mass. Fine aggregate has been
taken as 30% of the total
aggregate.Theaveragedensityofflyashbasedgeopolyme
rconcretehasbeenconsideredsimilartothat of OPC
concrete of 2400 kg/m3 based on literaturesurvey.
The combined mass of fly ash and alkaline liquid
arrived from the density of geopolymer concrete.
From the combined mass, using ratio of fly ash to
alkaline liquid the amount of fly ash and alkaline
solution is determined. By taking the ratio of sodium
silicate solution to sodium hydroxide solution, find
out the mass of sodium silicate solution and sodium
hydroxide solution is calculated by above procedure
and issued for mix design.
The following parameters were kept constant for
various trial mixes based on past work carried out
[26].
• Alkaline liquid to Fly Ash ratio =0.4
• Sodium Silicate to Sodium Hydroxide ratio =2.0
• Molarity=M14
• Curing temperature = 750C
• Curing Time = 24hours
• Rest Period = 1day
• Admixture Dosage =2%
In order to achieve equivalent compressive
strength of M25 grade of control concrete, various
permutations and combinations were done by keeping
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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the above parameters constant and varying the fly ash
and water content with different mixes. The mix
design procedure is as follow:
Mix Design for Fly ash (FA) content= 300kg/m3
Alkaline solution/Fly ash =0.4
Alkaline solution = 0.4*Fly ash
300 kg = (mass of fly ash + alkaline sol.)/1.4
Mass of FA + alkaline solution = 420 kg
Mass of alkaline solution= 120 kg
Total = density of concrete – (mass of FA +
alkaline solution)
= 2400-420
= 1980kg/m
3
% of total aggregate = 82.5%
Fine aggregate = 30% of total aggregate
30×1980
100
=
594.00kg/m
3
Coarse aggregate = 1980−594
=
1386.00kg/m
3
Alkaline liquid = NaOH +Na2SiO3
NaOH/Na2SiO3= 2.0
NaOH = 40 Kg/m3
Na2SiO3= 80 Kg/m3
Extra water = 15%
=45.00kg/m
3
Admixture Dosage(2%) = 6.00kg/m
3
The proportions of various constituents are as shown
in table 5.
Table 5: Mix Design of M25 Grade of Geopolymer
Concrete
Constituents Qty. (Kg/m3)
Fly ash 300.00
Fine aggregate 594.00
Coarse aggregate 1386.00
NaOH 40.00
Na2SiO3 80.00
Admixture(2%) 6.00
Water(15%) 45.00
III. TESTING:
4.1.Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of geopolymer
concrete has been evaluated on a 2000 kN capacity
hydraulic testing machine .For the compressive
strength test, cubes of size 150mm x 150mm x 150
mm are tested in compression. Equation of finding
out compressive strength of the cube specimens is
given below:
Compressive Strength(N/mm
2
)= P * 103
/A
P = Failure load of cube (kN)
A = Area of cube (150 x 150) (mm2)
2.2. Durability tests:
The following tests were performed on geo
polymer and control concrete to study the durability a
spect of geo polymer concrete and to compare results
with control concrete.
4.2.1. Sulphate resistance:
The test was performed to study the effect of
sulphate on concrete. Sulphate may be present in soil
or ground water which comes in to the contact of
concrete and affect it.
• Test Specimens
Test specimens for compressive strength and
change in mass test were 150X150X150mm cubes of
control concrete and geopolymer concrete each. 3
specimens for each test were prepared compressive
strength and change in mass to take average result of
the specimen.
• Test Parameters
The sulphate resistance of control concrete and
geopolymer concrete were evaluated by measuring
the residual compressive strength and change in mass
after sulphate exposure. Cubes were immersed in
solution after 28 days of curing period for a specific
exposure period. The test parameters for sulphate
resistance test are presented in Table 6.
Table 6:Test Parameters for Sulphate Resistance Test
• Test Procedure
Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) solution with 5%
concentration was used as the standard exposure
solution. The specimens were immersed in the
sulphate solution in a tank. To prepare the solution of
Parameters to
study
Specimens Exposure
period(days)
Change in
compressive
strength
Cube150×150×1
50mm
30,60,90
change in mass Cubes
150×150×150mm
30,60,90
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5% concentration, for each 100 gm solution 95 gm of
water and 5 gm of Sodium sulphate powder is added.
After preparation of the solution pH value of the
solution is measured by using digital pH meter. In
order to maintain the concentration of sodium
sulphate throughout the test, the pH value of the
solution was measured at every 15 days interval and
by considering the initial pH as reference sodium
sulphate powder or water was added and by trial and
error initial pH value is achieved.
• Change in Compressive Strength
The change in compressive strength after
sulphate exposure was determined by testing the
compressive strength of the specimens after 30, 60
and 90 days of exposure. The specimens were tested
in saturated surface dry (SSD) condition. For the SSD
condition, the specimens were removed from the
sulphate solution, allowed it to dry and then tested in
compression testing machine available at laboratory.
• Change inMass
Change in mass of specimens was measured after
various exposure period i.e. 30, 60 and 90 days. The
weight of each specimen was measured before
immersion in the solution. After the exposure period
the specimen were taken out and left to air dry for a
week in the laboratory ambient condition. Then
weights of the specimens were measured using the
weighing scale available in laboratory and from that
change in mass was calculated.
4.2.2. Acid resistance:
The test was performed to study the effect of
sulphuric acid on geopolymer concrete and its
comparison with control concrete.
• Test Specimens
Test specimens for compressive strength and
change in mass test were 150×150×150mm cubes of
control concrete and geopolymer concrete each. 3
specimens for each test were prepared compressive
strength and change in mass to take average result of
the specimen.
• Test Parameters
The acid resistance of control concrete and
geopolymer concrete were evaluated by measuring the
residual compressive strength and change in mass after
acid exposure. Cubes were immersed in solution after
28 days of curing period for a specific exposure
period. The test parameters for acid resistance test
are presented in Table 7.
Table 7. Test Parameters for Acid Resistance Test
Parameters to
study
Specimens Exposure
period(days)
Change in
compressive
strength
Cube150×150
×150mm
30,60,90
change in mass Cubes
150×150×150
mm
30,60,90
• Test Procedure
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution with 5%
concentration was used as the standard exposure
solution. The specimens were immersed in the acid
solution in a tank. To prepare the solution of 5%
concentration, for each 100gm of solution 95gm of
water and 5 gm of sulphuric acid (by weight) is
added. After preparation of the solution pH value of
the solution is measured by using digital pH meter. In
order to maintain the concentration of throughout the
test, the pH value of the solution was measured at
every 15 days interval and by considering the initial
pH as reference sulphuric acid or water was added
and by trial and error initial pH value is achieved.
• Change in CompressiveStrength
Thechangeincompressivestrengthafteracidexposu
rewasdeterminedbytestingthe compressive strength of
the specimens after selected periods of
exposure.Thespecimensweretestedinsaturatedsurface
dry(SSD)condition. For the SSD condition, the
specimens were removed from the acid solution,
loose particles were removed using wire brush.
Surface preparation was done using cement
mortar(1:3) and then tested in compression testing
machine available at laboratory.
• Change inMass
Changeinmassofspecimenswasmeasuredaftervari
ousexposureperiod.Theweightof each specimen was
measured before immersion in to the solution. After
theexposureperiodthespecimenweretakenoutandleftto
airdryforaweekinthelaboratorycondition.Thenweights
ofthespecimensweremeasuredusingtheweighingscalea
vailableinlaboratoryandfromthatchangeinmasswascal
culated.
4.2.3. Chloride attack:
The effect of chloride on geopolymer and control
concrete were studied through this test. Marine
structures are subjected to chloride attack and due to
the penetration of chloride the reinforcement is
subjected to corrosion.
• Test Specimens
Test specimens for compressive strength and
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change in mass test were 150×150×150mm cubes of
control concrete and geopolymer concrete each. 3
specimens for each test were prepared compressive
strength and change in mass to take average result of
the specimen.
• Test Parameters
Thechlorideresistanceofcontrolconcreteandgeopo
lymerconcretewereevaluatedbymeasuringtheresidualc
ompressivestrengthafterchlorideexposure.Cubeswerei
mmersedinsolutionafter28daysofcuringperiod.Thetest
parametersforsulphateresistancetestarepresentedinTab
le 8.
Table 8. Test Parameters for Chloride Attack Test
Parameters tostudy Specimens Exposure
period(d
ays)
Change in
compressive strength
Cube150×150
×150mm
30,60,90
• Test Procedure
Sodium Chloride (Nacl) solution with 3%
concentration was used as the standard exposure. The
specimens were immersed in the Sodium Chloride
solution in a tank. To prepare the solution of 3%
concentration, for each 100gm solution 97gm of
water and 3gm of Sodium Chloride powder is added.
After preparation of the solution pH value of the
solution was measured by using digital pH meter. In
order to maintain the concentration of sodium
sulphate throughout the test, the pH value of the
solution was measured at every 15 days interval and
by considering the initial pH as reference, sodium
chloride powder or water is added and by trial and
error initial pH value was achieved.
• Change in Compressive Strength
Change in compressive strength after chloride
exposure was determined by testing the compressive
strength of the specimens after selected periods of
exposure. The specimens were tested in saturated
surface dry (SSD) condition. For the SSD condition,
the specimens were removed from the chloride
solution, allowed it to dry and then tested in
compression testing machine available at laboratory.
4.2.4. Sorptivity:
Thesorptivitytestisasimpleandrapidtesttodetermi
nethetendencyofconcreteto absorb water by capillary
suction. The test was developed by Hall (1981) and is
based on Darcy’slawo fun saturated flow.
• Test Specimens
Test specimens for compressive strength and
change in mass test were 150×150×150mm cubes of
control concrete and geopolymer concrete each. 3
specimens for each test were prepared compressive
strength and change in mass to take average result of
the specimen.
• Test Procedure
The samples were pre-conditioned for 7 days in
hot airovenat 500C. The sides of the specimen were
sealed in order to achieve unidirection alflow. Locally
availablewaxandresinwith50:50proportions was used
as sealant. Weights of the specimen after sealing were
taken as initial weight. The in itialmass of the sample
was taken and at time 0 it was immersed to a depth of
5-10 mm in the water. At selected times (typically 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 16, 20 and 25 minutes) the sample
was removed from the water, the stop watch stopped,
excess water blotted off with a damp paper towel or
cloth and the sample weighed. It was then replaced in
water and stop watch was started again.
The gain in mass per unit area over the density of
water is plotted versus the square root of the elapsed
time. The slope of the line of best fit of these points
(ignoring the origin) is reported as the sorptivity.
ASTM – 1585 -04 were followed to conduct the test.
4.2.5. Water absorption:
Waterabsorptioncharacteristicofconcreteplaysani
mportantroleforthedurability.Thetestwasperformtoeva
luatethewaterabsorptioncharacteristicsofgeopolymer
and controlconcrete.
• Test Specimens
Testspecimensforcompressivestrengthandchangei
nmasstestwere150×150×150mmcubesofcontrolconcr
eteandgeopolymerconcreteeach.3specimensforeachte
stwerepreparedcompressivestrengthandchangeinmass
totakeaverageresultofthespecimen.
• TestProcedure
Test specimens were oven dried at 1050C for 24
hours duration using hot air oven. After oven dry the
specimens were immersed in water for 24 hours
duration. Absorption characteristic of concrete will
be evaluated by difference in weight of specimen
after complete drying inovenat 1050Cand weight after
immersion in water.
4.2.6. Accelerated corrosion:
Corrosion of reinforcement cause cracking and
spalling of concrete and results in to reduction of life
of structure. Corrosion resistance is an important
factor for the marine and coastal structures. Test is
performed to study the corrosion resistance
characteristic of geopolymer and control concrete.
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• Test Specimens
Test specimens for compressive strength and
change in mass test were 150×150×150mm cubes of
control concrete and geopolymer concrete each. 3
specimens for each test were prepared compressive
strength and change in mass to take average result of
the specimen.
• Test Setup and Procedure
The test specimen were immersed in NaCl
solution with 5% concentration upto 2/3 height after
28 days of curing. Then the exposed steel bars were
connectedtothepositiveterminalofaconstant30voltDC
powersupply,tomakethesteelbarsactasanodes.Thishigh
voltagewasusedtoacceleratethecorrosionandshortenth
etestperiod.ThenegativeterminaloftheDCpowersource
wasconnectedto a stainless steel bar, to make the
stainless steel bar act as cathode.
Whencrackisinitiatedinthespecimenbystressescausedb
ybuildup ofcorrosionproducts,theelectrolyte solution
has a free path to the steel. This results in a
suddenincreasein current. So, in order to determine
the time at which the current was recordedatdifferent
timeintervals.
IV. RESULTS:
5.1. Compressive strength:
The results showed that the compressive strength of
geopolymer concrete increases with increase in fly ash
content and decreases with increase in extra water
content. GC-275 (10%) gives strength result 29.33MPa
and GC-300(10%) gives 35.55 Mpa strength, hence any
range of fly ash content ranges in between these two
values can give the target mean strength (31.6MPa).
The workability of these mixes were found to be poor
and resulted into honeycombing in the test cubes. So
in order to increase the workability various mix
combination and permutation was done with higher
water content. After various combinations GC-
300(15%) gave strength of 32.44 MPa with desired
workability, so this mix was adopted for casting of all
the geopolymer concrete specimens for various studies.
Table 9. Compressive Strength Results of
Geopolymer concrete
Sr.
No.
Notation Age of
Specimen
(Days)
Avg. Comp.
Strength
1 GC-250*
(10%)
3 18.07
2 GC-
275(10%)
3 29.33
3 GC-300(10%) 3 35.55
4 GC-
325(10%)
3 36.81
5 GC-350(10%) 3 43.11
6 GC-
375(10%)
3 49.18
7 GC-
300(12.5%)
3 37.18
8 GC-285
(12.5%)
3 35.59
9 GC-
285(15%)
3 28.89
10 GC-300(15%) 3 32.44
* GC-250 (10%) = Fly Ash content 250kg/m3
with 10% extrawater
5.2. Sulphate resistance:
A series of tests were performed to study the
sulphate resistance of fly ash based geopolymer
concrete. The test specimens were soaked in 5%
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solution. The sulfate
resistance was evaluated based on visual appearance,
change in mass, and change in compressive strength
after sulfate exposure up 30, 60 and 90 days period.
The results are compared with control concrete
specimens. All geopolymer specimens were heat-cured
at 750C for 24 hours. PH value of the solution was
checked at 15 days interval and maintained
throughout the test period.
Visual appearance:
The visual appearances of test specimens after
different exposures are shown in Figure 5. It can be
seen from the visual appearance of the test specimens
after soaking in sodium sulfate solution for the
exposure periods of 30, 60 and 90 days that there was
no significant change in the appearance of the
specimens compared to the condition before they
were exposed. However, white patches were
observed on the specimens. There was no sign of
surface erosion, cracking or spalling on the
specimens.
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Table10: Change in Mass of Concrete for sulphate exposure
SodiumSulphate(5%)
Typeof
Concrete
Notation Wtbefore
exposure
Wtafter
exposure
%Gain Exposure
Exposure
GC
GC-1M 8.64 8.77 1.54 1Month
GC-2M 8.58 8.72 1.63 2Month
GC-3M 8.65 8.82 2.00 3Month
CC
CC-1M 8.77 8.80 0.30 1Month
CC-2M 8.65 8.68 0.39 2Month
CC-3M 8.66 8.70 0.42 3Month
Figure 5. Visual Appearance of Geopolymer (Left) and Control (Right) Concrete
Change in Mass
Figure4.3 presents the test results on the change in mass of specimens soaked in sodium sulfate solution for
30,60 and 90 days period as a percentage of the mass before exposure. There was no reduction in the mass of the
specimens, as confirmed by the visual appearance of the specimens. There was a slight increase in the mass of
specimens due to the absorption of the exposed liquid. The increase in mass of specimens soaked in sodium
sulphate solution was 1.54%, 1.6% and 2.00% for geopolymer concrete and 0.30%, 0.39% and 0.42% for control
concrete after exposure of 30, 60 and 90 days respectively. To study the effect of the exposure on quality of
concrete, Ultra pulse Velocity (UPV) readings were taken. As shown in Figure 6 no significant change in the
UPV reading shave been observed for both type of concrete.
Figure 6:ChangeinWeightforsulphateexposure
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Figure 6:Mass Gain for Sulphate Exposure
Figure 7: Change in Ultra Pulse Velocity Readings
Change in CompressiveStrength
Change in compressive strength has been determined by testing the concrete specimens after 30, 60 and 90
days of exposure of sodium sulphate solution, respectively. The concrete specimens exposed to sulphate
solution have been removed from the immersion tank, were allowed to dry at room temperature and then tested
in saturated surface dry condition. 28 day compressive strength of concrete specimens without any exposure has
been taken as the reference compressive strength for each type of concrete. Figure 8 presents the test results on
the change in compressive strength of concrete specimens exposed to sodium sulphate. No significant change
has been observed in both type of concrete due to sulphate exposure.
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Figure 8: Change in Compressive Strength for Sulphate Exposure
5.3 Acid Resistance
Acid resistance property of geo polymer concrete mixes has been studied by exposing the concrete
specimens in sulfuric acid for 30, 60 and 90 days periods. Various parameter evaluated are visual appearance,
change in mass and change in compressive strength after the exposure period of both type of concrete. pH value
of the solution was checked at 15 days interval and maintained throughout the test period.
Visual Appearance
Figure 9 compare the visual appearance of the geo polymer and control concrete specimens after soaking in
5% concentrations of sulfuric acid solution for 30, 60 and 90 days. It can be seen that the specimens exposed to
sulfuric acid undergoes erosion of the concrete surface. The damage observed in control concrete was
significantly higher than the geopolymer concrete for the same exposure period.
Figure 9: Visual Appearance of Geopolymer (Left) and Control (Right) Concrete
Change inMass
The test results on change in mass of specimens exposed in sulfuric acid for 30, 60 and 90 days exposure
periods are presented in Table 11. Percentage change in mass of specimen is calculated with difference in initial
weight and weight after the exposure period. Control concrete specimens have significant mass loss compared to
geopolymer concrete having same exposure. After4-5 days, coarse aggregates of control concrete were exposed as
the surface undergoes erosion. Initial surface erosion was significantly higher for control concrete. Geopolymer
concrete shows good resistance to acid and very less mass loss has been observed throughout the test.
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Table 11: Change in Mass of Concrete acid exposure
Sulphuric Acid(5%)
Typeof
Concrete
Notation Wtbefore
Exposure
Wtafter
exposure
%loss Exposure
Exposure
GC
GC-1M 8.65 8.62 0.31 1Month
GC-2M 8.44 8.41 0.43 2Month
GC-3M 8.50 8.46 0.51 3Month
CC
CC-1M 8.69 7.76 10.66 1Month
CC-2M 8.67 7.64 11.88 2Month
CC-3M 8.73 7.37 15.51 3Month
Figure 10: Change in Weight for Acid Exposure
Change in Compressive Strength
Change in compressive strength has been determined by testing the concrete specimens after 30, 60 and 90
days of exposure of sulphuric acid solution, respectively. The concrete specimens exposed to sulphuric acid
solution have been removed from the immersion tank, were allowed to dry at room temperature and then tested in
saturated surface dry condition. 28 day compressive strength of concrete specimens without any exposure has
been taken as the reference compressive strength for each type of concrete. Figure 12 presents the test results on
the change in compressive strength of concrete specimens exposed to sulphuric acid. High reduction observed in
control specimen upto 32% whereas in geopolymer specimen 7.5% reduction has been observed which suggest
that the effect of acid exposure on geopolymer concrete is low.
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Figure 11: Change in Mass Loss for Acid Exposure
Figure 12: Change in Compressive Strength for Acid Exposure
5.4. Chloride attack
Chloride resistance property of geopolymer concrete mixes has been studied by exposing the concrete specimens
in Sodium Chloride solution with 3% concentration for 30 and 90 days periods. There were no reduction in mass
and visual appearance observed. With this short exposure period, no major change in compressive strength
observed, only slight reduction in compressive strength took place as shown in Figure 13.
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Figure 13: Change in Compressive Strength for Chloride Attack
5.5. Sorptivity
Sorptivity property of both type of concrete has been study by performing the at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 16, 20
and 25 minutes time interval and change in weight of the specimen after each interval. The Table4.4 and Table
4.5 show the readings and calculations for each interval for control concrete and geopolymer concrete
respectively. The Sorptivity curve was found to be less linear compared to that of control concrete. The rate of
absorption, which has significant effect on durability property of concrete, was found less in geopolymer
concrete than the control concrete.
Table 12: Sorptivity Readings and Calculations of Control Concrete
Time
(Min.)
Weight
(kg)
Gainin
wt.(kg)
Cumulativegain
inWt(kg)
Vol.of
water(mm3)
Surface
area(mm2)
i(mm) Time
(min0.5)
0 8.403 0.000 0.000 0.000 22500 0.000 0
1 8.407 0.004 0.004 3666.667 22500 0.163 1.00
2 8.408 0.001 0.005 4666.667 22500 0.207 1.41
3 8.409 0.001 0.006 5666.667 22500 0.252 1.73
4 8.410 0.001 0.007 7000.000 22500 0.311 2.00
5 8.411 0.001 0.008 7666.667 22500 0.341 2.24
9 8.413 0.002 0.009 9333.333 22500 0.415 3.00
12 8.414 0.002 0.011 11000.000 22500 0.489 3.46
16 8.415 0.001 0.012 12000.000 22500 0.533 4.00
20 8.417 0.002 0.014 13666.667 22500 0.607 4.47
25 8.418 0.001 0.015 14666.667 22500 0.652 5.00
Sorptivity=0.124mm/min0.5
Table 13:SorptivityReadingsandCalculationsofGeopolymerConcrete
Time
(Min.)
Weight
(kg)
Gainin
wt.(kg)
Cumulativegain
inWt(kg)
Vol.of
water(mm3)
Surface
area(mm2)
i(mm) Time
(min0.5)
0 8.520 0.000 0.000 0.000 22500 0 0
1 8.523 0.003 0.003 3000.000 22500 0.1333 1.00
2 8.524 0.002 0.005 4666.667 22500 0.2074 1.41
3 8.525 0.001 0.006 5666.667 22500 0.2519 1.73
4 8.526 0.001 0.007 6666.667 22500 0.2963 2.00
5 8.526 0.000 0.007 6666.667 22500 0.2963 2.24
9 8.528 0.001 0.008 8000.000 22500 0.3556 3.00
12 8.529 0.001 0.009 9000.000 22500 0.4000 3.46
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16 8.530 0.001 0.010 10000.000 22500 0.4444 4.00
20 8.531 0.001 0.011 11000.000 22500 0.4889 4.47
25 8.531 0.001 0.012 11666.667 22500 0.5185 5.00
Sorptivity=0.090mm/min0.5
Figure 14: Sorptivity of Control Concrete
Figure 15: Sorptivity of Geopolymer Concrete
5.6. WaterAbsorption
Water absorption characteristics of the concrete plays an important role for the durability of the structure.
Ingress of water detoriates concrete and in reinforced concrete structure, corrosion of the bars took place which
results it no cracking and spalling of the concrete and ultimately reduce the life span of the structure. Test results
of water absorption test are shown in Table 14. The result indicates that the water absorption of geopolymer
concrete is less compared to control concrete. Although the difference in % of gain in weight is very less.
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Table 14: Water Absorption Test Results
Typeof
Concrete
Notation Initial
Wt.(kg)
OvenDry
Wt.(kg)
Wt.after
immersion
Gain
%
Avg.gain
%
GC
GC-1M 8.35 8.27 8.51 2.90
2.76GC-2M 8.30 8.22 8.44 2.68
GC-3M 8.25 8.17 8.39 2.69
CC
CC-1M 8.60 8.47 8.68 2.48
2.91CC-2M 8.59 8.46 8.69 2.72
CC-3M 8.47 8.23 8.52 3.52
16: Water Absorption of Concrete
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5.7. Accelerated CorrosionTest
This study evaluated the corrosion based durability characteristics of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer
concrete and its comparison with control concrete subjected to the marine environment. The resistance of corrosion
has been evaluated by measuring current readings of the specimen at regular interval and also by visual inspection
has been done. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) readings were also taken to study the change in concrete
quality due to the corrosion incorporated. Comparison of Current readings and UPV readings is shown in Figure
17 and Figure 18 respectively.
The crack initiation of control concrete were observed after 116 hours by change in current as well as visual
observation. Geopolymer specimen took longer time with crack initiation after 144 hours. The test results
indicated excellent resistance of the geopolymer concrete to chloride attack, with longer time to corrosion
cracking, comparedtocontrolconcrete.UPVresultsshowsthatthereductionofvelocityreadingsforgeopolymer
concrete was7.62%comparedtothatof10.26%thatofcontrolconcrete.
Halfcellpotentialmeterreadingswerealsotakentostudytheextentofcorrosioningeopolymerandcontrolconcretes
pecimen.Theinitialreadingsofgeopolymerconcretewere significantly higher than the control concrete, this may
be due to thealkalineliquidcomposedofsodiumsilicateandsodiumhydroxide.Eventhoughtheoccurrenceofcracking
in geo polymer specimen was delayed, the reading in dicate more corrosionin geo polymer specimen. Hence, these
results have beendiscarded.
Table 15: Current Readings
Unit Current(Amp.)
Specimen CC GC
Hours - -
0 0.84 1.58
24 0.57 0.95
44 0.61 1.05
53 0.64 1.13
72 0.66 1.21
96 0.70 1.31
116 0.90 1.37
144 - 1.73
Figure 17: Specimen Current Readings
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Figure 18: Ultra Pulse Velocity Readings for Accelerated Corrosion Test
Figure 18: Half Cell Potential Meter Readings for Accelerated Corrosion Test
V. CONCLUSION
The test results demonstrate that heat-cured fly ash-
based geopolymer concrete has an excellent
resistance to sulfate attack. There is no damage
to the surface of test specimens after exposure to
sodium sulfate solution up to three months.
There are no significant changes in the mass and
the compressive strength of test specimens after
various periods of exposure up to three months.
These test observations indicate that there is no
mechanism to form gypsum or ettringite from the
main products of polymerization in heat-cured
low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.
Exposure to sulphuric acid solution damages the
surface of heat-cured geopolymer concrete test
specimens and causes a mass loss of about 0.5%
after three months of exposure. The severity of
the damage depends on the acid concentration.
The sulfuric acid attack also causes degradation
in the compressive strength of heat-cured
geopolymer concrete; the extent of degradation
depends on the concentration of the acid solution
and the period of exposure. However, the
sulphuric acid resistance of heat- cured
geopolymer concrete is significantly better than
that of Portland cement concrete as reported in
earlier studies.
The test result of chloride attack demonstrate that
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geopolymer concrete has an excellent resistance
to chloride. There are no significant change in
mass and the compressive strength after exposure
up to three months.
The Sorptivity curve was found to be less linear
compared to that of control concrete. That means
the rate of absorption of geopolymer is less.
Test results of water absorption test shows that
the porosity of geopolymer concrete is less as fly
ash is fine than OPC and results in to less water
absorption than the control concrete.
The test results indicated excellent resistance of
the geopolymer concrete to chloride attack, with
longer time to corrosion cracking, compared to
control concrete. Crack observed in geopolymer
concrete specimen at 144 hours compared to 116
hours in control concrete.
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