This document provides information on different channels of distribution and types of middlemen involved in distribution. It discusses manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers purchase large quantities from manufacturers and sell to retailers. Retailers then sell to consumers. Wholesalers and retailers perform important functions like warehousing, financing, risk bearing and market research. The document also compares wholesalers and retailers, and discusses different types of retailers like department stores, multiple shops/chain stores, and mail-order businesses.
Wholesaling and its importance, Types of Wholesalers - Merchant Wholesalers, Agents and Brokers, Manufacturer’s Wholesalers, Strategic Issues in Wholesaling - Target Market Decisions, Marketing Mix Decisions Trends Shaping Wholesale Distribution - Functional Overlap, Increased Services, Pricing and Credit,, Regional Coverage Organizational Form and Size, Impact of Information Technology on Wholesaling - Challenges in Wholesaling -Inventory Management, Sales Management, Promotion Management, Financial Planning and Management - Retailing and its Importance - Importance to Consumers, Source of Employment - Evolution of Retailing and types of retailing
In this presentation, we will discuss about the concept and definition of wholesaling, characteristics of wholesaling, functions of wholesaler. We will also talk about services provide by the wholesaler to producers, retailers, consumers, growth and trend of wholesaler, types of wholesalers and wholesaler marketing decisions.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
slide contains more information about channels of distribution, types pf middleman who are engaged in distribution of drug, their roles and responsibilities. complete information about retailer and wholesaler
Wholesaling and its importance, Types of Wholesalers - Merchant Wholesalers, Agents and Brokers, Manufacturer’s Wholesalers, Strategic Issues in Wholesaling - Target Market Decisions, Marketing Mix Decisions Trends Shaping Wholesale Distribution - Functional Overlap, Increased Services, Pricing and Credit,, Regional Coverage Organizational Form and Size, Impact of Information Technology on Wholesaling - Challenges in Wholesaling -Inventory Management, Sales Management, Promotion Management, Financial Planning and Management - Retailing and its Importance - Importance to Consumers, Source of Employment - Evolution of Retailing and types of retailing
In this presentation, we will discuss about the concept and definition of wholesaling, characteristics of wholesaling, functions of wholesaler. We will also talk about services provide by the wholesaler to producers, retailers, consumers, growth and trend of wholesaler, types of wholesalers and wholesaler marketing decisions.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
slide contains more information about channels of distribution, types pf middleman who are engaged in distribution of drug, their roles and responsibilities. complete information about retailer and wholesaler
Title: Hospital Pharmacy: Improving Patient Care and Medication Management
Introduction
- Welcome to the presentation on Hospital Pharmacy.
- Hospital pharmacies play a crucial role in patient care and medication management.
- This presentation will explore the functions, responsibilities, and challenges faced by hospital pharmacists.
What is a Hospital Pharmacy?
- Definition: Hospital pharmacy is a specialized pharmacy department within a healthcare facility, responsible for the procurement, storage, dispensing, and safe administration of medications to inpatients and outpatients.
- Hospital pharmacists work closely with healthcare teams to optimize drug therapy and patient outcomes.
Functions of Hospital Pharmacy
1. Medication Dispensing: Hospital pharmacists dispense prescribed medications accurately, ensuring the right drug, dose, and dosage form for each patient.
2. Medication Management: Pharmacists monitor and review medication regimens, checking for drug interactions, allergies, and appropriateness of therapy.
3. Inpatient and Outpatient Services: Hospital pharmacies serve both inpatients and outpatients, providing essential medications during hospitalization and discharge.
4. Clinical Pharmacy Services: Pharmacists participate in ward rounds, offering medication consultations and recommendations to healthcare providers.
5. Drug Information: Hospital pharmacists provide drug-related information to healthcare professionals and patients, ensuring safe and effective use.
6. Compounding: When required, hospital pharmacists compound specialized medications tailored to individual patient needs.
Roles of Hospital Pharmacists
- Medication Safety: Ensuring the safe use of medications by conducting safety checks and implementing error prevention strategies.
- Drug Procurement: Collaborating with suppliers and maintaining appropriate drug inventories to meet patient needs.
- Quality Assurance: Ensuring that medications meet high-quality standards and are stored and handled properly.
- Patient Education: Providing medication counseling to patients, ensuring they understand how to take their medications correctly.
Purchasing and Inventory control in drug store
by Mrs. Anjua Parkhe and Mrs. Priyanka Kalamkar
Assistant Professor
Sraaswathi Vidya Bhavans College Of Pharmacy, Dombivli
Forms of business organization, DSBM D.Pharma 2nd yearD.R. Chandravanshi
The legal entity can be in any form of a business organization. The various forms of organization are as follows: 1) Sole proprietorship 2) Partnership 3) Co-operative Society 4) Joint stock company (Private and Public) These are explained in brief as follows:-3.1 OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson you will be able to know z Various forms of organization z Its formation & features z Merits & Demerits
Hospitals are slowly moving to manufacture their medicinal requirement on their own premises. The Health Committee has recommended the setting up of manufacturing units for I.V. fluids.
Apart from the sterile manufacture of large volume fluids and other Parenterals, hospitals can manufacture non-sterile liquid preparations, externals, and bulk preparations.
Human life is based upon the principle of work.
▪ One has to work to earn his livelihood.
▪ Pharmacy is one of the professions.
▪ The pharmacy council of India has introduced a new subject
named “Drug store and business management”.
▪ Syllabus is divided into two parts – part I commerce and part
II Accountancy.
▪ The purpose of this subject is to familiarise the students with
the basic concept of business, its proper management, sources
of finances in order to run it successfully and the last, the way
and means to note down various transactions in books of
account with a view to having a permanent record of the same.
Subject : Drug Store & Business Management
Topic : 3. channel of distribution
Presentation Contain above bits bits notes
1.1.Introduction
2.Types of middlemen
3.Wholesalers
4.Retailers
5.Types of retailers
6.Modern trends in retailing
7.Retail departmental store
8.Multiple shops or chain stores
9.Mail order business
10.Consumers cooperatives stores
11.Hire – purchase trading houses
This ppt includes the Channel members involved in the process of transferring finished goods from the manufacturer to the Consumer. The channel members may be an Agent or Wholesaler or Retailer. This ppt gives entire information about that Channel members and their functions and importance.
This ppt gives about the Definition of Channel Member and Middlemen from the American Marketing Association. Each one Agent's Functions and Their important role in the Distribution Process in Marketing.
Title: Hospital Pharmacy: Improving Patient Care and Medication Management
Introduction
- Welcome to the presentation on Hospital Pharmacy.
- Hospital pharmacies play a crucial role in patient care and medication management.
- This presentation will explore the functions, responsibilities, and challenges faced by hospital pharmacists.
What is a Hospital Pharmacy?
- Definition: Hospital pharmacy is a specialized pharmacy department within a healthcare facility, responsible for the procurement, storage, dispensing, and safe administration of medications to inpatients and outpatients.
- Hospital pharmacists work closely with healthcare teams to optimize drug therapy and patient outcomes.
Functions of Hospital Pharmacy
1. Medication Dispensing: Hospital pharmacists dispense prescribed medications accurately, ensuring the right drug, dose, and dosage form for each patient.
2. Medication Management: Pharmacists monitor and review medication regimens, checking for drug interactions, allergies, and appropriateness of therapy.
3. Inpatient and Outpatient Services: Hospital pharmacies serve both inpatients and outpatients, providing essential medications during hospitalization and discharge.
4. Clinical Pharmacy Services: Pharmacists participate in ward rounds, offering medication consultations and recommendations to healthcare providers.
5. Drug Information: Hospital pharmacists provide drug-related information to healthcare professionals and patients, ensuring safe and effective use.
6. Compounding: When required, hospital pharmacists compound specialized medications tailored to individual patient needs.
Roles of Hospital Pharmacists
- Medication Safety: Ensuring the safe use of medications by conducting safety checks and implementing error prevention strategies.
- Drug Procurement: Collaborating with suppliers and maintaining appropriate drug inventories to meet patient needs.
- Quality Assurance: Ensuring that medications meet high-quality standards and are stored and handled properly.
- Patient Education: Providing medication counseling to patients, ensuring they understand how to take their medications correctly.
Purchasing and Inventory control in drug store
by Mrs. Anjua Parkhe and Mrs. Priyanka Kalamkar
Assistant Professor
Sraaswathi Vidya Bhavans College Of Pharmacy, Dombivli
Forms of business organization, DSBM D.Pharma 2nd yearD.R. Chandravanshi
The legal entity can be in any form of a business organization. The various forms of organization are as follows: 1) Sole proprietorship 2) Partnership 3) Co-operative Society 4) Joint stock company (Private and Public) These are explained in brief as follows:-3.1 OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson you will be able to know z Various forms of organization z Its formation & features z Merits & Demerits
Hospitals are slowly moving to manufacture their medicinal requirement on their own premises. The Health Committee has recommended the setting up of manufacturing units for I.V. fluids.
Apart from the sterile manufacture of large volume fluids and other Parenterals, hospitals can manufacture non-sterile liquid preparations, externals, and bulk preparations.
Human life is based upon the principle of work.
▪ One has to work to earn his livelihood.
▪ Pharmacy is one of the professions.
▪ The pharmacy council of India has introduced a new subject
named “Drug store and business management”.
▪ Syllabus is divided into two parts – part I commerce and part
II Accountancy.
▪ The purpose of this subject is to familiarise the students with
the basic concept of business, its proper management, sources
of finances in order to run it successfully and the last, the way
and means to note down various transactions in books of
account with a view to having a permanent record of the same.
Subject : Drug Store & Business Management
Topic : 3. channel of distribution
Presentation Contain above bits bits notes
1.1.Introduction
2.Types of middlemen
3.Wholesalers
4.Retailers
5.Types of retailers
6.Modern trends in retailing
7.Retail departmental store
8.Multiple shops or chain stores
9.Mail order business
10.Consumers cooperatives stores
11.Hire – purchase trading houses
This ppt includes the Channel members involved in the process of transferring finished goods from the manufacturer to the Consumer. The channel members may be an Agent or Wholesaler or Retailer. This ppt gives entire information about that Channel members and their functions and importance.
This ppt gives about the Definition of Channel Member and Middlemen from the American Marketing Association. Each one Agent's Functions and Their important role in the Distribution Process in Marketing.
What Is a Distribution Channel?
A distribution channel is a chain of businesses or intermediaries through which a good or service passes until it reaches the final buyer or the end consumer. Distribution channels can include wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and even the Internet.
It tells about a good description of wholesale trade followed by the features of it and services provided by the wholesalers to manufacturers, retailers and to customers, i.e., their role as intermediary in the trade chain.
this ppt explain retailing and wholesale functions in simple terms
Definition
Retailer
is one whose business firms sells mainly to the final consumers.
Functions of Retailers
They provide convenience;
Types of Retailers
Small
Department stores Variety Stores
Types of retailers
What is Wholesaling?
Wholesaling is a distribution channel function where one organization buys products from supplying firms with the primary intention of redistributing to other organizations (but, in general, not to the final consumer).
Functions of the Wholesaler
anticipating customer needs;
Types of Wholesalers
A. Merchant Wholesalers
Merchant wholesalers can be classified into two:
the general line merchant wholesaler who carry a general assortment of goods; and
the specialty line merchant wholesaler who carry only a limited number of lines.
Limited function wholesalers provide only some wholesaling functions, like order taking and processing.
They may be classified as follows:
1. drop shippers
2. truck distributors
3. mail-order wholesalers
4. cash-and-carry wholesalers
5. cooperatives
6. rack jobbers
Types of Wholesalers
Types of wholesalers
FOR COMMERCE SYLLABUS 7100. More to come.
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Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
All living cells require energy to carry out various cellular activities.
This energy is stored in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) that we eat as food.
These organic molecules are broken down into smaller units: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic reactions in cells to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The ATP generated by these pathways in cells is used to drive fundamental cellular processes.
Glucose is utilized as a source of energy, & stored as glycogen to release glucose as & when the need arises.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities, their deficiency causes diseases.
Biochemist Casimir Funk discovered vitamin B1 in 1912 in rice bran.
It cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism and must be obtained from the diet.
Catalysts are something that speeds up the chemical reaction. Almost all biochemical reactions require catalysts.
Enzymes are biocatalysts. Biochemical catalysts speed up the biochemical reactions.
In presence of an enzyme, less energy is required for the reaction to take place.
A catalyst may be defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of chemical reactions without itself undergoing any change in the overall process.
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Proteins are naturally occurring polymers made up of amino acids and linked together by peptide bonds.
Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules in the living system.
The term "protein" is derived from the Greek word proteios, meaning holding the first place.
These are nitrogenous organic compounds that have large molecules weight of one or more long chains of amino acids.
Proteins are made from 20 ɑ-amino acids. (chains of amino acids)
A single unit of amino acid is known as a monomer. When many monomers combine together, they form polymers.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.
Carbohydrates have the general formula C(H2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The term “sugar” is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in water and sweet to taste.
The term "biochemistry" originated from combining the words "bios," meaning life, and "chemistry."
Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism.
The word "biochemistry" was first introduced by a German chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of hospital pharmacy that deals with various aspects of patient care, including the dispensing of drugs and advising the patient on the safe and rational use of those drugs.
It is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. It can also perform several complex and complicated functions.
A computer is composed of hardware and software and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations.
Solid unit dosage forms the drug is enclosed within the water-soluble shell or an envelope either a hard or soft shell. Shell is typically made of gelatin primarily intended for oral delivery and provides a rapid release of contents.
Generally, the shells are formed from gelatin.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe and get worse over time.
Normally, the airways and air sacs in the lungs are elastic or stretchy.
When we breathe in, the airways bring air to the air sacs.
The air sacs fill up with air, like a small balloons.
When we breathe out, the air sacs deflate, and the air goes out.
In COPD, less air flows in and out of airways because of one or more problems:
-The airways and air sacs in the lungs become less elastic
-The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed
-The walls of the airways become inflamed
-The airways make more mucus than usual and can become clogged
Asthma is a chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus.
This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out, and shortness of breath.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
When our heart is at rest, between beats, our blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
A blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
Congestive heart failure is a chronic progressive condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the metabolic need of the body because of pathological changes in the myocardium.
Angina pectoris and myocardial infraction.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Angina may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion.
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Prescription | Parts of Prescription | Handling of PrescriptionSHIVANEE VYAS
A prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist, or veterinarian to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. Prepared by:
Ms. Shivanee Vyas
Assistant Professor
SVKM’s NMIMS, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management
1
CHANNELS
OF
DISTRIBUTION
DSBM
2. CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION
• Distribution means the process of transferring the product from the factory into the hands of
its consumer. The distribution channels are the various outlets through which products move
from manufacturers to consumers.
• There are different channels of distribution and the selection of an appropriate one depends
on the requirements of the manufacturer, the needs of the consumer, and the nature of the
product.
Manufacturer
Distributors
Retailer
Consumers 2
3. • The distribution channels may be grouped under two major heads:
(i) Direct selling
(ii) Indirect selling
• Direct selling, When the manufacturer sells his goods directly to the consumer.
• Indirect selling, In this case, there are one or two middlemen or intermediaries are involved between
the manufacturer and the consumer. For example:
Manufacturer Consumers
Manufacturer Retailer Consumers
Consumers
Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer
Consumers
Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer
Distributors
3
4. TYPES OF MIDDLEMEN
There are two types of middlemen:
1. Functional middlemen
2. Merchant middlemen
• Functional middlemen: The functional middlemen are those intermediaries who perform various
marketing functions without having any title to goods i.e. they help in the transfer of goods from the
hands of the producer to those of consumers without acquiring any ownership rights.
• The following middlemen come under this category:
1. Brokers
2. Commission agents
3. Auctioneers
4. Del credere agents
1. Brokers: Brokers are those agents who do not obtain the ownership of the goods and their only
function is to bring the buyers and seller together. They negotiate the purchase and sale of goods on
behalf of other parties. The broker gets a certain percentage of commission on the business transacted
by him.
4
5. 2. Commission agents: They sell the goods on behalf of the seller. They negotiate the sale of
goods and make arrangements to transfer the title to the goods. A commission agent is responsible
for warehousing, grading, packaging, assembling, and eventually disposing of the product. Their
commission is based on the sale.
3. Auctioneers: They sell the goods on behalf of their principals by auction. In an auction, the
auctioneer who has collected the goods from the sellers displays them for the would-be buyers and
invites bids from them. The buyer who makes the highest bid gets the goods provided the highest
bid is at least equal to the minimum reserve price fixed for the purpose.
4. Del credere agents: In addition to finding buyers for the seller, they also guarantee the price of
goods on their behalf. If a buyer fails to pay, the del credere agent will pay on his behalf. A separate
commission is charged for this responsibility.
• Merchant middlemen: They acquire and transfer the title to goods in their own name. The
middlemen covered under this category are:
(i) Wholesalers
(ii) Retailers
5
6. WHOLESALERS
• Wholesalers are those merchants who act as intermediaries. They buy goods and commodities in large
quantities from the producer and sell them to the retailers.
• The wholesaler dealing in pharmaceutical products requires a drug license from the health department
of the concerned state government. A wholesaler is called a 'stockist' if he deals in items manufactured
by a single firm or company.
6
Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer
7. • Classification of Wholesalers:
The wholesalers may be classified into three types, namely:
1. Manufacturer wholesalers
2. Retailer wholesalers
3. Wholesaler proper
1. Manufacturer wholesalers: They may not only sell their own products to the retailers
but may also make large-scale purchases from other manufacturers to meet the
demand of the retailers.
2. Retailer wholesalers: These wholesalers purchase goods in bulk from the
manufacturers and sell them in small quality to the consumers through their own
shops. In this way, they act as wholesalers as well as retailers.
3. Wholesaler proper: These wholesalers concentrate only on buying and selling goods in
large quantities. They are also known as distributors.
7
8. Functions of Wholesalers:
The wholesaler performs the following important functions:
1. Assembling: The wholesaler buys large varieties of goods from different manufacturers and sells them in
small quantities to the retailers.
2. Distribution: The wholesaler serves to distribute goods to the retailers who are generally widely scattered.
3. Warehousing: The goods purchased from different manufacturers are kept in warehouses till these are
distributed to retailers.
4. Transportation: The wholesaler has to move the goods from the place of its production to his own warehouse
and then from there to the retailers.
5. Financing: The wholesaler provides credit facilities to the retailers and thus finances the retail trade.
6. Risk-bearing: Bulk buying and storage of goods for a length of time carries a number of risks, such as changes
in demand, spoilage or destruction of goods, loss due to theft in his warehouse. These risks are born by the
wholesaler.
7. Grading and packaging: Some wholesalers also perform the functions of grading products according to their
quality and also pack the goods into smaller lots for retailers.
8. Market research: The wholesaler is close to the retailers and from them, he knows the needs of the
customers. This helps in advising the producer to make goods in accordance with the demand and needs of
the consumers.
8
9. SERVICES PERFORMED BY WHOLESALERS
A. Services to Retailers:
1. The wholesaler purchases goods from various producers and stores them at one place for retailers.
2. They help the retailers by supplying the goods to them promptly as compared to their getting the
supply from the manufacturers.
3. The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturers and sells them in small
quantities to the retailers.
4. The wholesalers help in stabilizing the prices by regulating the supply of goods and enable the
retailers to earn a fair margin of profit.
5. The wholesaler usually obtains substantial discounts and rebates from the producers and is therefore
in a position to give special discounts to the retailers on bulk purchases.
6. They inform the retailers regarding new products introduced into the market.
7. The wholesaler deals in a limited number of products and therefore gains expert knowledge in his
field of specialty. The retailer can also be benefited from the specialization achieved by the
wholesaler.
8. They provide credit facilities to the retailers.
9. They bear most of the risks connected with marketing and thus save the retailers from such risks (e.g.
goods may be damaged, destroyed, or stolen).
9
10. B. Services to Producers or Manufacturers
1. They buy goods in bulk from producers and relieve the producers of the botheration of collecting
orders.
2. The wholesaler trader helps in the large-scale production of goods by giving supply orders for a bulk
quantity.
3. They usually make cash payments for the goods purchased from producers. Thus, the capital invested
by producers does not remain blocked for long which in turn results in a quick turnover.
4. The wholesaler trader maintains sufficient stock of goods at all times during the year and thus, in a
way, provides warehousing facilities to both producers and retailers.
5. They provide market information to the manufacturers so that they can regulate their production
accordingly.
C. Services to the Consumers
1. The wholesalers sell the goods to the retailers at uniform prices which helps in bringing uniformity in
the prices of retailers.
2. Wholesalers purchase large quantities of goods from producers which helps to cut down the cost of
production. Therefore. consumers are able to purchase the goods at a reasonable price.
3. Wholesalers informed about the taste of consumers to the producers with the result consumers are
able to purchase goods of their liking.
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11. RETAILERS
A retailer is a middleman between a wholesaler and actual consumers. The retailer sells the
goods to the consumers and maintains an intimate contact with the wholesalers,
manufacturers and consumers. The retailer dealing in pharmaceutical trade is known as
'chemist' or a 'pharmacist'.
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Consumers
Wholesaler Retailer
12. TYPES OF RETAILERS
1. Itinerant Retailers: These retailers do not operate from fixed business premises but move from place
to place for selling goods in small lots to the consumers. The following are different types of itinerant
retailers:
• Hawkers and peddlers: They move from door to door in residential localities to sell their goods. The goods
sold by them are generally small and cheap, such as vegetables, fruits, toys, household articles etc.
• Street traders: These traders generally arrange their goods at busy street corners or pavements of busy
roads, temples, railway stations, cinema halls etc. They offer a wide variety of articles of common use.
• Market traders: keep on moving from place to place to sell their goods at weekly, fortnightly or monthly
bazaars.
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Itinerant retailers Fixed shop retailers
13. 2. Fixed Shop Retailers: The fixed shop retailers set up permanent establishments to sell their goods. They do
not go from place to place in search of their customers. The fixed shop retailers may be divided into two
subgroups:
Small-Scale Retail Shops:
• Street stalls: Usually these stalls are located at a street crossing or in the main street. It may take the form of
a stand with a table or platform which may be used for keeping the goods.
• Second-hand goods shops: They deal only in second hand or used goods, such as clothes, books, furniture
and other household wares.
• General stores: They are generally set up in residential areas. They are stocked with all kinds of products
needed by the local residents in the course of their day-to-day life. They are usually owned and managed by
a single individual.
• Single line stores: These stores specialize in selling only a particular kind of item. For example, a medical
store deals only in medicines. Generally these stores are situated in residential localities as well as central
market places.
• Specialty stores: They specialize not in the products of a particular line but only one product of a certain line.
For example, selling only children's garments or men's garments or women's garments instead of selling
readymade garments for all categories of customers.
Large-Scale Retail Shops: They deal in all kinds of goods essential as well as luxury goods, cheap as well as
expensive. The capital investment of such retailers are relatively large as compared to small scale shops. For
example, departmental stores, multiple shops or chain stores, etc. 13
14. Functions of Retailers:
The following are the main functions of a retailer:
1. A wide choice to consumers: He keeps a stock of various items according to the needs of the
consumers. The retailer is supposed to know the different kinds of goods likely to be demanded by his
customers.
2. Ready stock: A retailer keeps a ready stock of all the goods so that he is able to meet the demand of his
customers at all times.
3. Transport: Wholesalers are the main source of supply of goods to the retailers. Retailers usually make
their own arrangements for transportation of products of different kinds from the wholesales
godowns.
4. Risk-bearing: Retailers have to maintain a reasonable stock of goods. They bear the risk of loss of goods
by fire, theft or deterioration as long as they are not sold.
5. Financing: They provide financial help to consumers by selling them the goods on credit.
6. Market research: Retailers are in close contact with their customers. They know the tastes, likes, and
dislikes of the customers. They pass on such information to the wholesalers for onward transmission to
the manufacturers concerned.
7. Sales promotion: They display the goods in show windows and on the counter for the information of
customers. Thus a retailer helps to promote the sale of goods manufactured by a particular
manufacturer who has launched the sales promotion campaigns.
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15. Services Performed by Retailers
The retailer provide the services to the producers/wholesalers and customers because the retailer is a middleman
between a wholesaler and an actual consumer.
A. Services to the producer/wholesalers
1. Retailer studies the tastes, likes and dislikes of the customers and through the wholesaler communicate it to the
manufacturer.
2. They help the wholesaler and manufacturer by doing the job of advertisement by displaying goods in show windows
or on the counter or by any other means.
B. Services to the Consumers
1. They maintain ready stock of goods to meet the demand of consumers.
2. They provide free home delivery services to consumers.
3. A retailer displays the new products in the show window and counters for the information of the would-be
consumers.
4. They provide credit facilities to consumers.
5. The retailers keep themselves well-stocked with different varieties of goods manufactured by different producers. In
this way. they provide an opportunity to the customer to choose the best out of available products.
6. They maintain regular contact with the customers so as to provide an opportunity to them to make a complaint
regarding a substandard product, replacement of the defective product, etc.
7. The retailer offers free expert advice to his customers about the merits and uses of each product and also about the
availability of a better substitute. 15
16. Comparison between “Wholesalers” and “Retailer”
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S.no. Wholesaler Retailers
1 They act as a middle man between the
manufacturer and the retailer.
They act as a middle man between the wholesaler
and consumers.
2 They deal in large scale business. They deal in small scale business.
3 They purchases goods from manufacturer and
sell them to the retailers. Hence they sell
goods for resale.
They purchases goods from wholesaler and sell
them to the customers. Hence they sell goods for
consumption.
4. The location of the wholesaler’s shop is not
very important.
The location of the retailer’s shop is very
important.
5. They deal only in specific type of products
which are produced by a specific
manufacturer.
They deal in large number of products of different
manufacturer.
6. Window display of goods is not important. Window display of goods is essential in order to
attract the customers.
7. They do not provide after sale service. They provide after sale service in order to win the
confidence of the customers.
8. They do not have the direct contact with the
customers.
They have the direct contact with the customers.
9. They require large amount of capital for trade. They require small amount of capital for trade.
17. Retail Departmental Store
It deals in a wide range of products. The main object of a departmental store is to satisfy
consumer needs at one place to save botheration to consumers.
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18. • Advantages
1. It provides great convenience in shopping because customers can get all their requirements from one
place.
2. It keeps a large variety of goods, thus offering a good choice to customers, when they buy the required
goods.
3. The departmental stores are located mainly in the central part of the city. So it is convenient for all types
of consumers to visit it.
4. It buys its requirements in large quantities which reduces its cost and increases the profit.
5. It provides telephone facilities, and free home-delivery facility to its customers.
• Disadvantages
1. The initial cost of running a departmental store is relatively very high.
2. It is generally located in a central place. People living in a distant place find it difficult to visit the
departmental store.
3. The overhead expenses of a departmental store are comparatively high because extra facilities are
provided to attract customers. As a result, the prices of articles charged by a departmental store are
usually higher than those charged by small retailers.
4. The sales are controlled by employees, so the owner of the departmental store cannot establish personal
contact with his customers.
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19. Multiple Shops or Chain Stores
A single business firm opens a number of branch shops which are situated at different localities
in the city or different parts of the country. All the branches are centrally controlled and have
uniformity of operation.
Examples of multiple shop systems are VAIDHANTH, DABUR, HAMDARD, etc.
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20. 20
• Advantages
1. All purchases for the branches are made by the central office. This results in bulk buying which
reduces the cost of the product.
2. The fixed price and standard quality of goods help in winning the confidence of the customers.
3. The shortage of supplies at one branch can easily be met by transfer from another branch having a
surplus stock.
4. There is uniformity of window display and shop decoration in all the branches of multiple shops which
makes easy identification of them.
5. In multiple shop systems, there is direct contact between producer and customer, so the middlemen's
profits are eliminated.
• Disadvantages
1. Multiple shops deal in a limited range of products. So the customers do not have a wide choice.
2. The head office of multiple shops is generally located in a faraway place, so there is generally no
effective control over the staff working in its branches.
3. The staff at multiple shops has little freedom to make its own decisions sometimes it adversely affect
the sales.
4. The owner of multiple shops cannot make personal contacts with his customers. The success of the
organization depends upon the branch managers.
21. Mail-order Business
Mail-order business is a type of retail trade in which all business activities take place through the mail.
Some manufacturers sell their products direct to consumers without involving middlemen (wholesalers
and retailers). The manufacturer approaches the would-be customers by sending its catalogue, price list
and circular by post.
Under it the goods are delivered to the addressee on the payment of the price to the post office which
remits it to the sender of goods.
• Types of Mail Order Business
There are three main types of mail-order business:
(i) Manufacturer mail-order house: These are established by the manufacturers for selling the goods manufactured by
them directly to consumers, thus eliminating middlemen.
(ii) Departmental mail-order business: This is only a department of a departmental store executing orders received
from outside.
(iii) Middlemen mail-order business: In this case they purchases the required goods, partly on the receipt of orders and
partly in anticipation of orders, from the wholesalers and dispatches the same to the consumers.
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22. • Advantages
1. The system does not need a shop or showroom to start the business.
2. The running expenses are low because the system does require a large number of employees.
3. The system is very useful for those customers who live in remote areas of the country.
4. There is a direct link between manufacturer and customers, Hence no middleman is required.
5. The seller gets a very wide market to sell his products.
• Disadvantages
1. A buyer cannot examine the goods before their purchase.
2. A large amount of money is spent on advertisement, packing of goods which increases the overhead expenses and
hence increase the price of goods.
3. The credit facilities are not available to the customers.
4. There is a risk of damage to goods during transportation.
5. The customers who like to make enquiries, have to waste time in correspondence.
6. The illiterate customers cannot get the benefit of this system.
7. There are chances of cheating by a dishonest trader.
8. There is a lack of personal contact between manufacturer and customers so it is difficult to make permanent
customers.
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