Wholesalers play an important role in the distribution chain by purchasing large quantities of goods from manufacturers and selling smaller quantities to retailers. They perform several key functions, such as bulk buying, warehousing, financing, risk bearing, and providing market information to manufacturers and retailers. While wholesalers add costs, they provide important services and act as a link between producers and retailers, especially for small producers and retailers. There is debate around eliminating wholesalers, as their functions would still need to be performed to efficiently distribute some goods.
It tells about a good description of wholesale trade followed by the features of it and services provided by the wholesalers to manufacturers, retailers and to customers, i.e., their role as intermediary in the trade chain.
Retail trade involves the sale of goods directly to consumers. There are various types of retailers including itinerant retailers like hawkers and peddlers, fixed shop retailers like small stores and large stores like department stores. Retailers provide services to both producers such as promotion, and consumers such as regular supply and credit. Documents used in internal trade include invoices, debit notes, credit notes, and receipts.
The document discusses retailing and the functions of retailers. It provides definitions of retailing as involving the sale of goods to consumers through distribution channels to earn a profit. The key functions of retailers mentioned are:
1) Buying and assembling goods from wholesalers and manufacturers.
2) Warehousing and storing goods in stores until they are sold to consumers.
3) Selling goods directly to consumers through various methods to satisfy consumer demand.
A project report on retail industry in indiaProjects Kart
The document provides an overview of the retail industry in India. It discusses how retail is a large industry in India, accounting for 10% of GDP. It also describes how the retail industry is at an inflection point, with organized retail and consumption growth set to increase significantly. This is driven by India's young population and growing urbanization. The document then covers differences between organized and unorganized retail sectors in India, and how organized retail is growing and spreading, led initially by supermarket chains in Southern India.
This document presents different types of retail stores. It discusses general merchandise retailing which includes specialty stores, specialized markets, department stores, general merchandise discount stores, and off-price retailers. Specialty stores focus on a narrow product line while specialized markets house stores in a particular product category. Department stores offer a broad variety of goods and discount stores sell brand name items at lower prices. Food retailing includes convenience stores, supermarkets, super centers/hypermarkets, and wholesale clubs. Convenience stores offer necessities while supermarkets are self-service retailers over $2 million in annual sales. Super centers combine food and other goods and wholesale clubs require membership fees.
This document discusses various methods of payment for export sales, including cash in advance, open account, letters of credit, sight bills, and usance bills. Cash in advance requires upfront payment before goods are shipped. Open account allows goods to be shipped before payment is due, usually within 30-90 days, but carries the highest risk for exporters. Letters of credit provide a bank guarantee of payment if terms are met. Sight bills require payment on delivery of documents, while usance bills allow acceptance of payment within an agreed credit period after delivery.
This document discusses different types of internal trade in India. It defines internal trade as the buying and selling of goods and services within a country. It then describes different types of internal traders like wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers buy goods in bulk from producers and sell in smaller quantities to retailers. Retailers sell goods to ultimate consumers. There are different types of retailers like itinerant retailers who move from place to place and fixed shop retailers ranging from small general stores to large departmental stores and supermarkets.
It tells about a good description of wholesale trade followed by the features of it and services provided by the wholesalers to manufacturers, retailers and to customers, i.e., their role as intermediary in the trade chain.
Retail trade involves the sale of goods directly to consumers. There are various types of retailers including itinerant retailers like hawkers and peddlers, fixed shop retailers like small stores and large stores like department stores. Retailers provide services to both producers such as promotion, and consumers such as regular supply and credit. Documents used in internal trade include invoices, debit notes, credit notes, and receipts.
The document discusses retailing and the functions of retailers. It provides definitions of retailing as involving the sale of goods to consumers through distribution channels to earn a profit. The key functions of retailers mentioned are:
1) Buying and assembling goods from wholesalers and manufacturers.
2) Warehousing and storing goods in stores until they are sold to consumers.
3) Selling goods directly to consumers through various methods to satisfy consumer demand.
A project report on retail industry in indiaProjects Kart
The document provides an overview of the retail industry in India. It discusses how retail is a large industry in India, accounting for 10% of GDP. It also describes how the retail industry is at an inflection point, with organized retail and consumption growth set to increase significantly. This is driven by India's young population and growing urbanization. The document then covers differences between organized and unorganized retail sectors in India, and how organized retail is growing and spreading, led initially by supermarket chains in Southern India.
This document presents different types of retail stores. It discusses general merchandise retailing which includes specialty stores, specialized markets, department stores, general merchandise discount stores, and off-price retailers. Specialty stores focus on a narrow product line while specialized markets house stores in a particular product category. Department stores offer a broad variety of goods and discount stores sell brand name items at lower prices. Food retailing includes convenience stores, supermarkets, super centers/hypermarkets, and wholesale clubs. Convenience stores offer necessities while supermarkets are self-service retailers over $2 million in annual sales. Super centers combine food and other goods and wholesale clubs require membership fees.
This document discusses various methods of payment for export sales, including cash in advance, open account, letters of credit, sight bills, and usance bills. Cash in advance requires upfront payment before goods are shipped. Open account allows goods to be shipped before payment is due, usually within 30-90 days, but carries the highest risk for exporters. Letters of credit provide a bank guarantee of payment if terms are met. Sight bills require payment on delivery of documents, while usance bills allow acceptance of payment within an agreed credit period after delivery.
This document discusses different types of internal trade in India. It defines internal trade as the buying and selling of goods and services within a country. It then describes different types of internal traders like wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers buy goods in bulk from producers and sell in smaller quantities to retailers. Retailers sell goods to ultimate consumers. There are different types of retailers like itinerant retailers who move from place to place and fixed shop retailers ranging from small general stores to large departmental stores and supermarkets.
Wholesaling involves selling goods in large quantities to retailers and commercial customers rather than directly to consumers. Key activities of wholesalers include breaking bulk, warehousing, transportation, financing, bearing risk, providing market information, and management services. There are various types of wholesalers such as merchant wholesalers, industrial distributors, and limited service wholesalers. Brokers bring buyers and sellers together to assist in negotiations but do not carry inventory or assume risks. Manufacturers and retailers also operate sales and purchase branches and offices to facilitate wholesale transactions over large trading areas in high volumes.
Factoring, receivables factoring or debtor financing, is when a company buys a debt or invoice from another company. Factoring is also seen as a form of invoice discounting in many markets and is very similar but just within a different context.
Retailing involves the direct sale of products and services to consumers for their personal use. Retail is driven by consumer spending which depends on disposable income and consumer confidence. Global retail sales have nearly doubled since the 1980s, with the US leading, and retail in Asian economies is growing 6-10% annually. Various types of retailers include specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets/hypermarkets, convenience stores, discount stores, and off-price retailers. Operational issues for retailers include supply chain management, pricing, sales channels, and retail strategies.
The document provides an executive summary and introduction about organized retail stores in India. It discusses that organized retail stores are market leaders in retailing that have been successful in upgrading consumers and introducing new products. It also discusses that most respondents prefer branded products and purchase items based on brand name. The document then discusses the importance of customer satisfaction for businesses in a competitive marketplace.
This document defines and describes various retail store formats and non-store retail formats. Store retail formats include department stores, specialist stores, category killers, convenience stores, supermarkets/superstores/hypermarkets, catalogue shops, discount stores, and factory outlets. Non-store retail formats consist of mail order, direct selling, personal retailing, telesales, and internet retailing. Each format is briefly characterized, such as department stores offering a wide product range across multiple floors and specialist stores focusing on a narrow customer segment.
The document discusses the roles of middlemen and different types of middlemen in the distribution channel between producers and consumers. It defines a middleman as a trader who buys from producers and sells to retailers or consumers, acting as an intermediary. Middlemen include wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers buy large quantities from manufacturers and sell smaller quantities to retailers. Retailers then sell directly to consumers, providing a variety of products, small quantities, and convenient locations. Both wholesalers and retailers perform important functions in the distribution process such as breaking bulk, storage, packaging, financing, risk taking, and marketing.
1) The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in the retail sector in India, including the types of retail (single brand, multi-brand), current FDI policies that allow up to 100% in single brand and 51% in multi-brand retail, and the impacts of FDI in retail such as increased competition and quality/variety of products.
2) It also outlines trends in FDI, including growth in specialty retail stores, the continued dominance of unorganized traditional retail, and expansion in smaller cities and towns.
3) FDI provides benefits to India like access to markets and technology, but India must also develop infrastructure and skills to encourage investment and benefit from it.
The document defines retailing as the sale of goods or services directly to final consumers. It notes that retailing is a large global industry dominated by developed countries. In India, retailing is dominated by unorganized mom and pop shops, while organized retail makes up a small portion. The retail landscape in India is discussed, along with major players and consumption categories. Challenges and opportunities for retail in India are outlined. Online retailing and its payment methods and challenges are also summarized. The contribution of retailing to the Indian economy and employment are highlighted.
This document discusses retail pricing strategies. It defines retail price as the cost of a product plus markup. Retailers must determine the right price that customers are willing to pay and retailers accept. Pricing strategies can be cost-oriented, demand-oriented, or competition-oriented. The document outlines various pricing approaches including skimming prices, market penetration pricing, leader pricing, price bundling, multi-unit pricing, discount pricing, everyday low pricing, and odd pricing. Formulas are provided for calculating markup percentage based on retail price or cost.
Retail Management Notes, Basics of Retail Management, Classification of Retailers, Types of Retailers, Scope of Retailing, Functions of Retailers, Role of Retailers in Distribution Channel, Indian retailscape, organized and Unorganized Retailers,
FDI in retail refers to foreign investment in the retail sector of India. The document discusses the various forms of FDI in retail in India - single brand retail allowing up to 51% FDI, cash and carry wholesale allowing 100% FDI, and multi-brand retail which is currently not allowed. It also outlines the debates around the benefits and criticisms of allowing FDI in retail, such as job creation but also threats to small retailers. Overall, it examines both sides of the issue and suggests there are difficult questions for policymakers to address around how best to leverage FDI while supporting domestic industries and employment.
Unit 1 international finance an overviewVipul Kumar
This document provides an overview of international finance. It defines international finance as the study of monetary interactions between countries, focusing on areas like foreign direct investment and currency exchange rates. The key features discussed are that international finance affects economic and monetary systems across borders, and involves major players like multinational corporations. It also involves methods of financing international business and foreign trade. Challenges in international finance mentioned include varied economic systems between countries, tariffs, political risks, and cultural/language differences. The document also discusses dumping, where a company sells goods at a high price domestically but a low price internationally, and anti-dumping measures countries employ in response.
Wholesaling involves the sale of goods and services to retailers or commercial buyers for resale or business use. Wholesalers typically purchase goods in large quantities from manufacturers and sell in smaller quantities to retailers. They provide important services like warehousing, transportation, financing, market information, and risk bearing. New technologies and trends toward increased services are changing the wholesaling industry.
This document provides information on factoring and forfaiting. It defines factoring as the purchase of accounts receivables by a factoring company, which provides financing, debt collection services, and protects against bad debts. Forfaiting involves the outright sale of receivables to a forfaiter at a discounted price without recourse to the seller. The key differences between the two are that factoring is for ongoing arrangements, provides various services, and has no minimum transaction size, while forfaiting is for single transactions over $250k and only provides financing without recourse.
Factoring is a financial transaction where a business sells its accounts receivable to a third party at a discount in exchange for immediate cash. There are various types of factoring, including recourse factoring, where the client refunds amounts for defaults, and non-recourse factoring, where the factor's obligation is absolute. Factoring provides businesses with immediate cash flow and transfers the credit risk to the factoring institution. However, it is a relatively expensive source of financing.
This document summarizes a summer project report submitted by Jigisha P Aagja for her MBA degree. The report studied the supplier payment system and supply chain processes at Reliance Retail in Ahmedabad. It provides an acknowledgement, executive summary, table of contents, and sections on retailing trends, food retailing in India, Reliance Retail, observations and findings from the study, and suggestions. The study employed analysis of internal Reliance Retail records in Ahmedabad, interviews, and observation methods. It found that Reliance Retail has a strong internal control system and customized their SAP system to suit their business processes.
In this presentation, we will discuss about the concept and definition of wholesaling, characteristics of wholesaling, functions of wholesaler. We will also talk about services provide by the wholesaler to producers, retailers, consumers, growth and trend of wholesaler, types of wholesalers and wholesaler marketing decisions.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This document classifies and describes different types of retail formats and structures. It discusses store-based retailing which can be sole proprietorships, partnerships, joint ventures, department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, hypermarkets, independent retailers, chain retailers, franchises, and leased departments. It also covers non-store based retailing including direct selling, television shopping, and vending machine retailing.
Wholesalers play an important role in the distribution channel by performing several functions. They purchase large quantities of goods from manufacturers and store them for supply to retailers. This helps manufacturers by reducing their distribution costs and allowing steady production. Wholesalers also provide financing, market information, and bear risks for both manufacturers and retailers. However, some argue that wholesalers increase product prices and are unnecessary middlemen that should be eliminated. Others counter that wholesalers provide essential services and support efficient supply chains, retailers, manufacturers, and consumers.
The document defines a retailer as a person who purchases goods in small quantities from wholesalers and sells them directly to consumers. Retailers are the last link in the chain of distribution between producers and consumers. Some key functions of retailers include buying and assembling products from various manufacturers and wholesalers; warehousing and storing inventory; selling products directly to consumers; assuming risks related to inventory; grading and packing products; providing financing to consumers through credit; supplying market information gathered from customers; and advertising products in their stores. Common examples of retailers mentioned are Walmart and small family-owned pharmacies.
Wholesaling involves selling goods in large quantities to retailers and commercial customers rather than directly to consumers. Key activities of wholesalers include breaking bulk, warehousing, transportation, financing, bearing risk, providing market information, and management services. There are various types of wholesalers such as merchant wholesalers, industrial distributors, and limited service wholesalers. Brokers bring buyers and sellers together to assist in negotiations but do not carry inventory or assume risks. Manufacturers and retailers also operate sales and purchase branches and offices to facilitate wholesale transactions over large trading areas in high volumes.
Factoring, receivables factoring or debtor financing, is when a company buys a debt or invoice from another company. Factoring is also seen as a form of invoice discounting in many markets and is very similar but just within a different context.
Retailing involves the direct sale of products and services to consumers for their personal use. Retail is driven by consumer spending which depends on disposable income and consumer confidence. Global retail sales have nearly doubled since the 1980s, with the US leading, and retail in Asian economies is growing 6-10% annually. Various types of retailers include specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets/hypermarkets, convenience stores, discount stores, and off-price retailers. Operational issues for retailers include supply chain management, pricing, sales channels, and retail strategies.
The document provides an executive summary and introduction about organized retail stores in India. It discusses that organized retail stores are market leaders in retailing that have been successful in upgrading consumers and introducing new products. It also discusses that most respondents prefer branded products and purchase items based on brand name. The document then discusses the importance of customer satisfaction for businesses in a competitive marketplace.
This document defines and describes various retail store formats and non-store retail formats. Store retail formats include department stores, specialist stores, category killers, convenience stores, supermarkets/superstores/hypermarkets, catalogue shops, discount stores, and factory outlets. Non-store retail formats consist of mail order, direct selling, personal retailing, telesales, and internet retailing. Each format is briefly characterized, such as department stores offering a wide product range across multiple floors and specialist stores focusing on a narrow customer segment.
The document discusses the roles of middlemen and different types of middlemen in the distribution channel between producers and consumers. It defines a middleman as a trader who buys from producers and sells to retailers or consumers, acting as an intermediary. Middlemen include wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers buy large quantities from manufacturers and sell smaller quantities to retailers. Retailers then sell directly to consumers, providing a variety of products, small quantities, and convenient locations. Both wholesalers and retailers perform important functions in the distribution process such as breaking bulk, storage, packaging, financing, risk taking, and marketing.
1) The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in the retail sector in India, including the types of retail (single brand, multi-brand), current FDI policies that allow up to 100% in single brand and 51% in multi-brand retail, and the impacts of FDI in retail such as increased competition and quality/variety of products.
2) It also outlines trends in FDI, including growth in specialty retail stores, the continued dominance of unorganized traditional retail, and expansion in smaller cities and towns.
3) FDI provides benefits to India like access to markets and technology, but India must also develop infrastructure and skills to encourage investment and benefit from it.
The document defines retailing as the sale of goods or services directly to final consumers. It notes that retailing is a large global industry dominated by developed countries. In India, retailing is dominated by unorganized mom and pop shops, while organized retail makes up a small portion. The retail landscape in India is discussed, along with major players and consumption categories. Challenges and opportunities for retail in India are outlined. Online retailing and its payment methods and challenges are also summarized. The contribution of retailing to the Indian economy and employment are highlighted.
This document discusses retail pricing strategies. It defines retail price as the cost of a product plus markup. Retailers must determine the right price that customers are willing to pay and retailers accept. Pricing strategies can be cost-oriented, demand-oriented, or competition-oriented. The document outlines various pricing approaches including skimming prices, market penetration pricing, leader pricing, price bundling, multi-unit pricing, discount pricing, everyday low pricing, and odd pricing. Formulas are provided for calculating markup percentage based on retail price or cost.
Retail Management Notes, Basics of Retail Management, Classification of Retailers, Types of Retailers, Scope of Retailing, Functions of Retailers, Role of Retailers in Distribution Channel, Indian retailscape, organized and Unorganized Retailers,
FDI in retail refers to foreign investment in the retail sector of India. The document discusses the various forms of FDI in retail in India - single brand retail allowing up to 51% FDI, cash and carry wholesale allowing 100% FDI, and multi-brand retail which is currently not allowed. It also outlines the debates around the benefits and criticisms of allowing FDI in retail, such as job creation but also threats to small retailers. Overall, it examines both sides of the issue and suggests there are difficult questions for policymakers to address around how best to leverage FDI while supporting domestic industries and employment.
Unit 1 international finance an overviewVipul Kumar
This document provides an overview of international finance. It defines international finance as the study of monetary interactions between countries, focusing on areas like foreign direct investment and currency exchange rates. The key features discussed are that international finance affects economic and monetary systems across borders, and involves major players like multinational corporations. It also involves methods of financing international business and foreign trade. Challenges in international finance mentioned include varied economic systems between countries, tariffs, political risks, and cultural/language differences. The document also discusses dumping, where a company sells goods at a high price domestically but a low price internationally, and anti-dumping measures countries employ in response.
Wholesaling involves the sale of goods and services to retailers or commercial buyers for resale or business use. Wholesalers typically purchase goods in large quantities from manufacturers and sell in smaller quantities to retailers. They provide important services like warehousing, transportation, financing, market information, and risk bearing. New technologies and trends toward increased services are changing the wholesaling industry.
This document provides information on factoring and forfaiting. It defines factoring as the purchase of accounts receivables by a factoring company, which provides financing, debt collection services, and protects against bad debts. Forfaiting involves the outright sale of receivables to a forfaiter at a discounted price without recourse to the seller. The key differences between the two are that factoring is for ongoing arrangements, provides various services, and has no minimum transaction size, while forfaiting is for single transactions over $250k and only provides financing without recourse.
Factoring is a financial transaction where a business sells its accounts receivable to a third party at a discount in exchange for immediate cash. There are various types of factoring, including recourse factoring, where the client refunds amounts for defaults, and non-recourse factoring, where the factor's obligation is absolute. Factoring provides businesses with immediate cash flow and transfers the credit risk to the factoring institution. However, it is a relatively expensive source of financing.
This document summarizes a summer project report submitted by Jigisha P Aagja for her MBA degree. The report studied the supplier payment system and supply chain processes at Reliance Retail in Ahmedabad. It provides an acknowledgement, executive summary, table of contents, and sections on retailing trends, food retailing in India, Reliance Retail, observations and findings from the study, and suggestions. The study employed analysis of internal Reliance Retail records in Ahmedabad, interviews, and observation methods. It found that Reliance Retail has a strong internal control system and customized their SAP system to suit their business processes.
In this presentation, we will discuss about the concept and definition of wholesaling, characteristics of wholesaling, functions of wholesaler. We will also talk about services provide by the wholesaler to producers, retailers, consumers, growth and trend of wholesaler, types of wholesalers and wholesaler marketing decisions.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This document classifies and describes different types of retail formats and structures. It discusses store-based retailing which can be sole proprietorships, partnerships, joint ventures, department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, hypermarkets, independent retailers, chain retailers, franchises, and leased departments. It also covers non-store based retailing including direct selling, television shopping, and vending machine retailing.
Wholesalers play an important role in the distribution channel by performing several functions. They purchase large quantities of goods from manufacturers and store them for supply to retailers. This helps manufacturers by reducing their distribution costs and allowing steady production. Wholesalers also provide financing, market information, and bear risks for both manufacturers and retailers. However, some argue that wholesalers increase product prices and are unnecessary middlemen that should be eliminated. Others counter that wholesalers provide essential services and support efficient supply chains, retailers, manufacturers, and consumers.
The document defines a retailer as a person who purchases goods in small quantities from wholesalers and sells them directly to consumers. Retailers are the last link in the chain of distribution between producers and consumers. Some key functions of retailers include buying and assembling products from various manufacturers and wholesalers; warehousing and storing inventory; selling products directly to consumers; assuming risks related to inventory; grading and packing products; providing financing to consumers through credit; supplying market information gathered from customers; and advertising products in their stores. Common examples of retailers mentioned are Walmart and small family-owned pharmacies.
This document discusses place, or distribution, as part of the marketing mix. It describes the channel of distribution that a product passes through from producer to consumer. This can include producers selling directly to consumers or going through wholesalers and retailers. It examines factors that affect distribution channels and provides examples. It also defines and compares different types of retailers and methods of direct selling to consumers.
Middlemen ,retailers and their functions newNikhil Sharma
This document discusses different types of middlemen and their functions, as well as wholesalers and retailers. It defines middlemen as traders who buy from producers and sell to retailers or merchants. The main types of middlemen are brokers, factors, commission agents, underwriters, traveling agents, and auctioneers. Wholesalers buy large quantities from producers and warehouse and resell to retailers, providing services like financing, risk bearing, and market information. Retailers purchase from wholesalers and sell directly to consumers, performing functions such as assembling products, warehousing, grading, packing, financing, market research, and advertising.
The document summarizes channels of distribution for pharmaceutical drugs. It discusses direct selling from manufacturer to consumer as well as various indirect channels involving distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. It outlines the functions and types of wholesalers and retailers. Some advantages of channels of distribution are reducing costs and widely distributing goods. Disadvantages include increased prices from commissions and potential supply issues. The choice of appropriate distribution channels depends on market, product, and company factors.
DSBM Chapter 3: Channels of Distribution SHIVANEE VYAS
This document provides information on different channels of distribution and types of middlemen involved in distribution. It discusses manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers purchase large quantities from manufacturers and sell to retailers. Retailers then sell to consumers. Wholesalers and retailers perform important functions like warehousing, financing, risk bearing and market research. The document also compares wholesalers and retailers, and discusses different types of retailers like department stores, multiple shops/chain stores, and mail-order businesses.
Subject : Drug Store & Business Management
Topic : 3. channel of distribution
Presentation Contain above bits bits notes
1.1.Introduction
2.Types of middlemen
3.Wholesalers
4.Retailers
5.Types of retailers
6.Modern trends in retailing
7.Retail departmental store
8.Multiple shops or chain stores
9.Mail order business
10.Consumers cooperatives stores
11.Hire – purchase trading houses
This document discusses retail management. It provides definitions of retail management and describes the key functions of retailers, including sorting products, breaking bulk, holding stock, providing additional services, and acting as a communication channel. It also classifies different types of retail institutions such as independent retailers, chain retailers, franchises, leased departments, and others. Overall, the document provides an overview of retail management concepts and classifications of retail institutions.
This document discusses retail management. It begins by defining retail and retail management. It then covers retail functions like sorting, breaking bulk, holding stock, and additional services. It discusses the benefits of retail for consumers, manufacturers, and wholesalers. It also classifies different types of retail institutions like independent retailers, chain retailers, franchising, leased departments, and more. Finally, it provides examples of different types of retail stores.
This document provides an overview of food retailing in India. It discusses the evolution of food retailing from small roadside shops to modern retail stores. It also describes the major types of retail stores like department stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets and chain stores. Non-store retailing methods like direct selling, telemarketing, online retailing and direct marketing are also outlined. The top 10 food retailers in India are listed, and some of the leading food retail brands like Food World, Apna Bazaar and Reliance Fresh are briefly profiled. Competition in the Indian food retail industry is described as fierce, with retailers differentiating through pricing and product offerings.
This document discusses various topics related to retailing including:
1. The functions of retailers as intermediaries between manufacturers and consumers.
2. Different types of retailers from large hypermarkets to small independent shops.
3. Advantages and disadvantages of large and small-scale retailing.
4. Trends in retailing like online shopping and loyalty programs.
This document provides an overview of retail management. It begins by defining retail and retail management. It then discusses various retail functions including sorting, breaking bulk, holding stock, and additional services. It also covers benefits of retail for consumers, manufacturers, and wholesalers. The document categorizes different types of retail institutions such as independent retailers, chain retailers, franchising, and leased departments. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each type. Finally, it describes different types of retail stores including convenience stores, department stores, supermarkets, specialty stores, discount stores, and factory outlets.
What Is a Distribution Channel?
A distribution channel is a chain of businesses or intermediaries through which a good or service passes until it reaches the final buyer or the end consumer. Distribution channels can include wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and even the Internet.
The document discusses the roles of middlemen and importance of inventories in marketing management. It was prepared by Sadan Nomiani and Sharad Singh under the guidance of Dr. Yasir Arafat Elahi Sir. The key points covered include the functions of middlemen such as facilitating the flow of goods between producers and consumers, types of middlemen like wholesalers and retailers, and importance of maintaining inventories to ensure continuous production and meet customer demand.
Wholesaling and its importance, Types of Wholesalers - Merchant Wholesalers, Agents and Brokers, Manufacturer’s Wholesalers, Strategic Issues in Wholesaling - Target Market Decisions, Marketing Mix Decisions Trends Shaping Wholesale Distribution - Functional Overlap, Increased Services, Pricing and Credit,, Regional Coverage Organizational Form and Size, Impact of Information Technology on Wholesaling - Challenges in Wholesaling -Inventory Management, Sales Management, Promotion Management, Financial Planning and Management - Retailing and its Importance - Importance to Consumers, Source of Employment - Evolution of Retailing and types of retailing
This document provides an overview of the retail industry in India. It discusses the conceptual framework of retailing including definitions, the development of retail trade and chains, and the supply chain. It then discusses the Indian retail industry including key statistics on its size and growth, the share of organized versus unorganized retail, and common retail formats seen in India like supermarkets, department stores, and hypermarkets. It also provides a brief introduction to the city of Kota, Rajasthan, which is known for its coaching institutes that help students prepare for engineering and medical entrance exams.
The document discusses channels of distribution and the different intermediaries involved in moving products from manufacturers to consumers. It describes wholesalers as intermediaries that buy large quantities from manufacturers and resell to retailers. Retailers sell directly to consumers for personal use, either through physical stores or non-store methods like catalogues, TV, and online. Agents bring buyers and sellers together but do not take ownership of goods. Products typically move through multiple channels from manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer, though some steps may be skipped.
Retail trade involves the sale of goods directly to consumers in small quantities to meet their needs. Retailers purchase goods from wholesalers and sell them directly to consumers. They provide services like home delivery and credit facilities. There are two main types of retailers - itinerant retailers who move from place to place selling goods like hawkers, and fixed shop retailers who operate from a permanent location, ranging from small general stores to large supermarkets and department stores. Retailers play an important role in the economy by connecting producers and consumers.
This ppt includes the Channel members involved in the process of transferring finished goods from the manufacturer to the Consumer. The channel members may be an Agent or Wholesaler or Retailer. This ppt gives entire information about that Channel members and their functions and importance.
This ppt gives about the Definition of Channel Member and Middlemen from the American Marketing Association. Each one Agent's Functions and Their important role in the Distribution Process in Marketing.
The document discusses different types of internal trade in India. It defines internal trade as trading within a country's borders. The main types of internal trade discussed are wholesale trade, retail trade, and different categories under each. Wholesale trade refers to large quantity buying and selling for resale. Retailers buy in small quantities from wholesalers and sell directly to consumers. Retail is further divided into itinerant retailers without fixed locations, and small and large scale fixed shops. The roles and services provided by wholesalers, retailers, and different categories are also summarized.
IMPERIALISM AND TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF THE WORLD (COLONIZATION OF AFRICA)shahzadebaujiti
This document discusses the rise of European imperialism and nationalism in the 19th century and their impacts. It covers:
1) The development of different types of capitalism that drove imperial expansion.
2) How German and Italian unification movements overcame obstacles to create unified nation-states.
3) The effects of European nationalism within Europe, including new alliances and rivalry, and globally through increased colonialism in Africa and Asia.
The document discusses the rise of democracy in Europe. It begins with defining democracy and noting its origins in ancient Greece. It then discusses how democracy spread from Greece to other parts of Europe through revolutions, with the English and French revolutions playing a key role. Before these revolutions, European politics were dominated by absolutism, the divine right of kings, feudalism, and an inseparable church and state. The English revolution from 1640-1689 weakened these systems and established principles like parliamentary control over taxes and free elections. This revolution helped pave the way for capitalism in England by introducing free trade, empowering merchants politically, unifying the country, abolishing serfdom, and consolidating land ownership.
The document discusses the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe through the rise of merchantilism and the agrarian revolution in Britain. It describes how feudalism was based on a system of lords and serfs tied to the land. The agrarian revolution introduced new farming techniques like crop rotation that increased agricultural productivity and helped provide food for growing urban populations. It also discusses the enclosure movement that consolidated land and displaced peasant farmers. These changes helped supply labor, raw materials, and markets that facilitated the rise of merchantilism and capitalism in Europe.
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Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
WHOLESALE TRADE
1. WHOLESALE TRADE
WHOLESALE TRADE
This is the trade which involves the buying of goods in large quantities from a manufacture and
selling them to the other traders i.e retailers rather than consumers.
A wholesaler is the person who buys goods on bulk from manufacturers and sells them to
retailers. The main role of wholesaler is “bulk breaking “i.e. buying goods in large quantity and
selling them in relatively small quantity to retailers
BROAD FEATURES OF WHOLESALER
1. Is neither a producer nor retailer but act as a link between the two person i.e. producer
and retailer.
2. He generally specialize on the commodities.
3. He doesn’t deal directly with consumer but sell through retailer.
4. He requires huge capital to conduct the business.
5. He buys in bulk but sells in relatively small quantities to retailers.
6. Usually he keeps his stock of goods in the go down rather than in the shop.
7. He gets profit mainly due to trade discount rebutes or cash discount granted by producers.
FUNCTIONS OF A WHOLESALER
A wholesaler perform the following functions in the process of making goods
Buying and assembling
Wholesalers collect the agricultural goods in small quantities from small scale farmers
(producer) and store them in the warehouses. He normally assembles goods from various
producer so as a retailer may be able to buy what he wants from him at a right place, price, and
time, quality and quantity.
Warehousing
Wholesaler keeps a large stock of goods for retailer, he ensure that the goods are available to
retailer at all time. The wholesaler helps to stabilize price by adjusting supply according to the
demand.
Grading , packaging and branding
2. Many wholesaler sort out goods according to size , shape ,quality etc they break goods into small
lots re pack them and put their own branch names in this way the perform by grading and
standardization, they ensure supply of uniform quality to retailer.
Financing
Wholesaler provides finance to manufacturers / producer and retailer. They often buy goods from
producer on cash basis and even make advance payment. Wholesaler generally sells goods to
retailer on credit basis.
Dispersing
A wholesaler distributes the assembled goods among retailer scatered all over the country . sells
goods in small lots to retailers according to their advice.
Transport
Wholesalers provide facilities for transportation of goods from the producer to their own
godowns.
Risk bearing
A wholesaler serves as a stock absorber. He bears a risk of change in demand and damage of
goods when in transit and during storage , also the risk of bad debts by granting creadits to the
retailer, a wholesaler therefore face many risks by buying bulk and storing goods in bulk.
Market information
A Wholesaler forecasts the market condition. He collects information from retailers about
change in tastes , fashion , buying habits of the consumers and passing them to producer. some
wholesalers advice the retailer on which goodwill satisfy the needs of the consumers and at what
price .
SERVICES RENDERED BY A WHOLESALER.
A wholesaler provides useful services to both manufacture or producer and to the retailer also as
follows:
SERVICES TO MANUFACTURERS
1. BULK BUYING
A wholesaler collects orders from large number of retailers. He buys goods in large quantities,
therefore producers are seemed to be in trouble to collect small orders from a large number of
widely scatered retailers.
3. 2. STORAGE
By buying goods in bulk , a wholesaler relieves the producers the barden of carrying large stock .
producers do not have to make arrangement for warehousing.
3. PRICE STABILITY/ ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Wholesaler stores goods during the stock season and do sell them during the period of peak
demand by so doing, he prevents the violent fluctuations of prices.
4. FINANCING
A Wholesalers makes prompt and sometimes pay in advance to the producer. therefore producer
have to invest lesser capital in the business.
B. SERVICES TO RETAILERS
PUBLICITY AND ADVICEWholesalers advertise their goods regularly, such publicity
help the retailers in increasing their sales . some wholesalers also guide retailers in store
layout and selling techniques.
CREDIT
Wholesalers grant liberal credit facilities to retailers as a result, retailers can carry on a
large volume of business ever with small capital.
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Wholesalers operate in the large scale, therefore they can obtain heavy discounts and rebate from
producers and freight costs. so retailers buy goods from wholesalers at the reasonable prices.
PRICE STABILIZATION
By regulating the supply of goods , wholesalers maintain stability in price which enable
retailer to take a fair margin in profit. Wholesalers also help retailers to take advantages
of favorable fluctuations in prices.
PROTECTION FROM RISK
Wholesalers relieve the retailers from several risk by keeping huge stock and selling goods on
credit . retailers now can bear less risk of price fluctuation and spoilage goods.
INFORMATION ABOUT NEW PRODUCT
A Wholesaler keeps in constant touch with producer, therefore he has up-to –date information
about new product and new varieties of a existing products. He passes on such information to
retailers.
4. REGULAR SUPPLIES
Wholesaler stock variety of goods . by so doing he ensure that supplies to retailers are available
at right time ,right place and at reasonable price .
ELIMINATION OF WHOLESALERS
Wholesalers performs several useful functions and render many vital services . they provide a
ready set outlets often to manufacturers and services as the source of stead supply of goods to
retailer .therefore they provide a variable link between producers and retailers.
ARGUMENT IN FAVOUR OF ELIMINATION OF A WHOLESALER FROM CHAIN
OF DISTRIBUTION
Some people insist that wholesaler exploit producer and retailer for this case they should be
eliminated and their function should be taken over by producer and retailer .
The following are the arguments given in favour of elimination of wholesalers:
Production in price
Wholesaler charges the substantial margin of profit add to cost of distribution .this result into
higher price payable by the ultimate consumer. hence price payable by consumer can be reduced
by elimination of the wholesaler.
Manipulations
Many wholesaler indulge in mal-practices such holding and adulteration .the push up the price
by creating scarcity of goods such mal-practice can be eliminated by cancelling the function of
wholesaler
Faster distribution
Wholesaler are more transfer agents wholesaler up unnecessary made block in the process of
distribution .their interference in the distribution channel obstruct the smooth and quick flow of
goods from producer to retailers elimination of wholesaler goods can be supplied to consumer
very quickly.
Better alternatives: Large scale retailer such as chain store , departmental ,supermarkets
etc. have adequate fund and space to buy goods in bulk directly from producer . they can
bear risk and promote sales on large scale therefore they do not need the services of
wholesalers.
Perishable commodities:Thats to say when goods sold by wholesaler are perishable and
cannot be stored for a long period of time.
5. Purchasing by oder:Incase retailers or consumers buy by ordering directly.This makes a
wholesaler jobless.
ARGUMENT AGAINST ELIMINATION OF WHOLESALER
Those who believe that the wholesaler trade is essential give the following/ argument.
1. STORAGE OF GOODS
In case wholesalers are eliminated, have to maintain large stock and bear the risk of price
fluctuations . but retailers are generally to bear this burden due to limited capital.
2. SEASONAL PRODUCTS
Some product are produced through out the year but their demand arise only during a particular
season.if wholesalers are eliminated, producers will have to keep huge bulk of stock like rain
coats.
3. FINANCING
In case the wholesaler are eliminated , retailer will have to invest more capital in
business.
4. NECESSARY FOR SMALL PRODUCERS
Small manufacturers or producer are not in better position in distribution of their product. Due to
the large number of producers and retailer with small capital, wholesalers still dominate the field
of distribution of goods
5. UNDIVIDED ATTENTION
If wholesaler are eliminated .the producers will have to under take the distribution of his goods
in the small lots to the large number of widely scatered retailers. as a result, he will not be able
to concentrate fully in production.
6. SAVING COSTS
Wholesaler are expert in the task of distribution . therefore they take expenses through more
efficient marketing of goods . they maintain sale forces which call up on retailers regularly . their
expenses are lower than those of manufacturers who sell directly to the retailers by eliminating
the wholesalers costs of distribution may increase.
⇒ CONCLUSION DRAWN UP
By eliminating wholesaler , his function can not be eliminated .this function will have be
performed by either producer / manufacturer or retailers
6. Therefore the elimination of wholesaler is desirable only:
In those case where producer or wholesaler can perform these function more efficiently than
wholesalers therefore wholesalers are essential links in distribution of all such commodities
where as producer and retailers are small and unable to consume the burden of wholesaler trade.
SERVICES OF A WHOLESALER TO THE PUBLIC
By holding large stock and releasing them regularly, a wholesaler helps the consumers to
get stead supplies through frequently replacement.
He plays an important role in keeping price stable which is obviously advantages to the
consumers /public .
He helps to make the process of distribution be smooth.
THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY OF A WHOLESALER
The source from which a wholesaler obtains his supplies of course depends to the particular time
of business but in general the source of supplies are as follows:
i. Home grower for perishable goods
ii. Commercial sales e.g. coffee ,tea, etc
iii. Home manufacturers for manufactured goods
iv. Import agent for over seas products
v. Products exchanged for commodities e.g. grains , materials etc.
TYPES OF WHOLESALERS
Wholesalers can be classified according to the areas saved by them or according to the goods
offered by them . moreover according to the services performed by them .hence we have:
a. ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
National wide wholesalers
These are wholesalers who are established in all major towns in order to save all parts of the
country .This types of wholesalers operate in large scale like Tanzania training cooperation
(TTC).
Regional or local wholesalers
These wholesalers operate only in particular area of the country and may offer wide range of
goods or a specified range of goods like (TTC)
Export and import wholesalers
7. These are wholesalers specialized in foreign trade , they may sell out side the country (export ) or
buying from outside the country (import)
b. ACCORDING TO THE GOODS OFFERED BY THEM
General wholesalers
These wholesalers offer the varieties of goods in the number of field e.g. groceries ,hardware
,frozen food, sports goods and even house holds.
Specialized wholesalers
these are wholesalers who carry a particular range of goods .this kinds of wholesalers usually
offer great variety of goods but which are in one line of production or field of production e.g.
books, soft drink , hardware etc.
a. ACCORDING TO THE SERVICES RENDERED BY THEM
Full services wholesalers
These are wholesalers who provides many services which are required to push up sales those
marketing services are like to buy and assembling of goods , storage , transportation etc full
services wholesalers are such as general wholesalers ,export and import wholesalers and
specialized wholesaler
Limited services wholesalers
These are those who perform particular function and leaves the other . this means they only
perform few function and these are as follows:
− Mail order
− Truck wholesalers
− Drop shippers /dark jobber
− Cash and carry wholesalers
− Risk or pack of jobber.
PROBLEMS OF WHOLESALE TRADE
Traders in East Africa experience a number of problem that prevent them not only from
maximizing their profit but also from providing the types of magnitude of services to the
customers that are available in the more commercial developed countries, some of them are :
8. Small scale operation
Due to the lack of finance most traders in E. Africa operate in very small size which
means they can not buy their goods in bulk and hence fail to get large discounts.
Lack of capital
Many traders face the problems of un sufficient money to run smoothly the business . This
makes /results traders to conduct mostly on cash basis rather than credit.
Poor transport and communication
This makes difficult in the process of transport and distribution of goods and services to
reach the users /consumers.
Lack of training
Many people who enter in the business world thinking that trade is simple “give and take affairs
” soon discover that are ill equipped to handle the intricacies of the professional.
CHAIN OF DITRIBUTION
9. The following steps would usually be involved in the distribution of goods and services from the
producers to the final consumers:
a. The producers may sell his product either to the whole seller or to a large scale retailer.in
both cases, the quantities involved are very huge and some may operate their own retail
outlets.
b. The wholesaler also sells goods and services to the retailers.The quantity in which they
sell to them (retailers) is always smaller than the quantity in which they buy.
c. Some small scale retailers may purchase their goods from large scale retailers or retail
shops copareted by manufactures themselves.
d. The retailers sells goods to the final consumers.
CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION