This document discusses the adulteration and deterioration of crude drugs. It defines adulteration as the substitution of original crude drugs with similar but inferior substances that lack the chemical entity or pharmacological properties of the original. Adulteration can occur through inferiority, admixture, spoilage, sophistication, differentiation, or substitution. Common causes of adulteration include scarcity of drugs, economic reasons, or use of contraband drugs. Adulteration is done intentionally to defraud or sometimes accidentally through misidentification. Methods include substitution of substandard, inferior, or manufactured agents in place of the original drug.

2. PREPARED BY
DR ABDUL SAMI
MPHIL EASTERN MEDICINE
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Pakistan

3. ADULTERATION &
DETERIORATION
OF
CRUDE DRUGS

4. In an April 1896,lectures on
drugs and food adulteration delivered to the
state medical society in Los Angeles,
Califorinia,San Fransisco physician G.F Hanson
suggested that adulteration and sophistication
began with earliest human interactions.
“Adulteration in simple words is the
debasement of an article”.
INTRODUCTION:

5. Adulteration refers to a process of substitution
original crude drugs partly and wholly with
seemingly similar substances which are devoide
of chemical entity or are inferior.
In their constituent and
pharmacological properties or debasement of
crude drug is known as Adulteration or
Impairement in the quantity of crude drugs is
term as Adulteration .
DEFINITION:

6. • Inferiority
• Admixture
• Spoilage
• Sophistication
• Deferentiation
• Substitution
CATEGORIES:

7. It is a natural substandard condition which can be
avoided by more care selection of plant material.
E.g: Selection of herbal species that contain some active
constituent but lesser in amount.
Spoilage:
It is substandard condition produce by microbial or
other pest infestation which makes a products unfit for
consumption which can be avoided by careful attention to
drying and storage conditions.
INFERIORITY:

9. It refer to any impairment on the Quality or value of an
article due some physical process.
E.g: Distilation , aging ,moisture, heat , resulting in
destruction of its valueable constituents.
Admixture:
It is the condition of one article to an other
through accident ignorance or carelessness.
E.g: Inclusion of soil on an under ground organ or co-
collection to similar species
DETERIORATION:

10. Its means addition of superior or inferior
material to an article with and intent to defraud.
E.g: Ginger powder may be diluted with starch with
addition little colouring material to give the correct
shade of yellow colour.
SOPHISTICATION:

11. Substitution:
It is the addition of an entirely different article in
place of that which required.
E.g: Supply of cheap cotton seed oil in place olive oil.

12. Adulteration occur when drug is scarce crude drug is non –
economical contraband drugs are used .Adulteration may be
done intentionally as in about cases and some time it is
accidental.
Method of adulteration substitution with
substandard drugs:
This is most common practice of
adulteration where the adulterants resemble the original crude
drugs.In morphological chemical and therapeutic characteristics
but are substandard in nature and hence cheaper in Cast
.capsicum annum in place of capsicum minimum.
E.g: Varieties of African ,Japanies ginger
WHY ADULTERATION OCCUR ?

13. Adulteration is done by using such a varieties of similar drugs
which may or may not be posses any chemical or original drug.
E.g Bella Dona leaves are substituted with Ailanthus leaves.
SUBSTITUTION WITH INFERIOR DRUGS:

14. Substances that are prepared artificially in a way to resemble original
drug are used as substitutes. This is done for costly substances .
e.g. chicory in place of coffee.
SUBSTITUTION WITH MANUFACTURED AGENT:-

15. Some times the other plants growing along with medicinal plant are
admixed with the authentic drugs due to resemblance in color , order
or in some cases constituents.
e.g : cinchona the stem portions are mixed along with leaf drugs like
senna and lobelia.
Addition of toxic principle:
Some times waste from the market is collected and admixed with
authentic drugs. This is particularly true for liquid or unorganized
drugs.
E.g: white oil in coconut oil and cocoa buter mixed with stearin of
paraffin also in certain causes.
PRESENCE OF EXTRA COMPONENT OF CRUDE
DRUG:

17. Besides substitution of crude drugs sometimes other
method are also employed for adulteration purposes.
Synthetic chemicals are used to inhance the natural characters.
E.g: addition of citrol to citrus oil as lemon or orange oil.
Adulteration of powder:
The most common form of drugs that in expose of
adulteration is powdered drugs.
E.g: Ginger powder in powdered colocynth.
Or gingle red sander wood in capsicum e.t.c.
ADDITION OF SYNTHETIC
AGENTS:

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