This document provides an overview of drug abuse and addiction. It defines key terms like drugs, controlled substances, drug abuse, and reasons for abuse. It describes common signs of abuse and polydrug abuse. It also covers warning signs, routes of administration, and how drugs affect the brain. The document classifies common drugs and explains concepts like tolerance, dependence, addiction, treatment, withdrawal symptoms, and effects of addiction. It provides details on major drug classes like opioids, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids.

1. Topic : Drug Abuse and Addiction

2. Contents :
• Overview
• Drug and Controlled Substance
• Classification based on legal definition
• Drug Abuse
• Reasons for abuse
• Signs and symptoms
• Poludrug abuse
• Warning Signs
• Route of Administration
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 2

3. 2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 3

4. Introduction :
"Drug take you to Hell, disguised as Heaven.
This statement defines the meaning of drug
accurately in single line. Using a drug as a means to
learn how to live life is Drug Ause.
Drug abuse is a serious public health problem that
affects almost every community and family in some
way. Each year drug abuse causes millions of serious
illness or injuries among world.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 4

5. Misuse
Use
Abuse
Drugs are Chemical substances how your body and mind work
in usual way. They are intended for diagnosis, treatment and
preventive action.
Drug
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 5

6. Controlled substance :
• The substance or drug of which the use, sale or distribution
is regulated by the federal government or a state
government entity are Controlled Substance. They are
classified on the federal level in the Controlled Substance
Act (CSA). The purpose of Controlled Substance Act is to
minimize the quantity of usable substances available to
those who likely to abuse them.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 6

7. DRUG ABUSE
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 7

8. What is Drug Abuse?
• Drug abuse refers to use of drug other than its main use.
• Feeling of well being or pleasure is the main reason behind the
abuse of drug which is called as Euphoria.
• Drug abuse also plays a role in many major social problems such
as Drugged driving, violence ,stress and child abuse and leads to
homelessness, crime and missed work or problem with keeping
a job.
• Drug abuse may lead to its Addiction, but that is not always the
case. In fact, it is possible for a person to abuse drugs or alcohol
without becoming addicted.
• The effects produced by any drug can vary and it is dependent
on its quantity i.e.Dose and route of administration.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 8

9. Reasons
for
Abuse
To Feel
Better
To Do
Better
Curiosity
& Social
Pressure
To Feel
Good
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 9

10. Common signs and symptoms of
Drug Abuse:
• Neglecting responsibilities at school, work, home. e.g.
Flunking classes, Skipping work, neglecting your child.
• Problems in relationships such as fight with your partner or
family members ,boss or colleagues and friends.
• Spending time with new persons who get high or drink.
• Having no money and asking to borrow it for even small
expenses
• Less attention towards personal hygiene
• Showing up late to work or school and daily routine
• Changes in sleeping habit
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 10

11. Poly Drug Abuse:
• Polydrug use is a very under-researched area in
regard to why it is done and how different drugs
may interact; and in regard to the potential harm
that may arise from such practices
• For example, ethanol alters cocaine metabolism
and results in the production of coca ethylene
which is more potent than cocaine and has greater
cardiovascular toxicity.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 11

12. Warning signs
PHYSICAL
BEHAVIORAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 12

13. Physical warning signs :
• Bloodshot eyes, pupils larger or smaller than usual
• Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
• Sudden weight loss or weight gain
• Deterioration of physical appearance, personal
grooming habits
• Unusual smells on breath, body, or clothing
• Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired coordination
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 13

14. Behavioral warning signs :
• Drop in attendance and performance
• Unexplained financial problems
• borrowing or stealing
• Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors
• Sudden change in friends, favorite hangouts, and
hobbies
• Frequently getting into trouble (fights, accidents,
illegal activities)
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 14

15. Psychological warning signs :
• Unexplained change in personality or attitude
• Sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts
• Periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or
giddiness
• Lack of motivation; appears lethargic or “spaced
out”
• Appears fearful, anxious, or paranoid
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 15

16. Route of Administration
Oral Injection
Snorting Smoking
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 16

17. Effect on Brain :
• The parts of the brain affected by drugs are the
front-most parts of the brain, called the frontal
lobes, including the frontal cortex and prefrontal
cortex.
• When a person takes drugs, the inhibitory functions
of the brain are particularly impaired.
• This disinhibition can lead to the substance abuser
engaging in aggressive, sexual, criminal, dangerous,
or other activities that can have devastating
consequences for the addicted person or those
around him or her.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 17

18. All the abused drugs have one thing common among
them that is they change the function of brain
• Taking drugs cause a rush of Dopamine hormone in the
brain ,that trigger the euphoria i.e. felling of pleasure.
The brain recognize and remember that feeling and
repeat it.
• When a person become addicted to that drug, it takes
on the importance as other behaviors to survive like
eating, drinking, sleeping, etc.
• The urge or willingness for the drug becomes so strong
that the mind finds many ways to deny or recognize the
addition.
• The person drastically underestimate the amount of
drug he taking, it’s impact on daily life and the level of
control he have on the usage.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 18

19. Drug Harm
All drugs of abuse are harmful at different extent.
Adverse effects can resulting from :
• The drug overdose (e.g. respiratory depression by
opioids)
• The effects on tissues other than the brain (e.g.
necrosis of the nasal septum due to chronic use of
cocaine)
• The route of administration (e.g. HIV and infectious
disease in drug users who share needles)
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 19

20. Tolerance :
• Tolerance occur when the person cannot respond
to a particular drug as he did prior. It takes
increased drug dose to produce the therapeutic
effect. This is the only reason why people having
substance use disorder administer higher dose of
drug to get the ‘high' they seek.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 20

21. Dependence:
• Drug dependence is defined as the condition in
which drug taking becomes compulsive, taking
precedence over other needs, often with serious
adverse consequences.
• Examples are disease associated with tobacco
chewing ,mental incapability and liver cirrhosis due
to ethanol drinking, serious risk of overdose with
opiates and criminal behavior restored to when
drug users need to finance their habit.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 21

22. Drug Addiction :
• Drug Addiction, also called Substance Use Disorder,
is a disease that affects a person’s brain and
behavior which can leads to inability to control the
use of a legal or illegal drug.
• The urge or desire to get and use the drugs can fill
up every in day even if you want to quit.
• Addiction is when you can’t stop; not when it puts
the user in danger; not when it produce mental,
emotional or financial and other problems.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 22

23. Neurobiology of Addiction :
• Although abuse drugs have different initial targets and
actions, the resultant addictions share several key features
owing to common effects on crucial neural circuits.
• The release and/or increase in dopamine levels in crucial
brain regions particularly the nucleus accumbens and in
related regions of the mesolimbic mesocortical
dopaminergic system are important for reinforcing effects
of cocaine and other drugs of abuse, from alcohol and
opiates to nicotine and cannabis.
• For example,Cocaine acts by blocking the presynaptic
transporter for dopamine, also the presynaptic transporters
for serotonin and noradrenaline, thereby flooding the
synapse with dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 23

24. Effects of
Addiction
Physical
Health
Cognitive
Health
Psychological
Health
Emotional
Health
Spiritual
Health
Social
Health
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 24

25. Treatment:
Treatment of substance abuser depends upon the
severity and nature of the addiction, motivation and
availability of services.
• P’cological treatment
• Fighting substance abuse
• Reduction of supply
• Legalisation
• Behavioral therapies
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 25

26. Withdrawal and its Symptoms:
• Withdrawal syndrome is defined in terms of the
clusters of signs and symptoms that result from forced
or voluntary abstinence.
• It is a physical process during which body adapts to the
absence of drug to which it is physically dependent. The
patient who is chronic abuser is compelled to use more
drugs to avoid withdrawal effects as it is physically and
physiologically undesired.
• subjective symptoms are anxiety, anhedonia,
dysphoria, depression and drug craving are common to
withdrawal from several drugs of abuse, including
sedative-hypnotics, nicotine, opiates and psychomotor
stimulants.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 26

27. INTRODUCTION TO DRUG CLASSES
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 27

28. Opioids / Narcotics :
• Opioids include around 20 alkaloids
that acts on opioid receptor. Some
are derived from opium poppy
while others are synthetic. There
are approximately half of million
people are addicted to opiates.
• Examples :
• Natural - Morphine ,Codeine
• Semi synthetic - Heroin,
• Synthetic -Fentanyl
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 28

29. • Depressants slow down central nervous
system. Depressants will put you to sleep,
relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and
prevent seizures. Depressant drugs are
abused for euphoric effects and as a means
to reduce anxiety and limit insomnia.
• Example :Alcohol – Ethyl alcohol
• Benzodiazepines - valium, Xanax, Halcion,
Ativan, Klonopin, Restoril, Rohypnol
• Barbiturates - secobarbital, pentobarbital,
and amobarbital
• Anxiolytics - diazepam, chlordiazepoxide,
midazolam, lorazepam, and flurazepam
Depressants
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 29

30. • Stimulants speed up the central
nervous system for 2-5 hours by
taking single dose.As the name
suggests, stimulants increase
alertness, attention, energy and
elevate blood pressure, heart rate,
and respiration.
• Examples:Cocaine, Amphetamine,
Khat, Methamphetamine, Nicotine,
Caffeine, Ecstasy (MDMA)
Stimulants
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 30

31. Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogens are the drugs that change
the perception, usually visual or
auditory.
• Examples: Ecstasy /MDMA, ketamine,
peyote, mescaline
• Primary mechanism of hallucinogens is
to activate 5-HT2 receptor.
• Other drugs activate serotonin receptor
by increasing serotonin release in limbic
system, neocortex and brainstem.
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 31

32. Anabolic Steroids
• Anabolic steroids are synthetically
produced variants of the naturally
occurring male hormone testosterone
that are abused in an attempt to
promote muscle growth, enhance
athletic or other physical
performance, and improve physical
appearance.
• They induce negative mental effects
like mania, impaired judgement,
delusions, irritability, aggression, etc.
• Examples :Testosterone, nandrolone,
stanozolol,
2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 32

33. 2022/4/6 Dhruvi Machhi 33
THANK YOU