RULES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY
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The document outlines the responsibilities of community pharmacists in four areas: central, direct patient care, general, and patient care area responsibilities. It discusses ensuring policies and procedures are followed, checking accuracy of doses, providing proper drug control and storage, clarifying patient understanding of medications, advising on precautions, evaluating responses, monitoring total drug therapy, counseling patients, and participating in emergencies. General responsibilities include processing prescriptions, dispensing, health promotions, drug information services, and patient counseling. The pharmacist verifies prescription safety and accuracy, checks records, counsels patients, and is aware of drug histories.
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PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE IS VERY IMPORTANT IN RECENT DAYS TO MAKE SURE DRUG FORMULARY MAINTENANCE
A. SUJATHA
Clinical trials are research studies that test new treatments for cancer. Every cancer treatment available today was tested in clinical trials first. There are four phases of clinical trials. Phase I trials test safety with a small group. Phase II trials provide initial evidence of effectiveness and further test safety. Phase III trials involve large groups of people to confirm effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare to standard treatments. Phase IV trials collect longer term safety and effectiveness data after approval.
VELAVARTHIPATI PRUDHVI SAI
This document provides an example of performing an ABC analysis on a list of 10 drugs in an inventory. It lists the drugs, their unit costs, total units, and cumulative costs. Based on the cumulative costs, it categorizes the drugs into classes A, B, and C, with class A contributing the most to total costs. The analysis found that 0% of drugs fell into class A, 30% into class B, and 70% into class C.
UNNAM VENKATESWARLU
Clinical trials involve 5 phases (0-4) to study a drug's safety and efficacy in humans. Phase 0 trials use very low doses to determine pharmacokinetics. Phase 1 trials use small groups to determine safety and side effects. Phase 2 trials administer the drug to patients with the target disease to identify effective and safe doses. Phase 3 trials further evaluate safety and efficacy in large patient groups. Phase 4 trials monitor long-term safety and effectiveness after marketing approval and may explore other uses. Successful completion of all phases allows submission of a New Drug Application to regulatory authorities for marketing approval.
HARSHINI SAIDU
This document defines and classifies various sources of drug information. It discusses primary sources like journals and reports that contain original research. Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources, including review journals and databases. Tertiary sources combine and summarize primary and secondary sources, such as textbooks and encyclopedias. The document provides examples of specific drug information resources and recommends primary and secondary sources to consult for different types of drug-related questions.
RAGAM SWETHA SAMRAJYAM
This document discusses the different phases of clinical trials. It explains that clinical trials are conducted in five phases: Phase 0, Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, and Phase IV. Phase 0 involves microdosing to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Phase I studies safety in healthy volunteers. Phase II explores efficacy in patients and determines dosing. Phase III further tests efficacy and safety in larger patient groups. Phase IV occurs after approval to collect additional safety and efficacy data. Together, these phases provide data on new drugs to determine their safety and effectiveness for regulatory approval and marketing.
P. MERIKUMARI
The document discusses the development of a formulary for a 300 bed teaching hospital. It defines a hospital formulary as a compilation of pharmaceutical agents and dosages selected by the medical staff to be most useful for patient care. It describes the types of formularies as open, closed, or incentive-based. It outlines the steps to prepare a formulary including identifying common diseases, treatments, capabilities, drafting the list, and preparing drug monographs. It also discusses managing the formulary through additions or deletions and periodic reviews. Examples of established formularies are provided and the pharmacist's key role in the development and maintenance of the formulary is highlighted.
NARISETTI SINDURA
The document discusses ABC analysis, an inventory categorization method that divides items into categories A, B, and C based on their annual consumption value. Category A items have the highest value and make up 10-20% of inventory items but 70-80% of total value. Category C items have the lowest value and make up 50% of inventory items but 5% of total value. The document then performs ABC analysis on 10 drugs, finding that 30% of drugs fall into Category B and 70% into Category C, with no drugs in Category A.
M. SRUJANA
The document discusses the development of a hospital formulary for a 300 bed teaching hospital. It defines a hospital formulary and describes the hospital formulary system. There are three main types of formularies: open, closed/restricted, and incentive based. The document outlines the steps to prepare a hospital formulary, including identifying common diseases, creating a draft list, getting department feedback, and preparing drug monographs. It also covers managing the formulary list by adding and deleting drugs based on efficacy, safety, and cost. The roles of the pharmacy department in developing and maintaining the formulary are also summarized.
kamma sri pandu mukharjee
This document provides information on ABC analysis, a technique for inventory management. It categorizes inventory items into three classes - A, B, and C - based on their value and consumption. Class A items, which are 10% of the inventory but account for 75% of total value, receive the most management attention. Class C items receive the least attention. The document demonstrates performing ABC analysis on a sample pharmacy inventory, categorizing items and discussing applications of the analysis technique.
J. SUBRAHMANYAM
This document outlines the role and operations of a Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee in a hospital. The committee is responsible for advising on therapeutic drug use, educating medical staff, and monitoring drug safety and adverse reactions. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The committee meets regularly to review formularies, new drugs, adverse reactions, and subcommittee reports. It aims to ensure drug safety through policies like automatic stop orders, emergency drug lists, defect reporting, and drug utilization reviews.
KHANDEKER FATIMA FARAH HASSAN
This document contains several case studies of patients who were prescribed multiple medications. For each case study, it identifies potential drug-drug interactions between the prescribed medications based on their mechanisms and effects. It provides the management recommendations to address each interaction, such as using caution, monitoring for specific adverse effects, or considering dose adjustments. The goal is to evaluate prescriptions for drug interactions and determine suitable management approaches to address any safety risks.
DASARI NIROOSHA
The document discusses the different phases of clinical trials, including:
- Phase I trials test safety on volunteers
- Phase II trials evaluate efficacy on patient populations
- Phase III trials further assess efficacy on larger patient groups to demonstrate safety and effectiveness
It also covers key aspects of clinical trials such as trial teams, the assessment process after a trial is complete, and advantages like providing strong evidence to support policies and minimize bias.
KOTHA BHUVANESWARI
This document provides an overview of the various phases of clinical trials. It discusses phase 0 microdosing trials, phase I safety trials in small patient groups, phase II efficacy trials in larger patient groups, phase III expanded trials to confirm efficacy and safety, and phase IV post-marketing trials. The goal of clinical trials is to systematically study new drugs in human subjects to determine their safety and efficacy.
V. SIVANI
The document discusses the role and composition of a pharmacy and therapeutics committee in a hospital. The committee is responsible for advising on therapeutic drug use, educating medical staff, and monitoring drug safety and adverse reactions. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The committee establishes drug formularies, reviews new drugs, monitors adverse reactions, and ensures emergency drug supplies are available. It aims to promote safe and effective drug use in the hospital.
R. SAI YAMINI
The document discusses the development of a hospital formulary for a 300 bed teaching hospital. It defines a hospital formulary as a compilation of drugs, dosages, and forms approved by the medical staff. It describes the hospital formulary system and the steps to prepare the formulary including identifying common diseases, treatments, the hospital's capabilities, and obtaining feedback. It also discusses types of formularies, managing the formulary list, maintaining the formulary, examples of other formularies, and the pharmacist's role in the process.
INDU
EVALUATION OF PRESCRIPTIONS GENERATED IN HOSPITAL FOR DRUG INTERACTIONS AND FIND OUT THE SUITABLE MANAGEMENT
DINDI.SANDHYA RANI
This document discusses various sources of drug information and a systematic approach for providing unbiased drug information. It describes primary, secondary, and tertiary resources. Primary resources include clinical trials and journal articles. Secondary resources are indexing and abstracting services like MEDLINE. Tertiary resources include textbooks, formularies, and drug compendia that summarize and synthesize information from multiple sources. The document emphasizes that tertiary resources are usually the best starting point for answering drug information questions.
A.sai sivani
This document presents an ABC analysis of 10 drugs in a pharmacy inventory. ABC analysis involves ranking inventory items based on their total cost and dividing them into categories. The analysis showed:
- Category A (10% of items, highest cost) included 1 drug, Amikacin injection
- Category B (40% of items, intermediate cost) included 4 drugs
- Category C (50% of items, lowest cost) included the remaining 5 drugs
The ABC analysis allows the pharmacy to prioritize inventory management efforts based on cost.
V. RAGINI
This document describes an ABC analysis performed on 10 drugs in a pharmacy inventory. ABC analysis involves categorizing inventory items into A, B, and C categories based on their total cost. The analysis found that 0% of drugs fell into the A category, 10% fell into the B category, and 90% fell into the C category. The C category drugs accounted for the majority (90%) of inventory items but a smaller percentage (40.8%) of total costs. This analysis can help optimize inventory management by prioritizing control measures for higher cost items.
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RULES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY
- 1. Submitted by G.OOHITHA 16AB1T0009 Pharm. D 2nd year SUBMITTED TO Dr. G. RAMESH B.PHARM, PHARM. D (P.B) Assistant Professor Department of PHARMACY
- 2. The consultative group of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION listed the following responsibilities as the professional responsibility of the community pharmacy The international pharmaceutical federation also confirms the same
- 3. Central pharmacist responsibilities Direct patient care area responsibilities General responsibilities Patient care area responsibilities They are four methods
- 4. To ensure that established policies and procedures are followed Checks for the accuracy of doses prepared 1.Intravenous admixtures 2.Unit dose Provides for proper drug control Ensures that drugs are stored and dispensed properly Eg:- Investigational drugs Ensures that all state and federal drug laws are followed
- 5. The pharmacist seek to collect and integrate information about the patients drug history Should clarify patients understanding of the intended regimen and method of administration Should advise the patient of drug related precaution Evaluate the therapeutic response
- 6. Performs direct nursing tasks including taking their vital signs Assists in drug-product and entity selection Monitors patients total drug therapy Side effects Toxicities Allergic drug reactions Drug interaction Appropriate therapeutic out comes Counsels patients on discharge medications Participates in cardiopulmonary emergencies
- 7. General responsibilities of community pharmacy are Processing of the prescription Dispensing Health promotions Drug information services Patient counseling
- 8. The pharmacist verifies the legality and safety and appropriateness of the prescription order Checks the patient medication record before dispensing the prescription Counsel the patient to take proper medication It is a pharmacist responsibility to be fully aware of the patients past and current drug history
- 9. Dispensing means to prepare and supply of medicine to an individual in accordance with the prescription of a practitioner. Check the doses of preparations which are meant for internal use Checks there is no incompatibility in the preparation
- 10. Collect the correct container and closure Prepare the label as per requirement of the container Make the preparation, transfer it into a container and polish it Fix the label to the container Check the finished preparation Maintain the record of the preparation which is dispensed
- 11. The pharmacist can take part in health promotion campaigns, locally and nationally On a wide range of health-related topics and particularly on drug-related topics like Rational use of drugs Alcohol abuse Tobacco use Poison prevent
- 12. Topics concerned with other health problems like Diarrheal disease Tuberculosis Leprosy HIV Family planning They may also take part in the educational of local community groups in health promotions
- 13. General information is provided to patient for immediate information needed. It also promotes adverse drug reaction (ADK awareness). The centre also participates in the ADR reposting program of food and drug. The product problem reporting system to ensure drug safety by guidance in the event of a defect in the quality of drugs. Eg :- color change in tablet or participate matter in infusion fluids.
- 14. Dialogues between patient and physician regarding the indication, proper use and adverse effects of non–prescription drugs (NPDs) should be different as compared. In the era, the cost considerations are greater then ever, NPDs should be considered and referred when appropriate, as alternatives to prescription drug.