The document discusses drug addiction, its prevalence, symptoms, and cultural factors influencing drug use, particularly in India. It highlights the complexity of addiction as a disease affecting individuals and families, outlines risk factors, and emphasizes the importance of support and prevention strategies. Additionally, it addresses treatment options and dispels common myths about addiction.

1. Drug addiction awareness
Dr Sagar Garag
M.D. Psychiatry PG Student
Department of Psychiatry
KIMS Hubballi

2. What are the common questions about drugs?
1. What is drug addiction ?
2. What is hangover ?
3. What is “detox” ?
4. If a pregnant woman uses drugs, how does
it affect the baby during and after
pregnancy?
5. Is medical marijuana good for health ?
6. Are there effective treatments for drug
addiction?
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3. DRUG CULTURE
◎Drug abusers may be part of a powerful “culture” where drug use is
considered “normal”. They may come from a tradition of social drug
use, such as a community of adults who drink home brew, smoke
cannabis or chew khat as a social activity, despite the negative effects
that this habit has on their health and the well-being of their families.
◎The Rastafarian Reggae star Bob Marley, one of the most popular
recording artists of all time, was an advocate of cannabis use that had
social, recreational, and religious sanction. Young people may have
deep affection, even reverence for figures like Marley and they might
try to copy him or follow what some call his “philosophy”.
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4. WHAT IS ADDICTION?
◎Addiction is a complex disease, often chronic in
nature, which affects the functioning of the brain
and body. It also causes serious damage to
families, relationships, schools, workplaces and
neighbourhoods.
◎The most common symptoms of addiction are
severe loss of control, continued use despite
serious consequences, preoccupation with using,
failed attempts to quit, tolerance and withdrawal.
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5. 5
Drug abuse in India

6. Prevalance – Indian perspective
◎Alcohol and nicotine M/C Legal drugs abused
◎Cannabis and Opioid M/C Illegal drugs abused
◎Prevalence of Opioid use in India is 3 times
the global average
◎Inhalant abuse is more prevalent among
adolescents than in adults.
◎Data from National Survey on the extent, pattern and trend of drug use
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7. 1 in 5alcohol user suffers from alcohol addiction
3 in 10tobacco user suffers from Nicotine addiction
1 in 11cannabis user suffers from Cannabis addiction
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8. What are drugs (psychoactive substance) ?
◎A drug is any substance people take to change either
the way they feel, think, or behave.
◎This description covers alcohol and tobacco as well as other
natural and manufactured drugs.
◎In the past, most of the drugs that were used were made from
plants. That is, plants grown and then converted into drugs such
as cocaine, heroin and cannabis (or marijuana).
◎In the 20th century, people found out how to make drugs from
chemicals. These are called man-made, or synthetic drugs, and
include speed, ecstasy, LSD, “batu”, “hot ice”, “kleenex”, “adam”
and “meth”, etc.
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9. Types of Drugs
LEGAL DRUGS
◎ Approved by law for sale
over the counter or by
doctor's prescription
1. Prescription medicine
(analgesics, BZD)
2. Alcoholic beverages,
3. Nicotine
4. Inhalants (nail polish, glue,
inhalers, gasoline)
ILLEGAL DRUGS
1. Cannabis and
synthetic anologues
2. Cocaine
3. Lysergic acid
diethylamide
4. Phencycline
5. MDMA (Ecstasy)
6. GHB (gamma
hydroxybutyrate)
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10. ◎Consumption of licit and illicit substances
has increased all over the world and the
age of initiation of abuse is progressively
falling.
◎Although initiation to drug use usually
occurs during adolescence, the adolescent
drug users are seldom seen in various
treatment centres.
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11. Risk Factors of Addiction : multi-factorial
1. Biological factors: genetic predisposition,
gender, physiological factors – liver
enzymes slow/rapid metobolisers
2. Psychological factors: Personality factors,
trauma & abuse, psychiatric disorders
3. Social factors: Family factor, accessibility
factors, peer group, employment status.
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12. Addiction - A Family Disease
Risk for addiction is
inherited.
Children of
addicted mothers
and fathers to be
at a much higher
risk of developing
their drug
dependencies.
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13. Why do people use drugs?
“Modified Social Stress Model”
◎There are a number of factors in ones life
that can cause one to start using drugs;
these, they call RISK FACTORS.
◎At the same time, there are some other
factors that prevent one from doing so and
these are called PROTECTIVE FACTORS.
◎If the risk factors in an individual’s life
outweigh the protective factors, it is likely
that (s)he will start abusing drugs. 13

14. 14
Risk
Factors
Personal
Environmental
Protective
Factors
Personal
Environmental

15. RISK FACTORS - Personal factors
◎Genetic predisposition
◎Peer factors, personality, attitudes (e.g.
drug using peers, poor self esteem,
aggression)
◎School factors (e.g. poor academic
performance, low intelligence)
◎Co-existing psychiatric disorder (e.g.
attention deficit disorder, depression,
conduct disorder).
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16. RISK FACTORS - Enviromental factors
◎Parenting issues – perceived neglect
◎Role model deficit - The person’s parents,
brothers or sisters, peer groups abuse
drugs of any kind.
◎The person does not have a family
◎Mentally, physically or sexually abused
◎Boredom
◎There is widespread availability of licit and
illicit substances, f free unstructured time
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17. PROTECTIVE FACTORS - Personal Factors
◎Well-developed personal skills to deal with
difficult situations such as an ability to
analyse situations, to take decisions
assertievely, to communicate with others,
to relax, to negotiate etc.
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18. Protective Factors - Environmental
◎Good personal connections to people
including family members and
friends,teachers, animals and things that
encourage caring, sharing and bonding.
◎Adequate resources to meet emotional
needs in house and school/college.
◎The laws that regulate substance use are
stringent and well enforced and access to
licit and illicit drugs is limited or difficult
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19. Motivations for Drug Use
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20. Motivations for Drug Use
◎People take drugs for many reasons, and they may take
stimulants to keep alert, or cocaine for the feeling of excitement
it produces.
◎– peer pressure
◎– relief of stress
◎– increased energy
◎– to relax
◎– to relieve pain
◎– to escape reality
◎– to feel more self-esteem, and for recreation.
◎Athletes and bodybuilders may take anabolic steroids to increase
muscle mass
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21. 21
Stages of drug use

22. Drug Dependence
◎Psychological dependence is the subjective
feeling that the user needs the drug to
maintain a feeling of well-being. Eg:
cocaine.
◎Physical dependence is characterized by
tolerance (the need for increasingly larger
doses in order to achieve the initial effect)
and withdrawal symptoms when the user is
abstinent.

23. EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN
◎All drugs of abuse - nicotine, cocaine,
marijuana, and others - effect the brain's
"reward" circuit, which is part of the limbic
system.
◎Drugs hijack this "reward" system, causing
unusually large amounts of dopamine to flood
the system.
◎ This flood of dopamine is what causes the
"high" or euphoria associated with drug abuse.
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24. Signs and Symptoms of drug addiction
◎Loss of control over use
◎Unsuccessful attempt to quit
◎Tolerence
◎Salience
◎Craving
◎Withdrawal symptoms
◎Use of the substance or activity disrupts
role obligations at work, school, or home.
◎Dysfunctions in various domains of life 24

25. Effects of Substance Abuse
The effects of substance abuse can be on
many levels:
◎on the individual,
◎ on friends and family,
◎ on society.
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26. Dual diagnosis – Psychiatric disorders due to Drug
addiction
◎Dual diagnosis is a term used to describe
people struggling with mental illness and
coexisting addiction problems.
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27. Consequences of Untreated drug addiction
DRUG USE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO MORE THAN 70 OTHER CONDITIONS
REQUIRING MEDICAL CARE, INCLUDING:
◎Cancer of the bladder, esophagus, larynx, lung, liver, pancreas,
breast and mouth
◎Heart disease and stroke
◎Pulmonary disease
◎Cirrhosis
◎Pancreatitis
◎Pregnancy complications
◎Infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis
◎Accidents and trauma
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Consequences of Untreated drug addiction
DRUGUSECANCONTRIBUTETOMORETHAN70OTHERCONDITIONS
REQUIRINGMEDICALCARE, INCLUDING:
◎Cancer of thebladder, esophagus, larynx, lung, liver, pancreas,
breast and mouth
◎Heart diseaseand stroke
◎Pulmonary disease
◎Cirrhosis
◎Pancreatitis
◎Pregnancy complications
◎Infectiousdiseasessuch asHIVand hepatitis
◎Accidentsand trauma
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28. 28
Lung
cancer
and
COPD

29. 29
Oral
Cancer

30. 30
Liver
Cirrhosis

31. 31
Trauma under
the Influence
of drugs

32. 32

33. 33
Problems in children born to parents who abuse drugs

34. Death due to drug overdose
◎Elvis Presley: Known as the
“king of rock and roll,” Elvis
died of an overdose in 1977.
Toxicologists identified at
least eight different
barbiturates in his body at
the time.
◎ Michael Jackson: Eerily
similar to Elvis, Jackson –
known as the “king of pop”
– was addicted to
barbiturates. In taking large
doses of Propofol for
insomnia, Jackson
overdosed and died in
2009.
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35. Behavioural Addictions-
Gambling, Shopping Gaming, Internet, Sex
◎Addiction is not limited to biochemical substances
such as cocaine, alcohol, inhalants, or nicotine.
◎It can involve behaviors that provide opportunities for
immediate reward.
◎Because of the fast feedback that occurs from such
activities, they can quickly turn a pastime into a
compulsive pursuit of reward that may lead to the
neglect of other life goals and create harmful
consequences, from the loss of large amounts of
money to the disruption of important relationships.
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36. How patients with drug addiction are brought to
psychiatrist ?
◎Difficulty in attention and concentration
◎Relationship problems
◎Anti-social behavior
◎Anxiety and panic attacks
◎Sleep disturbances
◎Sexual problems
◎Behavioral disorders
◎Suicidal behavior
◎Legal problems
◎Road traffic accidents
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37. Various treatment for addiction
◎Detoxification, conducted under medical
supervision.
◎Deaddiction
◎Diagnosis and treatment of underlying
psychiatric disorders
◎Rehabilitation-Life skills training, including employability skills.
◎Motivation Enhancement Therapy
◎Group therapy
◎Family Therapy
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38. CAN YOU PREVENT ADDICTION?
◎SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY-BASED ADDICTION
PREVENTION PROGRAMS CAN HELP CHILDREN, TEENS
AND ADOLESCENTS
◎Resist social pressures to engage in substance
use
◎Strenghten self-esteem
◎Improve decision-making and communication
skills
◎Manage stress and anxiety
◎Encouragement of positive alternatives
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39. Myths about drug addiction
1. Addiction is a moral failing
2. All people who use drugs are addicted
3. Drug Addiction is voluntary
4. Marijuana is not bad for health
5. Rehab doesn’t really work
6. Relapse equals failure
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40. “
THE TRUTH
It is never too late to get help.
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41. ◎M- Minimize needs and money management
◎E- Expectation, Empathize with others
◎N- Negative thinking to Positive Thinking
◎T– Today should get importance
◎A – Accept reality
◎L - Lonliness to be avoided
◎H– Hobbies
◎E – Express feelings
◎A – be Active
◎L – Learn skills
◎T – Take things as they come
◎H – Healthy lifestyle` 41

42. Thanks!
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