This document provides an analysis of drug abuse. It defines drug abuse as the misuse or excessive use of drugs beyond medical needs, usually at the cost of one's health. Some key factors that can facilitate drug abuse include availability, social acceptance, mobility, and lack of awareness of harmful effects. The document then classifies and describes different types of commonly abused drugs like narcotics, CNS depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, and solvents. It also discusses various drug testing methods like urine testing, hair testing, saliva testing, sweat testing, and blood testing.

1. ANALYSIS OF DRUG ABUSE
By
T.Shiva kumar
Shiva.pharmacist@mail.com

2. DEFINITION
 DRUG ABUSE: Drug abuse is relatively an old term
which describe inappropriate excessive or persistent
misuse of a drug behind the medical needs, usually
at the cost of ones health and deviates from approved
medical or social partners of norms with in a given
culture.
 Drug abuse: misuse; abuse: improper or
excessive use
Ex: alcohol abuse

3. CHARACTERS AND FACTORS OF DRUG
ABUSE
 An over powering desire(compulsion) to continue taking the drug in
spite of knowing its harmful effects.
 A tendency to increase the dose.
 A high tendency to withdrawl.
 Factors which facilitate initiation of drug abuse:
 Ready availability of drugs as in case of doctors and medical
students.
 General public acceptance of the use of mood modifiers such as
alcohol.
 Increasing mobility particularly of youth.
 An abundance of information about drug effect and sources.
 Lack of adequate publicity given to harmful effects of these
agents, and
 Unstable or broken homes, socio-cultural pressure & social ills

4. Classification of different drugs
1)Narcotics
2)CNS depressants
3)CNS stimulants
4)Hallucinogens
5)Cannabis preparations

5. NARCOTIC DRUGS
 The group of such drugs are
morphine,codeine,heroin, methadone, meperidine
(pethidine).
 Sources of narcotic drugs:
They are obtained from capsules of opium (poppy)
seeds.
 Effects of narcotic drugs:
These drugs cause stimulation of vagal centers
occulomotor centers, vomiting centets and cause euphoria. These
drugs cause depression of pain sensitivity, anxiety, cough centers &
respiration. Withdrawl of narcotic drugs produces time dependent
adverse effects. After 8-12 hrs of narcotics produce
lachrimation,persipiration yawning. After 12-14 hrs there may be
loss of sleep following by dilated
pupils, anorexia, restlessness, irritability,tremors.

6. CNS DEPRESSANTS
 Barbiturates(pentobarbitone)
 Barbiturates like drugs(methaqualon)
 Alcohol(beer,wine,rum,vodka etc,)
 Alcohol like drugs(chloral hydrate)
 Minor tranquilizers(diazepam)
 Effects of CNS depressants:
These drugs causes anti anxiety,leading to
sedation,leads to hypnosis,coma and finally may terminate death. There
effects are dependent on dose and route of administration. These drugs are
generally used as sedative, hypnotics, anticonvulsants or as muscle
relaxants. Withdrawl symptoms of CNS depressants are also time
dependent.
 With in 12-16hrs with drawl of CNS depressants result in
restlessness,anxity,weakness,cramps,neauseadays convulsion may be
produced .After 4-7 days patient feels delirium,agitatin&hyperthermia

7. CNS STIMULANT
 Cocaine and amghetamine are commonly abused
CNS stimulants.
 In moderate doses these produce
arousal,aleartness,decresed
apetite,wakefulness&increase senses of energy.
 In very high dose either orally or by I.V
route they intense pleasurable feelings. It`s toxic
relacation include hallucination ,delusion necrosis
&psychotic behaviour.

8. HALLUCINOGENS
 This class of drugs include LSD(Lysergic-acid-diethyl-amide),psilocybin&mescaline.
 Effects of hallucinogens:
 They produce hallucination,pleasure delusion pupil
dilation, tracycardia,increase body temperature,increase pulse rate &respiratiory
rate .They also produce alteration in time sense,colour perception&lossof
limitations.
 Cannabis preparation are also hallucinogens.These preparations are obtained
from the dried flowering tops of plants,cannabis,sativa,it`s different preparations
are as followes.
 Hashish(Arab)
 It is pure resin obtained from the tops of female hemp plants.
 Charas(India);
 It is obtained from flowers beads.
 Bhang(India): It is obtained from dried matured leaves of plants.
 Ganga(India) It is also obtained from flowering tops.
 Marijuana(Mexican cannabis): It is entire plant with variable portion. Commonly
refered to as THC.

9. SOLVENT SNUFFING
 The group of such solvents that are un knowingly
inhaled are as follows; plastic cements, nailpolish
remover, carbon tetra
chloride, gasoline, toluene, xylene, benzene, acetone,
alcohol.
 Effects of these solvents are depression &
psychotometic actions. Their immediate effects are
light headed
euphoria, hallucination,drowsiness, sedation &
coma.

10. TOBOCCO
 Nicotine is active ingrident in tobacco. Nicotine
stimulates various parts of nervous system. Followed
by depression.
 It causes constriction of peripheral
vessels, elevation of blood pressure and long term
effects of these drugs are loss of weight increase
incidences of heart attacks, lung cancer & decreased
life span is dose related in
irritability, agresivness, difficulty in concentrations &
depression

11. COMMON TYPES OF DRUG TESTS
 Adrug test is a technical analysis of biological
specimen for example
 Urine drug screen
 Hair testing
 Saliva drug screen
 Sweat drug screen
 Blood

12. URINE DRUG SCREEN
 The first step at the testing site is to split the collected urine sample
into two aliquots. One aliquot is first screened for drugs using an
analyzer that performs immunoassay as the initial screen. If the
urine screen is positive then another aliquot of the sample is used to
confirm the findings by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry
(GC-MS) methodology. If requested by the physician or
employer, certain drugs are screened for individually; these are
generally drugs part of a chemical class that are, for one of many
reasons, considered more abuse-prone or of concern. For
instance, this is, due to their wide recreational use[citation
needed](much more than similar drugs), done to oxycodone and
diamorphine, both sedative analgesics. If such a test is not
requested specifically, the more general test (in the preceding
case, the test for opiates) will detect the drugs, but
 the employer or patient will not have the benefit of the identity of
the drug.

13. HAIR TESTING
 Hair drug testing can detect drug use over a much
longer period of time,
 which is often used for highly safety-critical positions
where there is zero tolerance of drug usage.
 Standard hair follicle screen covers a period of30 to
90 days. The growth ofhair is usually at the rate of
0.5 inches per month. The hair sample is cut close to
the scalp and 80 to 120 strands of hair are needed for
the test. In the absence of hair on the head, body hair
can be used as an acceptable substitute

14. SALIVA DRUG SCREEN
 Saliva / oralfluid-based drug tests can generally detect use during
the previous few hours to 1–2 days. THC may only be
 detectable for less than 12 hours in most cases. On site drug tests
are allowed per the Department ofLabor.
 Detection in saliva tests begins almost immediately upon use ofthe
following substances, and lasts for approximately the
 following times:
 Alcohol:6–24 h
 NOTE:Saliva tests are poorly sensitive to THC and detection times
can vary considerably based on the cutoffs used.
 some cases drug use may only be detectable for a few hours.
 Adulteration products are readily available on the Internet to avoid
oralfluid detection

15. SWEAT DRUG SCREEN
 Sweat are patches attached to the skin to collect
sweat over a long period of time (1–4 Hours). These
are almost exclusively
 used by child protective services, parole
departments, and other government institutions
concerned with drug use over long
 periods, when urine testing is not practical

16. BLOOD
 Drug-testing a blood sample measures whether or not a drug
or a metabolite is in the body at a particular time. These types
 of tests are considered to be the most accurate way oftelling if
a person is intoxicated. Blood drug tests are not used very
 often because they need specialized equipment and medically
trained administers. These factors make it a more costly
testing
 method.
 Depending on how much marijuana was consumed, it can
usually be detected in blood tests within six hours of
consumption.
 After six hours has passed, the concentration of marijuana in
the blood decreases significantly. It generally disappears
 completely after 22 hours

17. THANK YOU
 Any suggestions, or questions?????
Mail at
 Shiva.pharmacist@gmail.com