The document discusses terminology related to drug abuse, dependence, and addiction. It notes that definitions from 1957 and 1964 led to confusion, so the DSM-IV introduced criteria for abuse and dependence in 2000. Dependence requires 3 or more criteria in a year, such as tolerance, withdrawal, or continued use despite consequences. Abuse requires 1 or more criteria, like failure to fulfill roles or use in hazardous situations. The DSM-5 consolidated abuse and dependence into substance use disorder, with a threshold of 2 criteria. Risk factors include mental health issues, access, stress, and family environment. Addiction is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Drugs –What they Are and What they Do ?
CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS DRUGS
Two main Categories of Drugs
Why do so many Teenagers start down this potentially Dangerous path ?
- Why do people start?
Causes
TREATMENT
Think again
The Psychology and Neurology of Substance Related DisordersRaymond Zakhari
New York City Chapter Men In Nursing Conference 2016 an overview (includes specific information regarding marijuana, stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants)
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Drugs –What they Are and What they Do ?
CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS DRUGS
Two main Categories of Drugs
Why do so many Teenagers start down this potentially Dangerous path ?
- Why do people start?
Causes
TREATMENT
Think again
The Psychology and Neurology of Substance Related DisordersRaymond Zakhari
New York City Chapter Men In Nursing Conference 2016 an overview (includes specific information regarding marijuana, stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants)
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Part of the Addiction Counselor Certification Training Series. Theories of addiction including moral, medical
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
Here is a concise and conceptual view of Drug Addiction,explaining how physiologically and psychologically a person become addict,also what are the chemical changes in which part of brain responsible for addiction.
Nodict (Naltrexone Hydrochloride Tablets) is used as part of a complete treatment program in adults to treat alcoholism and narcotic (opioid) addiction. It is used as part of a complete treatment program for drug abuse (e.g., compliance monitoring, counseling, behavioral contract, lifestyle changes).
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Part of the Addiction Counselor Certification Training Series. Theories of addiction including moral, medical
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
Here is a concise and conceptual view of Drug Addiction,explaining how physiologically and psychologically a person become addict,also what are the chemical changes in which part of brain responsible for addiction.
Nodict (Naltrexone Hydrochloride Tablets) is used as part of a complete treatment program in adults to treat alcoholism and narcotic (opioid) addiction. It is used as part of a complete treatment program for drug abuse (e.g., compliance monitoring, counseling, behavioral contract, lifestyle changes).
Explaining Drug Use and AbuseChapter 2.docxSANSKAR20
Explaining Drug Use
and Abuse
Chapter 2
Basic Reasons People Take DrugsSearching for pleasureRelieve pain, stress, tension, or depressionPeer pressureEnhance religious or mystical experiencesEnhance social experiencesEnhance work performance, (i.e. amphetamine-types of drugs and cocaine)Drugs (primarily performance-enhancing drugs) can be used to improve athletic performanceRelieve pain or symptoms of illness
Can you think of any additional reasons not listed above?
Use- Abuse- DependencyUse = no problemsAbuse = problemsSituational/CircumstantialAddiction/ Dependency = Loss of Control
2012 Jones and Bartlett, LLC
Nature of Addiction
Should addiction be considered: A bad habit? A failure of healthy choices? A failure of morality? A symptom of other problems? A chronic disease?
Defining AddictionThe term addiction is derived from the Latin verb addicere, which refers to the process of binding to things. Today, the word largely refers to a chronic adherence (attachment) to drugs.Originally, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined it as “a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and society, which is characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means” (1964, pp. 9–10).Addiction is a complex disease.
Another Definition of AddictionThe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines addiction as “. . . a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain—they change its structure and how it works. These brain changes can be long lasting and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in people who abuse drugs” (NIDA 2008a, p. 5).
Old and New Definitions
American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersDSM III and IV for past 40 years had one definition of Alcohol/Drug Abuse and one for Alcohol Drug Addiction/Dependence2013- DSM V now has “Substance Abuse Disorder” with mild moderate and severe levels
(Older) Substance Abuse: DSM-IV-TRA maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one or more of the following occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
Recurrent substance use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home
Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
Recurrent substance-related legal problems
Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance
2012 Jones and Bartlett, LLC
*
(Older) Substance Dependence: DSM-IVA maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three or more of the following occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
Tolerance
Withd ...
Substance abuse and addiction during adulthoodLydia Betsy
Definition of substance abuse, addiction and adulthood. Various stages of addiction, how one can overcome addiction and substance abuse, substance abuse and addiction across adulthood years. Effect on the mental health of an individual support with research studies.
Training innovations dual diagnosis cambian fountains march 16Patrick Doyle
Dual Diagnosis describes the co-occurring problems of mental illness and substance misuse. However, the term 'dual' is something of a misnomer - the needs of this client group are often highly complex and extend beyond the relatively simplistic scenario implied by the term 'dual diagnosis'. This course uses realistic scenarios to enable participants to look at the reasons why mentally ill clients are so prone to drug and alcohol problems, the potential consequences of dual diagnosis, and current assessment and treatment approaches
Duration: half-day. one day, or two day options
Experience: None required
This course is suitable for: all staff currently working within health and social care settings in the United Kingdom. The course is designed to meet the training needs of domiciliary care agencies, care home or hospital settings and all staff. The course is also ideal for carers.
Number of Trainees: 15 maximum
Course Standard: Certificate of attendance
Equipment Needed: Hand-outs will be provided
Candidates will cover:
•Definitions of dual diagnosis and co-morbidity.
•Possible reasons for substance misuse in those with mental health difficulties
•Effects of substance misuse on those with mental health difficulties
By the end of the course Candidates will be able to:
•Discuss the relationship between substance misuse and mental health problems
•Describe the risk factors associated with these behaviours
•Understand the skills that are necessary to effectively work with clients who have dual diagnosis
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Terminology Problems
The terms drug dependence & drug addiction are often
used interchangeably, but this leads to confusion
regarding the diagnostic effects of these terms.
The definitions of 1957 & 1964 regarding addiction,
dependence and abuse persist to the present day in
medical literature.
In 1957 WHO defined addiction and habituation as
components of drug abuse.
In 1964 WHO found these definitions to be inadequate,
and suggested using the term "drug dependence”.
3. In 2000, the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) introduced specific criteria for
defining abuse and dependence.
(DSM-IV-TR) uses the term substance dependence instead of
addiction, and defined it as
A maladaptive pattern of substance abuse, leading
to clinically significant impairment or distress, as
manifested by three (or more) specified criteria,
occurring at any time in the same 12-month period.
4. Criteria of Dependence & Abuse according to DSM-IV-TR
Dependence
(3 or more in a 12-month period)
1) Tolerance (marked increase in
amount; marked decrease in
effect)
2) Characteristic withdrawal
symptoms; substance taken to
relieve withdrawal
3) Substance taken in larger amount
and for longer period than
intended
4) Persistent desire or repeated
unsuccessful attempt to quit
5) Much time/activity to obtain,
use, recover
6) Important social, occupational,
or recreational activities given
up or reduced
7) Use continues despite knowledge
of adverse consequences (e.g.,
failure to fulfill role obligation,
use when physically hazardous)
Abuse
(1 or more in a 12-month period)
Symptoms must never have met criteria for
substance dependence for this class of substance.
1) Recurrent use resulting
in failure to fulfill major
role obligation at work,
home or school
2) Recurrent use in
physically hazardous
situations
3) Recurrent substance
related legal problems
4) Continued use despite
persistent or recurrent
social or interpersonal
problems caused or
exacerbated by
substance
6. • DSM-5 consolidates substance abuse and
dependence into one disorder:
substance use disorder
• Criteria are nearly identical to DSM-IV with
exception of:
-Recurrent substance-related legal problems
criterion has been deleted from DSM-5.
-And new criterion: craving, or a strong desire or
urge to use a substance added.
• The threshold is set at 2 or more criteria vs. 1
or more for abuse and 3 or more for dependence
in the DSM-IV.
7. Severity of the problem (NEW)
In DSM-5 severity for substance use
disorders is based on the number of
criteria endorsed:
– MILD= 2-3 criteria
– MODERATE= 4-5 criteria
– SEVERE= 6 or more criteria
•
8. In 2001,
• American Academy of Pain Medicine
• America Pain Society
• American Society of Addiction Medicine
jointly issued "Definitions Related to the
Use of Opioids for the treatment of pain”.
9. Drug abuse
The substance is used in a manner
that does not conform to social
norms; the motivation to use the
substance may or may not be
particularly strong compared with
other motivators.
10. Drug addiction
• A behavioral syndrome
characterized by behaviors that
include one or more of the
following:
– Impaired control of drug use
– compulsive drug use
– continued use despite harm
– craving
11. Drug dependence
A state where the individual is
dependent upon the drug for
normal physiological functioning.
Abstinence from the drug produces
withdrawal reactions which
constitute the only evidence for
dependence.
12. Comparison
Some substances may produce
physical dependence without
producing an addiction
• The therapeutic uses of
certain steroids and some
antihistamines produce
characteristic withdrawal
syndromes when abruptly
discontinued without
motivation to continue
the use of these
substances for most
patients.
Some substances may produce
psychological dependence
without producing an addiction
• substances can
produce a notable
psychological
dependence without
producing an
exceptionally strong
motivation to avoid
abstinence such as
caffeine or nicotine.
13. Risk Factors
Drug abuse can lead to drug dependence or
addiction. People who use drugs for pain relief
may become dependent.
The exact cause of drug abuse and
dependence is not known. However, a person's
genes, the action of the drug, peer pressure,
emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and
environmental stress all can be factors.
14. Risk factors
Peer pressure can lead to drug use or abuse,
but at least half of those who become
addicted have depression, attention deficit
disorder, PTSD, or another mental health
problem.
Children who grow up in an environment of
illicit drug use may first see their parents
using drugs. This may put them at a higher
risk for developing an addiction later in life
for both environmental and genetic reasons.
15. Risk factors
People who are more likely to abuse or
become dependent on drugs include
those who:
• Have depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety
disorders, and schizophrenia
• Have easy access to drugs
• Have low self-esteem, or problems with
relationships
• Live a stressful lifestyle, economic or emotional
• Live in a culture where there is a high social
acceptance of drug use
16. Theories of Addiction
1) MEDICAL MODEL
2) PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL
3) SOCIAL MODEL
4) MORAL MODEL
5) BIO‐PSYCHO‐SOCIAL MODEL
17. Medical TheoryThis theory describes
addiction as a disease.
It attributes addiction to
changes in dopaminergic
(mesolimbic) pathway
Addiction as a “brain
disease” due to
Neurotransmitter
imbalance
•Disease Model:
•Agent: drug
•Vector: dealers
•Host: addict
18. 1
10
100
Child Teen Young Adult Adult
1.5%
67%
5.5%
<12 12-17 18-25 >25
Addiction is a Developmental Disease:
It Starts Early
26%
20. MRI Scans of Healthy Children and Teens Over Time
brain development through early adulthood, with blue indicating the mature state
Prefrontal cortex (white
circles), which governs
judgment and decision-
making functions, is the
last part of the brain to
develop.
•This may help explain:
• why teens are prone to
risk-taking
•vulnerable to drug abuse
•why exposure to drugs at
this critical time may affect
propensity for future
addiction.
21. that starts in adolescence and childhood
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2003.National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2003.
AgeAge
Age at tobacco, alcohol and cannabis dependence per DSM IV
0.0%0.0%
0.2%0.2%
0.4%0.4%
0.6%0.6%
0.8%0.8%
1.0%1.0%
1.2%1.2%
1.4%1.4%
1.6%1.6%
1.8%1.8%
55 1010 1515 2121 2525 3030 3535 4040 4545 5050 5555 6060 6565
%ineachagegroupwhodevelop
first-timedependencefirst
CANNABIS
ALCOHOL
TOBACCO
Addiction Is A Developmental Disease
22. Circuits Involved In Drug Abuse and Addiction
PFC – prefrontal cortex; ACG – anterior cingulate gyrus; OFC – orbitofrontal cortex; SCC – subcallosal
cortex; NAc – nucleus accumbens; VP – ventral pallidum; Hipp – hippocampus; Amyg – amygdala
The developing strategies to treat addiction must put in
consideration these areas for better results
23.
24. Pshychodynamic Model
Psychodynamics is the theory and
systematic study of the
psychological forces that underlie
human behavior.
It is especially interested in the
dynamic relations between
conscious motivation & unconscious
motivation.
25. • In Freudian thought,
psychodynamics is the study of
transformations and exchanges of
“psychic energy” in the personality
• The psychodynamic model explains
behaviors through the interactions
of Freud’s innate emotional forces,
the id, ego, and super-ego.
26. Social Theory
• This theory hypothesizes that substance
addiction is a learned behavior and it
develops as a result of social problems
such as poverty, violence, family
dysfunction.
• These forces are believed to act as social
stressors and substance addiction is
considered to be an adaptation to the
resultant misery and unhappiness.
27. Moral Theory
• The moral theory denotes substance
addiction as a vice الرذيلة or a sin الخطيئة .
• The theory implies that some
individuals, through their own free will,
make a conscious choice to become
substance addicts.
• According to this theory drug abusers
choose to use drugs and they are
anti‐social and should be punished
28. Bio-psycho-social Theory
• Substance addiction is the net result of a
complex interaction between a combination of
all of the factors:
– Biological
– Psychological
– Social
– Spiritual
• Each person’s drug use is a result of some
aspects of some or all the other models.
• Treatment and recovery require addressing the
body, mind, social environment, and spiritual
needs of an individual (including nutrition,
employment, family issues, psychological
issues, etc.).
29. The highest Risk Periods for Children
• The high risk periods for drug abuse among children
occur during major transitions in children’s lives.
• Transitions include:
– Significant changes in physical development (for
example, puberty)
– Social situations (such as moving or parents divorcing)
– When they leave the security of the family and enter
school
– When they advance from elementary school to middle or
high school, they often experience new academic and
social situations, such as learning to get along with a
wider group of peers and having greater expectations for
academic performance.
•
30. Incidence of Addiction
Worldwide, 149-271 (million) people used an illicit drug at least once in
2009; which equals 1 in 20 people aged 15 to 64 who have used an illegal
drug.
In North America, nearly 11% of population aged 15 to 64 used cannabis in
2009.
Worldwide, 14-56 (million) people aged 15 to 64 used amphetamine-type
stimulants, such as speed and crystal meth.
Cocaine had 14 million to 21 million users worldwide.
Opioid use, including heroin, had an estimated 12 million to 21 million users
globally. The highest rates of use were in the Near and Middle East, where up
to 1.4% of the population aged 15 to 64 had tried the drug at least once in
2009.
Worldwide, 11 million to 21 million people inject drugs. The Lancet
31. Classification of Addictive Drugs
1) Narcotic Analgesics: drugs with opium like effects.
2) Stimulants: drugs which excite the central nervous system.
3) Depressants: drugs which depress the functions of the central nervous system.
4) Hallucinogens: drugs which affect perception, emotions and mental processes.
5) Cannabis
6) Volatile Solvents: volatile hydrocarbons, Petroleum derivatives
7) Other drugs of abuse: medically used drugs that do not fall into any of the above
categories, such as
• Muscle relaxants
• Painkillers
• Anti-histamines
• Anti-depressants / anti-psychotics
32. Commonly Used Psychoactive Substances
SOURCE: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
SUBSTANCE EFFECTS
Alcohol
(liquor, beer, wine)
euphoria, stimulation, relaxation,
lower inhibitions, drowsiness
Cannabinoids
(marijuana, hashish)
euphoria, relaxations, slowed
reaction time, distorted
perception
Opioids
(heroin, opium, many pain meds)
euphoria, drowsiness, sedation
Stimulants
(cocaine, methamphetamine)
exhilaration, energy
Club Drugs
(MDMA/Ecstasy, GHB)
hallucinations, tactile sensitivity,
lowered inhibition
Dissociative Drugs
(Ketamine, PCP, DXM)
feel separated from body,
delirium, impaired motor function
Hallucinogens
(LSD, Mescaline)
hallucinations, altered perception
32
33. Examples of Addictive Drugs
Alcohol
• alcohol abuse causes over 100,000 deaths in the
USA and Canada each year. It is the drug most
commonly abused by children ages 12 to 17.
Alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents are the
leading cause of death in teenagers. People who
drink alcohol are more likely to engage in deviated
sexual behaviors .
Heroin
• It is a diacetylmorphine that functions as a
morphine prodrug. It can be used for medical
purposes as analgesic to treat severe pain with the
name diamorphine. The name "heroin" is only used
when being discussed in its illegal form.
34. Tramadol
Tramadol hydrochloride (Tramal) is a
centrally acting synthetic analgesic
used to treat moderate to moderately
severe pain. Tramadol is converted to
O-desmethyltramadol (potent μ-opioid
agonist).
The opioid agonistic effect of tramadol
and its major metabolite(s) is almost
exclusively mediated by μ-opioid
receptors.
35. Vicodin
• Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a
semi-synthetic opioid
• It is an orally active narcotic analgesic &
antitussive.
• It acts at μ-opioid receprors.
• It is metabolized to hydromorphone
• About 53% of patients in rehabs across USA
were chemically dependent on Vicodin.
38. • an empathogenic (entactogenic) drug of the
phenethylamine & amphetamine class.
• MDMA has become widely known as "ecstasy"
(shortened to "E", "X", or "XTC), usually
referring to its street pill form.
• MDMA can induce euphoria, a sense of
intimacy.
• MDMA is criminalized.
• For 2008 the UN estimated between 10–25
million people globally used MDMA at least
once in the past year.
Ecstasy
39. Desomorphine (Krokodil)
• Desomorphine is a synthetically derived
morphine isomer.
• Animal trials of desomorphine showed
that, by comparison with morphine:
– Stronger and more rapid analgesic effect
– Longer effect duration
– Quicker addiction
40. GHB (Gama Hydroxybutyric Acid)
• Asynthetic depressant available as a
prescription for sleep disorders
• In some countries was banned (in
the U.S.) by the FDA in 1990
because of the dangers associated
with its use.
• GHB and its analogs are considered
"date rape" drugs because they can
be mixed with liquids (even water)
and a victim wouldn't notice by
smelling or looking at it.
• GHB, by itself, has a soapy or salty
taste--but when mixed in a drink it
may be difficult to detect.
41. Dextromethorphan (DXM)
• DXM is a cough-suppressing ingredient
in a variety of over-the-counter cold
and cough medications.
• Dextromethorphan, a semisynthetic
narcotic, is an ingredient found in
more than 70 different products.
• DXM acts centrally to elevate the
threshold for coughing.
• At high doses dextromethorphan
produces dissociative effects similar to
those of PCP and ketamine.
42. Benzodiazepines
• About 35 members of this group are presently marketed in different
countries.
• Shorter-acting benzodiazepines used to manage insomnia include estazolam
(ProSom)
• Benzodiazepines with a longer duration of action are utilized to treat
insomnia in patients with daytime anxiety. These benzodiazepines include
alprazolam (Xanax®), chlordiazepoxide (librium®), clorazepate (Tranxene®),
diazepam (Valium)
• Rohypnol (flunitrazepam), most commonly known as a
date-rape drug.
• One of the significant effects of the drug is anterograde
amnesia, a factor that strongly contributed to be one of
the drugs used in rape.
• Anterograde amnesia is a condition in which events that
occurred while under the influence of the drug are
forgotten.
43. Ketamine (“Special K”)
Anesthetic developed to replace PCP, manufactured by
Pfizer
Used in human and veterinary medicine
Injected or dried and snorted
“Vitamin K”
“K”
“Bump”
44. FENTANYL
• Illicit use of pharmaceutical fentanyls first
appeared in the mid-1970s in the medical.
• The biological effects of the fentanyls are
indistinguishable from those of heroin, with
the exception that the fentanyls may be
hundreds of times more potent.
• Fentanyls are most commonly used by IV
administration, but like heroin, they may
also be smoked or snorted.
45. ABUSE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS
• Anabolic Steroid abuse has become
an international concern.
• These drugs are used illicitly by
weight lifters, body builders, long
distant runners, cyclists, and others
who claim that the drugs give them a
competitive advantage and/or
improve their physical appearance.
• The American Controlled Substance
Act (CSA) defines anabolic steroids as
any drug or hormonal substance
chemically and pharmacologically
related to testosterone (other than
estrogen, progestins, and
corticosteroids), that promotes
muscle growth.