This document discusses cannabis use disorders and substance use disorders involving cannabis. It defines key terms like dependence, abuse, intoxication, and withdrawal. It describes the major diagnostic categories from the DSM-5 involving substance use disorders. It then discusses cannabis specifically, how it is prepared from the plant, its effects, and diagnostic criteria for cannabis intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal from the DSM-5.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Objectives
Identify the symptoms of marijuana intoxication
Review the research related to the short and long term effects of marijuana on the brain and body
Explore the medical uses of marijuana
Discuss marijuana as a gateway drug
What is It
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa.
The plant contains the mind-altering chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Extracts with high amounts of THC can also be made from the cannabis plant
How is it Used
Smoked
Joints
Pipes or water pipes (bongs)
Blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely refilled with marijuana.
Vaporized
Pull the active ingredients from the marijuana and collect their vapor in a storage unit which is inhaled instead of smoke.
Eaten: Brownies, cookies, or candy, or brew it as a tea.
How is it Used
Resins: A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms of THC-rich resins
Smoking THC-rich resins extracted from the marijuana plant is on the rise. Users call this practice dabbing. People are using various forms of these extracts, such as:
hash oil or honey oil—a gooey liquid
wax or budder—a soft solid with a texture like lip balm
shatter—a hard, amber-colored solid
Oral Ingestion
Orally consumed cannabinoids tends to be stronger and last longer (4-6 hours) than inhaled cannabis.
This is because of the way bodies metabolize THC.
When cannabis is inhaled, THC passes rapidly from the lungs to the blood stream and to the brain.
When cannabis is consumed orally, a significant portion of THC is converted into the metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC before reaching the brain.
This metabolite is believed to be slightly more potent than THC and possesses a greater blood-brain penetrability
Short Term Effects
THC effects are felt more slowly when the person eats or drinks it. (30 minutes to 1 hour)
Effects
Altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors)
Temporary hallucinations
Altered sense of time
Changes in mood
Impaired body movement
Difficulty with thinking and problem-solving
Impaired memory
Breathing problems. Marijuana smoke irritates the lungs
Increased heart rate for up to 3 hours after smoking
Reviews types of stimulants including decongestants, side effects and effects on sports performance.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF CANNABIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS
CAUSES
HIGH RISK GROUP
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
D/D
PREPARATION OF CANNABIS
METHOD OF USE
CLINICAL PICTURES
CANNABIS INDUCED DISORDER
COMPLICATION
MANAGEMENT
BRAIN STORMING
REFERENCES
Presentation by Dr. Jacob Kagan on addiction psychiatry, covers the neurobiology of addiction, diagnosis and management od dually-diagnosed patients, relapse prevention, psycopharmacology interventions and more. http://www.jacobkaganmd.com
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Objectives
Identify the symptoms of marijuana intoxication
Review the research related to the short and long term effects of marijuana on the brain and body
Explore the medical uses of marijuana
Discuss marijuana as a gateway drug
What is It
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa.
The plant contains the mind-altering chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Extracts with high amounts of THC can also be made from the cannabis plant
How is it Used
Smoked
Joints
Pipes or water pipes (bongs)
Blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely refilled with marijuana.
Vaporized
Pull the active ingredients from the marijuana and collect their vapor in a storage unit which is inhaled instead of smoke.
Eaten: Brownies, cookies, or candy, or brew it as a tea.
How is it Used
Resins: A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms of THC-rich resins
Smoking THC-rich resins extracted from the marijuana plant is on the rise. Users call this practice dabbing. People are using various forms of these extracts, such as:
hash oil or honey oil—a gooey liquid
wax or budder—a soft solid with a texture like lip balm
shatter—a hard, amber-colored solid
Oral Ingestion
Orally consumed cannabinoids tends to be stronger and last longer (4-6 hours) than inhaled cannabis.
This is because of the way bodies metabolize THC.
When cannabis is inhaled, THC passes rapidly from the lungs to the blood stream and to the brain.
When cannabis is consumed orally, a significant portion of THC is converted into the metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC before reaching the brain.
This metabolite is believed to be slightly more potent than THC and possesses a greater blood-brain penetrability
Short Term Effects
THC effects are felt more slowly when the person eats or drinks it. (30 minutes to 1 hour)
Effects
Altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors)
Temporary hallucinations
Altered sense of time
Changes in mood
Impaired body movement
Difficulty with thinking and problem-solving
Impaired memory
Breathing problems. Marijuana smoke irritates the lungs
Increased heart rate for up to 3 hours after smoking
Reviews types of stimulants including decongestants, side effects and effects on sports performance.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF CANNABIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS
CAUSES
HIGH RISK GROUP
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
D/D
PREPARATION OF CANNABIS
METHOD OF USE
CLINICAL PICTURES
CANNABIS INDUCED DISORDER
COMPLICATION
MANAGEMENT
BRAIN STORMING
REFERENCES
Presentation by Dr. Jacob Kagan on addiction psychiatry, covers the neurobiology of addiction, diagnosis and management od dually-diagnosed patients, relapse prevention, psycopharmacology interventions and more. http://www.jacobkaganmd.com
substance use , Treatment for substance abuse often involves a combination of...arunjms86
Substance abuse can involve the misuse of legal substances, such as alcohol or prescription medications, as well as the use of illegal drugs. Some common substances of abuse include alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, opioids (such as heroin and prescription painkillers), methamphetamines, and hallucinogens.
clinical picture of drug abuse and dependenceMuskaanJoshi4
This presentation aims of understand the clinical picture of drug abuse and dependency. It covers the symptoms, levels of severity, DSM criteria and prevalence of each drug.
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
SCHENIDER FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN.
EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF FRS
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION
Schneider formulated what he considered to be pathognomic of first rank symptoms of schizophrenia (Schneider, 1959).
THANK YOU
Second and third generation antipsychoticsDr Wasim
SECOND & THIRD GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC mechanism of actionmechanism of side effectmanagment of side effect BY DR WASIM UNDERGUIDANCE OF DR SANJAY JAIN
First generation=typical antipsychoticaka conventionalprimary pharmacological property of D2 antagonistSecond generation=atypical antipsychoticlow EPS and good for negative symptomsThird generation=aripiprazole metabolic friendly
MECHANISM OF ACTION
1) serotonin dopamine antagonists
4)serotonin partial agonist
MECHANISM OF SIDE EFFECT
Serotonin-2C, muscarinic-3, and histamine-1 receptors as well as receptors X
identified are all hypothetically linked to cardiometabolic risk.
antagonism of serotonin-2C and histamine-1 receptors is associated with weight gain, while antagonism atmuscarinic-3 receptors can impair insulin regulation.
An unknown receptor X may be involved in the rapid production of insulin resistance and may also rapidly cause elevated fasting plasma triglyceride levels in some patients who experience increased cardiometabolic risk on certain atypical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotic and risk for weight gain.FDA and experts agree on three tiers of risk
Atypical antipsychotic and cardiometabolic risk.FDA and experts disagree on one versus three teirs of risk
Metabolic friendly antipsychotic.Low- risk agents for weight gain and cardiacmetabolic illness.
Monitoring and Managment
Baseline investigations :
Family h/o diabetes
BMI
Fasting TG levels (also monitored throughout treatment)
If raised : consider switching to another agent +/- lifestyle changes
For obese/ prediabetic/ diabetic pts :
Monitor BP
Fasting glucose
Waist circumference (before and after Rx)
Be vigilant for DKA/HHS
Sedation
ARIPIPRAZOLE KNOWN AS THIRD GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC
THANK YOU
Neuroimaging of Alzheimer’s disease and Healthy Aging
BY DR WASIM
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR R.K.SOLANKI
ANATOMICAL BRAIN IMAGING
CT – cerebral tomography
MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING
SPECT – single photon emission computed tomography
PET – FDG – Positron emission tomography
BRAIN CHEMISTRY MEASUREMENT
MRS (spectroscopy – NAA/Cr: estimate neuronal volume)
BRAIN PATHOLOGY IMAGING
FDDNP – neurofibrillary pathology
Evolution of Neuroimaging in AD
Computed Tomography
MRI
Volumetric MRI
Functional MRI
FDG Glucose PET
Amyloid Imaging
FDG-PET in AD and MCI
JEAN PIAGET
BY WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.PRADEEP.SHARMA
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) : History
Theory of Cognitive Development
What is Cognition?
What is Cognitive Development?
How Cognitive Development Occurs?
Key concepts
Stages of intellectual development postulated by Piaget
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years)
Stage of Preoperational Thought (2 to 7 Years)
Stage of Concrete Operations (7 to 11 Years)
Stage of Formal Operations (11 through the End of Adolescence)
Clinical applications
Educational Implications
Contribution to Education
Strength
Limitation of jean piaget’s cognitive development theory
Critiques of Piaget
THANK YOU
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. TERMINOLOGY
Dependence- The repeated use of a drug or
chemical substance, with or without physical
dependence.
Abuse- Use of any drug, usually by self
administration, in a manner that deviates from
approved social or medical patterns.
Misuse- Similar to abuse but usually applies to
drugs prescribed ny physicians that are not used
properly.
3. Intoxication- is used for a reversible nondependent
experience with a substance that produces
impairment.
Tolerance- defined by either of the following:
• Need for markedly increased amounts of the
substance to achieve intoxication.
• Desired effect markedly diminished effect with
continued use of the same amount of the
substance.
Cross Tolerance- Refers to the ability of one drug to
be substituted for another, each usually producing
the same physiological and psychological effects.
4. • Addiction- the repeated and increased use of a
substance, the deprivation of which gives rise to
symptoms of distress and the irresistible urge to use
the agent again and which leads to physical and
mental deterioration.
5. There are four major diagnostic categories in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5):
(1) Substance Use Disorder- the diagnostic term applied to the specific
substance abused (e.g., alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder) that
results from the prolonged use of the substance.
(2) Substance Intoxication- the diagnosis used to describe a syndrome
(e.g., alcohol intoxication or simple drunkenness) characterized by
specific signs and symptoms resulting from recent ingestion or
exposure to the substance.
(3) Substance Withdrawal- the diagnosis used to describe a syndrome
(e.g., alcohol intoxication or simple drunkenness) characterized by
specific signs and symptoms resulting from recent ingestion or
exposure to the substance.
(4) Substance-Induced Mental Disorder.
6. INTRODUCTION
• Cannabis (Cannabis sativa= Indian hemp) is the most widely used
illegal drug in the world, with an estimated 160 million users
worldwide.
• It has been used in India, China and the Middle East for
approximately 8,000 years primarily for its fiber and secondarily for
its medicinal properties.
• The female plant contains the highest concentrations of more than 60
cannabinoids that are unique to the plant. Delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the cannabinoid that is primarily
responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. It is found in the
resin that covers the flowering tops and upper leaves of the female
plant.
7. PREPARATION OF CANNABIS
Male and female plants separated.
Female contain highest concentration of THC.
Flowering top has highest THC concentration.
MARIJUANA: Prepared from dried flowering tops and leave
of plant.
THC concentration 0.5- 5%.
HASHISH ( Hash or charas ): consist of dried cannabis
resin.
Light brown to almost black color.
THC concentration 5-8%.
8. HASH OIL: it obtained by extracting THC from Hasish or
Marijuana in oil.
Clear pale yellow / green to brown black colour.
THC concentration 15-30%.
GANJA: Buds and flowering top of female plant.
BHANG: Cut and dried large leaves & stem of plants
9. METHOD OF USE
INHALATION:
Cannabis is typically smoked as marijuana in hand role, cigarettes or
joints.
WATER PIPE is use to deliver bolus dose.
Hashish may smoke in joints or pipe with or without tobacco.
Hash oil is extremely potent, a few drop is applied on cigarette or
joint.
ORAL ROUTE:
By eating hashish baked in brownies or cookies.
In India bhang, ganja is a common form , that is use frequently at
various occasions like (Holi, Shivratri ) in which use like milk based
drink called THANDAI or typically smoked (ganja / charas) in CHILAM
or mixed with tobacco of cigarettes.
MANOKA a dry slightly sweetish preparation consisting of bhang
paste.
10. CANNABIS EFFECTS
Euphoria
Feeling of well-being
Relaxation
Grandiosity
Long term effects
- Panic, Anxiety
- Frank psychosis
- Depression
- Amotivational syndrome
12. Risk Factors
1. Temperamental problems
2. Personality disorder: Antisocial (30%), obsessive-compulsive, (19%),
and paranoid (18%)
3. Externalizing & internalizing disorders: Conduct dis., ADHD
4. Academic failure
5. Tobacco smoking
6. Unstable or abusive family situation
7. Family history of a substance use disorder
8. Low socioeconomic status
9. Heritable factors (30% - 80% of the total variance)
14. INTOXICATION
A. Recent use of cannabis.
B. Clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes
(e.g., impaired motor coordination, euphoria, anxiety, sensation of
slowed time, impaired judgment, social withdrawal) that developed
during, or shortly after, cannabis use.
C. Two (or more) of the following signs or symptoms developing within
2 hours of cannabis use:
1. Conjunctival injection.
2. Increased appetite.
3. Dry mouth.
4. Tachycardia.
D. The signs or symptoms are not attributable to another medical
condition and are not better explained by another mental disorder,
including intoxication with another substance.
15. Specify if:
• With perceptual disturbances: Hallucinations with intact reality
testing or auditory, visual, or tactile illusions occur in the absence of a
delirium.
Intoxication typically begins with a “high”
feeling followed by symptoms that include
euphoria with inappropriate laughter and
grandiosity, sedation, lethargy, impaired
short-term memory, difficulty carrying out
complex mental processes, impaired
judgment, distorted sensory perceptions,
impaired motor performance, and the
sensation that time is passing slowly,
anxiety, dysphoria.
16. • Dysphoria, restlessness, fear and even panic may spoil the experience
(“Bad trip”).
• Delirium occurs as a complication only rarely in neurologically intact
individuals. In such cases, symptoms of delirium, psychosis, or anxiety
seldom persist beyond 48 hrs after acute cannabis intoxication.
• If they do so, the probability is high that they are a continuation of
preexisting psychopathology.
• The acute psychotic reaction is self-limiting, generally polymorphous
and stormy.
• An acute organic state, phenomenologically indistinguishable from
delirium, may follow cannabis use (generally at a high dose - 250
micrograms/kg of THC). Altered brain amine levels and/or inhibition
of cholinergic transmission may be responsible for the same.
17. • Emotional turmoil, excitement, paranoid (unwarranted suspicion)
or hypomanic symptoms and hallucinations may predominate.
There may be driven activity (subject knows that one’s activities
are meaningless, yet is unable to control them). Hallucinations
are vivid, well formed and commonly visual.
18. DEPENDENCE
A. A problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant
impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following,
occurring within a 12-month period:
1. Cannabis is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was
intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control
cannabis use.
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain cannabis, use
cannabis, or recover from its effects.
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use cannabis.
5. Recurrent cannabis use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations
at work, school, or home.
6. Continued cannabis use despite having persistent or recurrent social or
interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of cannabis.
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or
reduced because of cannabis use.
19. 8. Recurrent cannabis use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Cannabis use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or
recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been
caused or exacerbated by cannabis.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a. A need for markedly increased amounts of cannabis to achieve
intoxication or desired effect.
b. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of
cannabis.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
a. The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for cannabis (refer to Criteria A
and B of the criteria set for cannabis withdrawal.
b. Cannabis (or a closely related substance) is taken to relieve or avoid
withdrawal symptoms.
20. Specify if:
1. In early remission: After full criteria for cannabis use disorder were
previously met, none of the criteria for cannabis use disorder have been
met for at least 3 months but for less than 12 months (with the exception
that Criterion A4, “Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use cannabis,” may
be met).
2. In sustained remission: After full criteria for cannabis use disorder were
previously met, none of the criteria for cannabis use disorder have been
met at any time during a period of 12 months or longer (with the exception
that Criterion A4, “Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use cannabis,” may
be present).
21. Specify if:
• In a controlled environment: if the individual is in an environment
where access to cannabis is restricted
Specify current severity:
1. Mild: Presence of 2–3 symptoms. 305.20 (F12.10
2. Moderate: Presence of 4–5 symptoms. 304.30 (F12.20)
3. Severe: Presence of 6 or more symptoms. 304.30 (F12.20)
• Cannabis use disorder frequently do have concurrent other mental
disorders. Careful assessment typically reveals reports of cannabis
use contributing to exacerbation of these same symptoms,
22. WITHDRAWAL
A. Cessation of cannabis use that has been heavy and prolonged (i.e., usually
daily or almost daily use over a period of at least a few months).
B. Three (or more) of the following signs and symptoms develop within 1 week
after Criterion A:
1. Irritability, anger, or aggression.
2. Nervousness or anxiety.
3. Sleep difficulty (e.g., insomnia, disturbing dreams).
4. Decreased appetite or weight loss.
5. Restlessness.
6. Depressed mood.
7. At least one of the following physical symptoms causing significant
discomfort: abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, or
headache.
23. C. The signs or symptoms in Criterion B cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. The signs or symptoms are not attributable to another medical condition
and are not better explained by another mental disorder, including
intoxication or withdrawal from another substance.
• Most symptoms have their onset within the first 24–72 hours of
cessation, peak within the first week, and last approximately 1–2
weeks.
• Sleep difficulties may last more than 30 days.
• Withdrawal tends to be more common and severe among adults (due
to more persistent, greater frequency and quantity of use and
comorbid mental disorders)
24. • Common symptoms among persons seeking help to cease
cannabis use
1. Inability to stop using
2. Feeling bad about using cannabis
3. Procrastinating & School-related problems
4. Loss of self-confidence
5. Memory loss
6. Withdrawal symptoms.
25. SIGNS OF ACUTE & CHRONIC USE
• Red eyes (conjunctival injection)
• Yellowing of finger tips (from smoking joints)
• Cannabis odor on clothing
• Burning of incense (to hide the odor)
• Chronic cough To hear
• Exaggerated craving and impulse for specific foods, sometimes at
unusual times of the day or night
To see
To smell
26. DIAGNOSTIC & CLINICAL FEATURES
INTOXICATION
INTOXICATION DELIRIUM
• Psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations (visual and
auditory hallucinations).
CANNABIS & SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Cannabis use can precipitate schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals
(because of a personal or family history of schizophrenia) or
exacerbate its symptoms in those who have already developed the
disorder.
CANNABIS-INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDER
• Some users (mostly new users) report increased anxiety, panic, a fear
of going mad, and depression after using cannabis. More experienced
users report these effects if they use more potent forms or if they use
the oral route.
27. WITHDRAWAL AND TOLERANCE
• Probably involve changes in cannabinoid receptor functioning.
• Long half-life and complex metabolism explains that the cannabis
withdrawal syndrome is less intense than that for alcohol or the
opiates.
• These symptoms were correlated with THC dose and frequency of
use.
ANTIMOTIVATIONAL SYNDROME
• Chronic & heavy cannabis use produces an “amotivational
syndrome”. Pro social & goal-directed activities are reduced (poor
school performance and employment problems).
28. TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION
• Treatment of cannabis use rests on the same principles
as treatment of other substances of abuse abstinence
and support.
• Abstinence can be achieved through direct
interventions, such as hospitalization, or through
careful monitoring on an outpatient basis by the use of
urine drug screens, which can detect cannabis for up to
4 weeks after use.
• Support can be achieved through the use of individual,
family, and group psychotherapies.
• Education should be a cornerstone for both abstinence
and support programs.
• A patient who does not understand the intellectual
reasons for addressing a substance-abuse problem has
little motivation to stop.
29. PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS:
CANNABIS INTOXICATION:
Usually mild, self limiting, mostly does not need
pharmacological intervention.
T/t needed in severe distressing anxiety or psychotic
symptom induced by intoxication.
Anti psychotic (preferably atypical) for psychosis.
Benzodiazepine in acute anxiety state.
Propanolol has little effect.
Duration not longer than one day. 29
30. CANNABIS WITHDRAWAL
Benzodiazepines are most commonly prescribe medication.
Dronabinol (cannabis receptor agonist) , synthetic THC (20-60
mg/day) for 7-10 days depending on duration of withdrawal
symptom.
Beclofen (40 mg/day) or Lofexidine (α2 agonist ,2.4 mg/day)
are another alternative. But not much effective.
31. CANNABIS DEPENDENCE
No medication has been shown broadly effective for this ,
nor any approved by any regulatory authority.
Buspiron (up to 60 mg/ day) for 12 week is 1st choice.
Fluoxetine (20-40 mg/day) is another alternative.
Other drug like Dronabinol, mood stabilizer tried but not
much effective.
Emerging evidence of Baclofen(40-60 mg/day) another
reasonable T/t option.
Rimonabent ( CB1 receptor antagonist) are marketed as
appetite suppressant but withdraw due to its psychiatric
side effect (specially sucidality).
32. PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECT:
Motivational enhancement therapy (MET).
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).
Contingency management (CM).
Family and system intervention.
Combined psychosocial treatment.
32