Cocaine is a powerful addictive stimulant drug extracted from the coca plant. It is classified as a schedule II drug in the US. Cocaine can be abused by snorting, smoking, or injecting and causes both acute and long term health effects. Long term abuse can lead to dependency and other consequences like cardiovascular issues, seizures, and mood disturbances. Treatment focuses on symptomatic care and counseling, as there is no antidote for cocaine overdose.
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
Tobacco . Its definition, available forms , fatal dose , contents , pathophysiology , pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Diagnosis and treatment of toxicity.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
8. Features
Plant is 8-12 feet tall.
Category: Shrubs
Fruits: Red oval shaped, 1 cm size
and produces only one seed.
Seeds: Brownish oval
Stem diameter: 16cms
12. Leaves: Green, smooth, glossy,
opaque, oval, tapering at extremities,
2-3 cm wide and 3-11 cm long.
Leaves when chewed have pleasant,
pungent taste.
Poisonous parts: Leaves
Toxins: Methylbenzoylecgonine i.e.
Cocaine an active principal obtained
from leaves (0.5-1% Al.Cocaine)
13.
14.
15. Geographical Distribution
Grows throughout the tropical
regions.
1.Whole of Latin American Countries
such as Columbia, mexico, ecuador,
and other countries such as Chile,
Peru, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, etc.
Bolivia-leading producer-80% world
total cocaine producer.
16.
17.
18. High risk geographical areas:
1. Bolivia
2. Peru
3. Brazil – Amazon region
4. Ecuador
5. Columbia
6. Chile
20. History
3000 B.C.:Leaves chewed throughot
South America. Coca believed to be a
gift from Go.
1708 A.D. Coca first time mentioned
in materia medica.
1850: Coca tinctures used in throat
surgery
1855: Cocaine 1st time extracted
from coca leaves.
21. 1884: Used as local anaesthetic in
eye surgery
1886: Cocaine introduced in newly
launched soft drink - Coca Cola.
1901: Cocaine removed from Coca
Cola.
1905: Snorting cocaine in the form
of powder became popular.
1910:1st case of nasal damage seen.
22. 1912: U.S. Govt. reports 5000
cocaine related fatalities in one year
1914: Banned of cocaine in U.S.
Cost of making 1 kg cocaine: $200-
$400.
Cost of 1 kg cocaine- at present
$15000 – 35000.
24. Features
White powder or crystals
Odourless
numbing taste
slightly volatil
melting point 96 degree celsius and
should be protected from heat and
sunlight.
29. Hydrochloride Salt: It is the
powdered form of cocaine, dissolves
in water and when abused, can be
taken i.v. or snorted.
Freebase: Compound that has not
been neutralized by an acid to make
hydrochloride salt. It can be smoked.
30. Crack: When freebase is heated with
sodium bicarbonate it yields crack.
Why the word crack?
It is smoked.
31. Principle Routes of Abuse
Intravenous
Snorting
Smoking/inhalation
Ingestion: both cocaine and leaves
of coca plants
What is snorting?
36. Action
Desensitizes the terminal nerves
and causes vasoconstriction at the site
of local application.
When taken i.v. or inhaled,
stimulates the cerebral cortex .
40. Detection
Metabolites can be detected for
varying lengths of time in urine
depending upon the dose consumed
and sensitivity of the assay.
Metabolites in urine is generally
detected in urine for 24-72 Hrs. even
after brief consumption.
41. With chronic use it is deposited in
body in fats/cns. and is slowly
released. Hence, can be detected in
urine for even couple of weeks.
Metabolites also detectable in
blood, saliva, hair and sweat.
42. Blood and saliva: Provide accurate
conc. of the drug consumed.
Urine: Provides longer window of
opportunity for detection.
44. Acute Effects
Local: Anaesthetic when comes in
contact with mucous membrane.
Increase energy
Euphoria
Mental Alertness
Increase heart rate/B.P./temp.
Dilates pupil
Vasoconstriction
45. Long-term Effects
It is powerful addictive drug.
Once having tried, an individual may
have difficulty in predicting the extent
to which he will continue to use the
drug.
Abusers are of upper class society
peoples to enhance self image or
improve professional performance.
46. Reason for addiction?
Its stimulant and addictive effects are
thought to be primarily a result of its
ability to inhibit the reabsorption of
dopamine by nerve cells.
Note: Dopamine is directly or
indirectly involved in addictive
properties of every major drug of
abuse
47. Cocaine in brain: In normal
communication process, dopamine is
released by neuron into the synapse,
where it can bind with dopamine
receptors on neighbouring neurons.
Normally dopamine is then recycled
back into the transmitting neuron by a
dopamine transporter.
48. If cocaine is present, it attatches to
the dopamine transporter and blocks
the normal recycling process, resulting
in a building up of dopamine in the
synapse which contributes to the
pleasurable effects of cocaine.
51. Long-term effect of cocaine may lead
to:
Irritability
Dependency- Discuss that not each
and every causes dependency.
Mood disturbances
Restlessness
Paranoia
Auditory hallucinations
53. GIT – abdominal pain
nausea
Tongue and teeth are black
Regular snorting can lead to loss of
sensation of smell, nose bleeding,
problem of swallowing, hoarseness
and irritation of nasal septum leading
to chronically inflammed running nose
54.
55.
56. Ingested cocaine can cause bowel
gangrene due to reduced blood flow.
Many chronic cocaine habitual
suffers loss of appetites and can
experience significant weight loss and
malnourishment.
57. Cocaine bugs phenomenon: Grains of
sand are lying under skin or some small
insects are creeping on the skin giving
rise to itching sensation – a form of
tactile hallucination.
Loss of libido
Impotence
Gynecomastia
Irregular menstrual cycle, infertility,
amenorrhea
58. Crack Babies: Increased risk of foetal
malformation fo cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular system due to chronic
abuse of cocaine by the mother.
61. Fatal dose:1 – 1.5 gram orally.
Fatal Period: Few minutes to few
hours.
Chronic abuser can tolerate up to
10 gms per day.
62. Autopsy Findings
No specific findings
Injection marks,
Atrophy, inflammation of nasal
mucosa.
Endocarditis due to aseptic i.v.
infusion of drug.
Pulmonary granulomatosis due to
infusion of adulterated particles viz.
starch, talc, etc.
65. CSF rhinorrhoea due to thinning of
cribriform plate.
Cocaine can be recovered by
sampling from recent injection sites or
by swabs from the nasal mucosa.
Brain is the excellent source.
66. Circumstances of Poisoning
Generally accidental overdose.
Rarely used for homicide/sucide.
Aphrodisiac - to increase the
duration of sexual act by desensitizing
the sensory nerves of glans penis
when applied locally.
Prostitutes injects cocaine solution
into the vagina to produce local
anaesthetic effect during coitus.