This document defines drowning as submersion in water leading to suffocation and death within 24 hours. It then discusses the various types of drowning including dry, wet, secondary/near drowning, active, passive, and silent drowning. The pathophysiology of drowning is explained as involuntary gasping of water leading to laryngospasm, hypoxia, and potential brain injury or death. Prevention focuses on water safety and surveillance while management consists of rescue, CPR, preventing further complications, and treating shock.

1. Presented By :
Dipanwita Maity,
3 rd Year, B.Sc. Nursing ,
Subject – Child Health Nursing,
Shova Rani Nursing College.

2. INTRODUCTION

3. DEFINITION OF DROWNING
 Drowning means submersion in the water associating
with suffocations , asphyxia that leads to death within
24 hours .
 Drowning is a process of experiencing respiratory
impairment from submersion or immersion in
liquid medium.
- World Health Organization
(2002)

4. AND
PREVALENCE

5. ETIOLOGY
Primary Event:
Accidental
submersion
Secondary
Event:
With complications

6. TYPES OF DROWNING
(1) Dry drowning
(2)Wet drowning
(3)Secondary drowning / Near drowning
(a) Non- fatal case
(b) Fatal case
(4)Active drowning
(5)Passive drowning
(6)Silent drowning

7. DRY DROWNING
 Victim inhales water ,
that does not enter
into lungs.
 Muscle spasm, airway
blocking occur.
 Victim tries to take
forced inspiration
against glottis.
 Death occurs by
laryngeal spasm

8. WET DROWNING
 Inhaled water
enters into lungs
, interfering with
respirstion
 Circulatory
system gets
collapsed.

9. SECONDARY DROWNING /
NEAR DROWNING
(a) Non- fatal case :
It does not lead to death.
(b) Fatal case: Physiological response
occurs if foreign body is present in
lungs that causes extrusion of inhaled
water leading hypoxia.

10. FATAL CASE ( SECONDARY DROWNING)

11. ACTIVE DROWNING
Non-swimmers ,
exhausted and
hypothermic
people are unable
to hold their
mouth above
water and
suffocate.

12. PASSIVE DROWNING
 Infant , toddler
starts to sink due
to change in
circumstances.

13. SILENT DROWNING
 There is no
noticable external
display of distress
on face and body .
 Similar to near-
drowning fatal
case.

14. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Due to etiological factors – infants/ toddler/
child is totally submerged under water.
 Involuntary gasping( aspiration of water into
hypopharynx)
 Laryngospasm( victim can”t take breath and
unable to speak)

15. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (CONTD)
 Dry drowning
 Wet drowning

 Cerebral hypoxia
 Acidosis
 Cardiac arrest

16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(CONTD.)

 Brain injury
 Ischemia
 Brain death

17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
 Cold / bluish discoloration
 Abdominal swelling
 Chest pain
 Cough
 Apnea
 Gasping
 Vomiting
 Fear on face , feelings of extremely tired.

18. EFFECTS OF DROWNING ON
ORGANS
 Cardiovascular system : Myocardial failure,
Cardiac arrest, Ventricular arrythmia .
 Respiratory system : Pulmonary edema,
ARDS.
 Central nervous system : Cerebral edema,
seizure
 Gastrointestinal system: Gastric dialation,
GI mucosa necrosis, Diarrhoea

19. EFFECTS(CONTD.)
 Hematological system: Disseminated
intravascular coagulopathy, Thrombosis
 Metabolic system: Acidosis, SIADH
 Renal system: Renal failure,
Hemoglobinuria
 Others: Fluid-electrolyte imbalance
 (a) Sea (salt) water drowning
 (b) Fresh water drowning

20. PREVENTION
 (a) Water safety
 (b) Surveillance

21. MANAGEMENT
 Rescue
 First – aids
 (a) Basic life support
 Airway
 Breathing
 Compression-ventilation ratio
 Foreign body obstruction

22. FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION
Back blow , Chest
thrust
Heimlich manuever

23. (b) CPR

24. OTHER MANAGEMENT
 (C) Preventing aspiration
 (d) Preventing hypothermia
 (e) Rewarming
 (f) Shock managemnt : Boluses of normal
saline at 20 ml/kg, Inotropes
 (g) Fluid and electrolyte imbalance correct