Young-Dal Jang presented research on the effects of xylanase and phytase supplementation in high fiber diets for pigs. The research included two experiments: 1. Supplementing xylanase at increasing levels to diets containing phytase, which improved fiber digestibility and energy utilization but did not affect other nutrient digestibility. 2. Supplementing both xylanase and graded levels of phytase, which showed interactions between the enzymes and improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility compared to diets without supplementation. The results indicate xylanase can improve the action of phytase in high fiber diets.

1. Young-Dal Jang, Ph.D.
University of Kentucky, Lexington, US
yd.jang@uky.edu
September 21, 2015
2015 Allen D. Leman Conference

2. • Cereal grains and oil seed meals:
– Undigestible portion: arabinoxylans and phytate
2
Arabinoxylans, % DM Phytate P, % as-fed
Corn 3.8 0.21
SBM 4.5* 0.38
Corn germ meal (CGM) 18.5 0.58¶
Wheat middlings 18.8 0.61
Corn DDGS (>10%) 12.3 0.26
(Arabinose + xylose)
Jaworski et al., 2015;
*Bach Knudsen, 1997
NRC, 2012;
¶Rojas et al., 2013
Usage of by-product the content of arabinoxylans and phytate

3. • Arabinoxylans: A major NSP in wheat
– The main component of wheat cell wall (aleurone layer and
pericarp)
– Increase endogenous loss/reduce digestibility
– Increase viscosity and reduce passage rate of digesta
– Proliferate gut microbes
• Xylanase: a glycosidase enzyme
– Hydrolyzes arabinoxylan structure
– Improved fiber digestibility in corn-SBM (Passos et al., 2015),
wheat-based diet (Atakora et al., 2011) and in the diet
containing corn DDGS (Jang et al., 2013).
3

4. • Phytate (phytic acid): A storage form of P in cereal grains
and oil seeds
– The main accumulation site is the aleurone layer
– Phytic acid bound to Ca, Mg (Chelate), fat, protein, and starch
– Reduce the availability of P and the other nutrients
• Phytase: Sequential removal of phosphate groups and
release P from phytate.
4

5. 5
• The effect of phytase is very clear in improving P digestibility.
• But…Super-dosing phytase??
– Using phytase at over 500 FTU/kg feed
• Completely degrade all phytate in the diet
• Remove anti-nutrient effects of phytate
– Effect…
• Improved growth and nutrient digestibility
• Additional mineral release
• Reduced energy costs of digestion

6. • Phytic acid and arabinoxylans are both found in the
aleurone layer of wheat.
• Xylanase increases the permeability of the aleurone layer
(the site of phytic acid storage).
• Then, the accessibility and action of phytase to the phytic
acid in the cell wall can be improved.
• However, the results are inconsistent and research on the
inclusion of xylanase and phytase to corn-based diets
containing multiple by-products is limited.
6

7. • When pigs were fed high fiber diets containing corn DDGS,
wheat middlings, and corn germ meal (CGM),
• Objective 1.
– The effect of xylanase supplementation on ATTD and energy
release for growing pigs fed diets containing phytase.
• Objective 2.
– The effect of the graded level of phytase supplementation on
growth performance, carcass characteristics, and ATTD for growing
pigs fed diets with or without xylanase supplementation.
7

8. • 25 pigs (mean initial BW: 76.5 kg)
• 5 treatments in 5 replicates:
– PC: A corn-SBM basal diet with 15% each of corn DDGS, CGM,
and wheat middlings
– NC: low ME diet by 103 kcal/kg from the PC diet
– NX1: NC + 8,000 BXU of xylanase/kg diet
– NX2: NC + 16,000 BXU of xylanase/kg diet, and
– NX3: NC + 24,000 BXU of xylanase/kg diet
• All diets contained 250 FTU/kg of phytase (Quantum Blue; AB vista Feed
Ingredients, Marlborough, UK).
• Xylanase used: Econase XT; AB vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, UK
8

9. • 10-12 d of adaptation in the farm (ad libitum)
• Daily feed allowance: 2.7% of BW
• After a 7-d adaption period to the metabolic crates,
feces and urine were collected for 5 consecutive days
(total collection method).
9

10. Item Positive control Negative control
Ingredient
Corn 26.52 26.52
SBM (dehulled; 48% crude protein) 19.10 19.10
Corn germ meal 15.00 15.00
Corn DDGS 15.00 15.00
Wheat middlings 15.00 15.00
Corn starch 2.00 4.50
Grease 4.50 2.00
Others1 2.88 2.88
Total 100.00 100.00
Calculated composition, %
ME, kcal/kg 3,360 3,256
Crude protein 21.40 21.40
Lysine 0.982 0.982
Methionine 0.376 0.376
Calcium 0.66 0.66
STTD P 0.29 0.29
Phytate P, analyzed 0.34 0.34
Available P, analyzed2 0.28 0.28
1 Others included L-lysineHCl, L-threonine, limestone, salt, vitamin and trace mineral premix, Santoquin, and AB-20 (clay).
2Available P was calculated by subtracting phytate P from total P.
10

11. 11
Treatment: PC NC NX1 NX2 NX3
Items1 Xylanase, BXU/kg: 0 0 8,000 16,000 24,000
Xylanase, BXU/kg ND2 ND 10,800 22,300 31,800
Phytase, FTU/kg 659 565 514 542 609
1BXU = xylanase unit; FTU = phytase units.
2ND = none detected. The limit of detection was 2,000 BXU/kg.

12. 12
• Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of
– Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE),
– Ether extract (EE), crude protein (N),
– Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber
(ADF), hemicellulose
– Ca, and P
• Retention
– GE, N, Ca, and P

13. 13
• ANOVA (Proc GLM of SAS)
• Least squares means (PDIFF option of SAS)
• Orthogonal polynomial contrasts (linear and
quadratic) with increasing xylanase level (0, 8000,
16000, and 24000 BXU/kg)
• P < 0.05: significant, P < 0.10: tendency

14. Treatment: PC NC NX1 NX2 NX3
Items Xylanase, BXU/kg: 0 0 8,000 16,000 24,000 SEM
ATTD, %
DM 81.15 81.49 81.47 81.37 82.40 0.41
GE 81.76 81.26 81.18 81.16 82.08 0.38
N 84.68 83.88 83.62 84.10 84.66 0.53
EE 92.71a 86.38b 86.78b 88.06b 87.33b 1.08
Ca 43.10b 57.76a 60.28a 56.70a 61.59a 2.95
P 48.84 50.34 51.07 48.90 49.65 2.05
DE in diet, kcal/kg 3,567.3a 3,383.0b 3,379.8b 3,378.9b 3,417.2b 15.85
ME in diet, kcal/kg 3,437.7a 3,225.8b 3,230.8b 3,214.8b 3,256.8b 17.41
a,b P < 0.05.
14
• PC treatment had the greatest ATTD of EE, DE and ME but the lowest
ATTD of Ca among dietary treatments (P < 0.05).
• No xylanase effects in ATTD of DM, GE, N, EE, Ca and P.

15. 15
• ATTD of hemicellulose was improved by increasing xylanase level
(*linear, P < 0.05).
• ATTD of NDF in NX3 treatment has a numerical improvement (linear,
P=0.15).
57.7
61.9
64.6
58.7
60.8
62.2
57.4
60.5
62.6
58.0
60.3
61.8
57.6
64.0
68.3
50.0
52.0
54.0
56.0
58.0
60.0
62.0
64.0
66.0
68.0
70.0
72.0
ADF NDF Hemicellulose
PC NC NX1 NX2 NX3
Xylanase, BXU/kg: 0 0 8,000 16,000 24,000
%
*

16. Treatment: PC NC NX1 NX2 NX3
Items Xylanase, BXU/kg: 0 0 8,000 16,000 24,000 SEM
Retention, g/d
GE, kcal/d 7,158a 6,624b 6,651b 6,602b 6,738b 97.1
N 29.57 26.18 26.87 22.41 26.64 2.26
Ca 5.39b 7.65a 7.90a 7.37a 8.08a 0.49
P 5.69 5.60 5.52 5.30 5.39 0.33
Retention, % of intake
GE 78.79c 77.48d 77.60d 77.22d 78.23cd 0.41
N 40.41 36.80 37.36 32.10 36.84 2.72
Ca 38.34b 54.88a 56.94a 52.83a 57.85a 2.93
P 44.12 43.74 43.13 41.46 41.53 2.20
a,b P < 0.05. c,d P < 0.10.
16
• GE retention (% of intake) in NX3 treatment slightly increased (P<0.10).

17. • Xylanase supplementation to the high fiber
diet also containing phytase can improve
some aspects of fiber digestibility and
thereby, energy utilization.
17

18. • 45 individually-fed pigs (mean initial BW: 26.4 kg)
• 9 treatments in 5 replicates (1 + 2 x 4 factorial arrangement)
– High and low-energy control diets (PC and NC) same with Exp. 1
– Factor 1: Phytase level (0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg)
– Factor 2: Xylanase supplementation (0 vs. 24,000 BXU/kg)
• This level was decided based on the result of Exp. 1
• Phytase and xylanase used: same products as used in Exp.1
18
Treatment: PC NC NP500 NP1000 NP2000 NX NXP500 NXP1000NXP2000
Phytase, FTU/kg: 0 0 500 1,000 2,000 0 500 1,000 2,000
Xylanase, BXU/kg: 0 0 0 0 0 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000

19. • 4 phase feeding (ad libitum):
– Phase 1: 25-50 kg (d 0-28), Phase 2: 50-75 kg (d 29-56),
Phase 3: 75-100 kg (d 57-81), and Phase 4: 100-125 kg
(d 82-105)
• 0.3% TiO2 was included in the diets of Phase 4 as an
indicator for ATTD calculation
– Feces was collected at the end of Phase 4 (avg. BW: 118 kg).
• Real-time ultrasound scan was performed when pigs
reached at 120 kg BW.
19

20. 20
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
Item, %
Positive
control
Negative
control
Positive
control
Negative
control
Positive
control
Negative
control
Positive
control
Negative
control
Ingredient
Corn 27.672 27.672 33.800 33.800 38.474 38.474 43.106 43.106
SBM (dehulled, 48% CP) 21.000 21.000 15.000 15.000 10.500 10.500 6.000 6.000
Corn germ meal 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000
Corn DDGS 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000
Wheat middlings 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000
Corn starch 1.500 4.000 1.500 4.000 1.500 4.000 1.500 4.000
Grease 4.000 1.500 4.000 1.500 4.000 1.500 4.000 1.500
Others1 2.828 2.828 2.700 2.700 2.526 2.526 2.394 2.394
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Calculated composition, %
ME, kcal/kg 3,344 3,241 3,355 3,251 3,365 3,262 3,374 3,271
Crude protein 21.90 21.90 19.56 19.56 17.78 17.78 16.01 16.01
Lysine 0.980 0.980 0.850 0.850 0.730 0.730 0.610 0.610
Methtionine 0.373 0.373 0.346 0.346 0.326 0.326 0.307 0.307
Calcium 0.67 0.67 0.59 0.59 0.52 0.52 0.46 0.46
STTD P 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26
Phytate P, analyzed 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.40
Available P, analyzed2 0.18 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18
1 Others included L-lysineHCl, limestone, salt, vitamin and trace mineral premix, Santoquin, and AB-20 (clay).
2Available P was calculated by subtracting phytate P from total P.

21. 21
Treatment: PC NC NP500 NP1000 NP2000 NX NXP500 NXP1000 NXP2000
Phytase1
, FTU/kg: 0 0 500 1,000 2,000 0 500 1,000 2,000
Xylanase1
, BXU/kg: 0 0 0 0 0 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000
Xylanase, BXU/kg
Phase 1 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 39,300 39,000 36,000 31,600
Phase 2 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 36,000 31,700 34,500 32,900
Phase 3 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 33,400 38,500 36,600 35,000
Phase 4 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 38,100 34,000 35,200 33,300
Phytase, FTU/kg
Phase 1 <50 <50 436 1,170 2,110 <50 492 1,120 1,620
Phase 2 <50 <50 484 1,290 1,940 <50 706 1,220 2,490
Phase 3 <50 <50 618 1,140 1,870 <50 551 1,070 1,950
Phase 4 <50 <50 538 830 1,910 <50 408 955 2,260
1
FTU = phytase units; BXU = xylanase unit.
36,475
33,775
35,875
35,150
Average

22. 22
• Growth performance
– ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio
• Carcass characteristics
– Backfat thickness, Longissimus muscle (LM) area,
carcass lean percent, lean daily gain, lean gain to feed ratio
• Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of
– DM, GE, EE, N, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, Ca, and P

23. 23
• ANOVA (Proc GLM of SAS): Main effects of Xyl and Phy
and interaction
• Least squares means (PDIFF option of SAS)
• Single degree of freedom contrast (PC vs. NC)
• Orthogonal polynomial contrasts (linear and quadratic)
with increasing phytase level (0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000
FTU/kg)
• For carcass measurement data, scan weight was
considered as a covariate
• P < 0.05: significant, P < 0.10: tendency

24. 0.76
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
PC NC NP500 NP1000 NP2000 NX NXP500 NXP1000 NXP2000
ADG, kg/d
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
PC NC NP500 NP1000 NP2000 NX NXP500 NXP1000 NXP2000
G:F ratio
24
P<0.05
P<0.05

25. 25
• No sig. xylanase effect.
• Only numerical
improvement in ADG
and G:F ration.
0.880
0.890
0.900
0.910
0.920
Overall
ADG, kg/d
PC 0 24,000 BXU/kg
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Overall
ADFI, kg/d
PC 0 24,000 BXU/kg
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
Overall
G:F ratio
PC 0 24,000 BXU/kg
+1.0%
+2.3%
-1.4%

26. 0.780
0.820
0.860
0.900
0.940
Overall
ADG, kg/d
PC 0 500 FTU/kg 1,000 FTU/kg 2,000 FTU/kg
2.200
2.300
2.400
2.500
2.600
2.700
Overall
ADFI, kg/d
PC 0 500 FTU/kg 1,000 FTU/kg 2,000 FTU/kg
0.310
0.320
0.330
0.340
0.350
0.360
0.370
0.380
0.390
Overall
G:F ratio
PC 0 500 FTU/kg 1,000 FTU/kg 2,000 FTU/kg
26
* Linear (P < 0.05)
¶ Quadratic (P < 0.05)
¶
*
+8.8% +5.5%+7.5%
+5.0% +5.9%+2.9%
+3.7%
-0.9%
+4.4%

27. 27
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0 500 1,000 2,000
Phytase, FTU/kg
G:F ratio within phytase treatment
0 24,000 BXU/kg
+4.6%
-0.3%+5.0%
• No statistical interaction observed.
• Up to 1,000 FTU phytase/kg, xylanase numerically increased G:F ratio.

28. 28
Xylanase, BXU/kg P-values
Item 0 24,000 SEM Xyl
Scan weight, kg 120.84 120.84 - -
Backfat, mm 15.35 15.35 0.52 0.99
LM depth, mm 62.29 60.46 1.17 0.28
LM area, % 41.47 40.37 0.70 0.28
Carcass lean, % 56.60 56.39 0.36 0.68
Lean gain, g/d 358.48 354.22 3.19 0.35
Lean gain/feed 0.139 0.140 0.003 0.76
• PC treatment was slightly greater in lean gain to feed ratio than
NC treatment (P=0.06).
• No xylanase effect in carcass measurements.

29. 29
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
PC 0 500
FTU/kg
1,000
FTU/kg
2,000
FTU/kg
Backfat thickness, mm
54.00
55.00
56.00
57.00
58.00
PC 0 500
FTU/kg
1,000
FTU/kg
2,000
FTU/kg
Carcass lean, %
0.125
0.135
0.145
0.155
PC 0 500
FTU/kg
1,000
FTU/kg
2,000
FTU/kg
Lean gain/feed
340
345
350
355
360
365
PC 0 500
FTU/kg
1,000
FTU/kg
2,000
FTU/kg
Lean gain, g/d
*Linear (P < 0.05)
**Linear (P < 0.10)
+2.9% +3.2%
+6.0% -13.4%
+2.8% +4.0%
+8.2% -10.8%
+1.4% +1.7%
+2.2% -6.1%
*
*
*
**

30. Xylanase, BXU/kg P-values2
Item, % 0 24,000 SEM Xyl
DM 78.58 78.54 0.24 0.91
GE 78.01 77.87 0.28 0.73
N 76.24 76.21 0.46 0.96
EE 71.61 70.60 1.48 0.46
ADF 51.93 50.70 0.91 0.35
NDF 53.12 52.67 0.56 0.58
Hemicellulose 53.96 54.09 0.87 0.92
Ca 45.64 47.83 1.52 0.32
P 47.84 46.94 1.05 0.55
30
• No xylanase effect of in ATTD.

31. 30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Neutral detergent fiber Hemicellulose Phosphorus
PC 0 500 FTU/kg 1,000 FTU/kg 2,000 FTU/kg
60
65
70
75
80
Dry matter Ether extract
PC 0 500 FTU/kg 1,000 FTU/kg 2,000 FTU/kg
31
* Linear (P < 0.05)
¶ Quadratic (P < 0.05)
*,¶
¶¶
¶
¶
• PC treatment had
greater ATTD of EE but
lower ATTD of P than NC
treatments (P < 0.05).
• No phytase effect of in
ATTD of GE, N, ADF, and
Ca.%
%
+1.5 ~ 2.0%
+8.0 ~ 15.8%
+5.8 ~
8.4%
+6.9 ~
11.3% +11.3 ~
24.0%

32. • Xylanase supplementation to the high fiber diet has
no effect on growth, carcass characteristics, and
ATTD.
• Increasing phytase level enhanced growth rate, feed
efficiency, carcass leanness, and ATTD.
• There was no statistically significant interaction
observed between xylanase and phytase but
potentially in G:F ratio.
32

33. • Xylanase can improve fiber utilization in the diets
containing multiple by-products.
• Super-dosing phytase can be an useful strategy to
enhance nutrient utilization resulting in improved
growth performance, and carcass leanness.
• 1,000 FTU phytase/kg diet
• Further investigation may be needed to clearly confirm
the xylanase effect and the potential interaction
between phytase and xylanase.
– with a large number of pigs and different physiological statuses
33

34. • National Pork Board
• AB Vista
• Dr. Lindemann
• Dr. Boyd
• Dr. Wilcock
• James H. Monegue
• Dr. Inocencio
• Dr. Monegue
• Dr. Hung
• Mandy Thomas
• Ning Lu
• Jina Lim
34

35. 35
Thank you.