The document discusses the role of enzymes in poultry nutrition. It notes that the poultry industry in India has seen 10-12% growth in broilers and 5-7% growth in layers. Enzyme feed additives can improve production performance by increasing nutrient utilization and preventing the effects of anti-nutritional factors like phytate. Phytate binds with minerals and other nutrients, reducing their availability, but phytase enzymes can break down phytate and release those bound nutrients. The addition of phytase supplements to poultry feed has been shown to improve growth performance, feed efficiency, egg production and nutrient utilization.

1. Role of enzymes in poultry
nutrition
Dr.P.Ponnuvel
Assistant Professor
RAGACOVAS
Pondicherry-605009

2. Role of enzymes in poultry
nutrition
 Poultry industry in India
 Broiler growth – 10-12%
 Broiler – 1600 million
 Broiler feed - 5760 million kgs (3.6kg/bird)
 Layers improved – 300 million
 Layer growth – 5 -7%
 Layer feed - 14.1 mmt ( 47 kg/b/l)

3. Enzyme feed additives
 Improve production performance
 Increase nutrient utilization
 To use agro-industrial by-products
 Prevent action of anti-nutritional factors

4. Structure of grains
 Grains – starch - 60-70 percent of grains' weight
 Pericarp - hull
 Aleurone layer
 Endosperm
 Germ
 Digestive enzymes necessary - process of germination- al .

6. Anti-nutritional factors
 Beta-glucans- barley
 Arabino-xylans- wheat, rye
 Cellulose - brans
 Oligo-saccharides- soyabean
 Phytate- cereals and their by-products
 Pectin and alpha-galactose - legumes

7. Mode of action of NSPs
 Composition of specific polysaccharides
 Nature of bonds between mono-saccharides
 Solubility of NSPs
 Molecular weight of NSPs
 Interaction of NSP with other nutrients

8. Mode of action of soluble NSPs
 Arabino-xylan molecule
 Soluble
 Formation of long polymer – by entanglement
 Beta-glucans are also soluble
 Viscous gel formation
 Sticky dropping
 Increases water-holding capacity of the litter

9. …. Mode of action of soluble NSPs
 As the intestinal viscosity increases- diffusion of
enzyme decreases
 Digestion and absorption
 G.I motility decreases
 Slow transit of feed, slow flushing effect
 Increased bacterial multiplication - starch and protein
 Bacteria produce bile acid destroying enzyme -fat and
fat-soluble vitamins.
 Bile acid - stabilises the pancreatic enzyme

10. Enzymes and substrates
Enzymes Substrates
Gluganase Beta-glucans
Arabinase Arabinose
Xylanase Xylans
Cellulase Cellulose
Pectinase Pectins

11. ENZYME ACTION ON NSP
 Altering the Physico - chemical conditions of the
digestive contents
 Breaking down of cell walls and allowing access to
nutrients by digestive enzymes.
 Hydrolysing NSP to produce absorbable nutrients or to
yield a more fermentable substrate
 Reduces viscosity of gut content

12. Commercial preparations
 Anizyme, allzyme BG, ventrigold
 Nutrizyme – 500 g / ton
 Fiber zyme

13. Phytic Acid
 Phytate known as hexa phosphate inositol
 Commonly known as phytin/phytate/phytic acid
 Primary storage form of phosphorus
 It is an anti-nutritional factor
 It binds with Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Starch, protein,
proteolytic enzymes and fat

14. PHYTATE - Hexa Phosphate Inositol
1 2
3
6
5 4

15. Phytate in Feed Stuffs
Cereals and by- Phytate P (% of
products Phytate P% total P)
Maize 0.24 72
Wheat 0.27 69
Sorghum 0.24 66
Barley 0.27 64
Oats 0.29 67
Wheat bran 0.92 71

16. Phytate in Feed Stuffs
Phytate P
Oilseed meals
Phytate P% (% of total P)
Soybean meal 0.39 60
Canola meal 0.7 59
Sunflower meal 0.89 77
Groundnut meal 0.48 80
Cottonseed meal 0.84 70

17. Mode of Action of Phytate

18. Mode of Action of Phytate on Minerals
 Phytate has strong chelating potential
 Forms insoluble salts with di or trivalent cations
 It binds strongly in the following order – Cu++, Zn++,
Co++, Mn++, Fe+++, Ca++( Vohra, 1965)
 Phytate in feed makes more requirement of inorganic
minerals
 Zinc become limiting mineral along with Ca

19. …Mode of Action of Phytate on Protein
 Depending on pH phytate interacts with protein
 At acidic pH Binary protein-phytate complexes
 At neutral and alkaline pH tertiary protein-
mineral-phytate complexes are formed

20. Mode of Action of Phytate on Fat
 Phytate combines with calcium and fatty acids
 It form insoluble soap, reduces fat digestability
(Lesson, 1993)
 Ileal digestability of crude fat improved by
phytase in feed ( Akyur et al 2005)

21. Mode of Action of Phytate on Digestive
Enzyme
 Several findings indicate that phytate inhibit
the activity of alpha-amylase, pepsin and
trypsin ( Deshpande,1984)
 By altering protein configuration of enzyme --
proteolysis affected
 Calcium ion chelation with phytate, trypsin and
amylase activity affected

22. Phytase Enzyme
 Inositol hexaphosphate phosphorylase is an
enzyme which causes dephosphorylation of
phytate
 Exogenous phytase added in feed
The source of this enzyme may be
 Plant phytase
 Bacterial phytase
 Fungal phytase

23. Types of Phytases
 Phytase of microbial origin(3-phytase)
hydrolyses the phosphate group at the C3
position
 Phytase of plant origin (6-phytase) acts first at
the C6 position

24. Plant Phytase
 Phytase activity - a wide range of seeds
 More plant phytase- wheat, rye and triticale
 Phytase -maize and soybean meal - low .
 The majority of the phytase activity in wheat, rye and
triticale is in the bran.
 Diets formulated using ingredients - greater absorption of
phytate P

25. Phytase in Feed Stuffs
Phytase activity of some
common feed ingredients Phytase activity (units/Kg)
Maize 15
Wheat 1193
Sorghum 24
Barley 582
Oats 40
Wheat bran 2957
Oilseed meals
Soybean meal 8
Canola meal 16
Sunflower meal 60
Groundnut meal 3
Cottonseed meal NA

26. Sources in G.I. Tract
 Three possible sources of phytase could breakdown
phytate within the digestive tract of poultry
 (i) Endogenous phytase present in some feed
ingredients- Plant phytase
 (ii) Phytase originating from resident bacteria and
 (iii) Phytase produced by exogenous microorganisms –
added in feed

27. Microbial Phytase
 Mainly produced from Fungus
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus
awamori, Aspergillus ficuum, Aspergillus fumigatus
 Bacteria : Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus
fructivorans, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,
Pseudomonas sp.
 Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schwanniomyces
castellii
 Optimum pH – 2.5 to 7.5
 Temperature range – 35 to 65 C

28. Mode of Action of Phytase
Phytate ( Inositol hexaphosphate)
Phytase H2 O (dephosphorylation)
Inositol and six phosphates

29. Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
 Protein and amino acids availability
 Kornegay (1999) reported that phytase in corn-soyabean
diet enhanced protein utilisation in broilers
 Namkung and Leeson (1999) found that phytase in corn-
soyabean diet increased the digestibility of Valine,
Isoleucine (P<0.05) and total animo acids
 Ravindran et al (2001) reported that graded level of
phytase in lysine-deficient broiler diet had siginificant
effect on digestibility of all amino acids.

30. ……Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
 Bio- availability of Phosphorus
 Simons et al (1990) reported that phytase in low
phosphorus corn-soyabean diet increased the bio-
availability of phophorus to over 60 percent and decreased
the phosphorus in droppins by 50 percent
 Quantity of phytate phosphorus release by microbial
phytase depends on its concentration, sources , calcium
content and phytate content of feed – Kornegay et al
(1996), Ravindran et al (1995) and Yi et al (1994)

31. …….Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
 Bio- availability of other minerals
 Phytic acid form complexes with cations which are
released upon dephosphorylation by phytase
 Calcium, copper, zinc, Manganese and magnesiums are
released from chelates
 Simon et al (1990), Yi et al ( 1996) and Sebastian et al
(1996)

32. …..Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
Egg Production
 Roland and Gordon (1996) reported that phytase addition
– 300 U/Kg layer diet improved the egg production
 Oloff et al (1997) observed that phytase – 500U/Kg in
phosphorus deficient corn-soya diet improved egg
production
 Sukumar (1999) noted that phytase addition in low
phosphorus diet 400U/ Kg layer diet improved egg
production

33. Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
Growth performance
 Several studies indicate increase in body weight gain, feed
intake and feed efficiency in broilers fed with
supplemental phytase
 These effects are due to release and increased utilisation of
minerals, amino-acids, starch and fat from phytate
complex
 These are conformed by Panda et al (2007), Karim
(2006), Pillai et al (2006), Singh (2006) and Selle et al
(2007)

34. Effect of Phytase on Performance of Broiler
Percent improvement
Researcher Phytase NPP % Body wt. Feed Feed P
gain intake efficiency retention
Simons 750 0.15 37.9 0.64 19.57
(1990)
Perney 500 0.32 12.50 8.60 3.98 15.56
(2003)
Broz 500 6.50 3.34 3.70 18.05
(2005)
Singh 750 0.31 17.76 5.34 11.80 16.11
(1996)

35. Effect of Phytase on Performance of Layer
Percent improvement
Researcher Age Phyta NPP % Total Ca Feed Egg Egg
weeks se P intake produc wt
tion
Gordon 21-38 300 0.40 0.63 4.0 2.32 0 0.91
(1996)
Vander 20-68 300 0.33 4.0 4.8 5.95 2.87
(2001)
Punna 21-36 300 0.10 0.31 4.0 20.69 79.83 4.47
(2003)
Rama Rao 48-55 250 0.11 0.33 3.61 12.25 44.90 5.28
(1999)
Sukumar 20-40 400 0.30 0.78 3.03 7.0 5.0 2.20
(1999)

36. Environmental Pollution
 Poultry manure is an important organic fertilizer
 Excess phosphorus in excreta increases the soil load and
contaminates the surface water which promote
eutrophication and affect fish life
 Feeding low phosphorus diet to poultry and use of phytase
reduces excretion of P 20 to 50 %
 Phosphorus pollution can be controlled by formulation of
diet and use of phytase

37. Commercial Preparations
 Biophos-TS-2500
 Biophos-TS-5000 (Biochem Health care )
 Phoscare-2500
 Phoscare- 5000 (Anantco enterprises)
 Phytase-2500
 phytase – 5000 (Meterotic Life sciences )
 Ayufytase – 5000
 Phytozyme – 5000 ( Fermentic Biologicals)

38. Conclusion
 Improve production performance – egg, meat
 Improve utilization of phosphorus and other
nutrients
 Lower feed cost and more farm profit
 Less inorganic phosphorus supplementation needed
 Decrease of phosphorus excretion by up to 50%
 Environmental pollution - controlled

39. References
 Akyurek, H., Senkoylu, N andOzduven,M.L. (2005) Effect of
microbial phytase on growth performance in broiler. Pakistan Journal
of Nutrition 4(1):22-26.
 Cosgrove, D.J.(1980) Inositol Phosphate: Their chemistry and
biochemistry and physiology. Elsevier Publication Scientific
Publishing Co., New York.
 Deshpande, S.S and Cheryan, M. (1984) Effect of phytic acid
divalent cations and their interactions on alpha-amylase activity.
Journal of Food Science 49: 516-519
 Karim, A.(2006) Responses of broiler chicks to non-phytate
phosphorus levels and phytase supplementation. International
Journal of Poultry Science. 5(3): 251-254.
 Kornegay, E.T, Ravindran, V. And Denbow, D.M (1996) Improving
phytate phosphorus availability in corn and soyabean meal for broiler
using microbial phytase .Poult.Sci.75 240-249

40. References
 Kornegay, E.T., Denbow, D.M and Zhang, Z. (1999) Phytase in animal
nutrition and waste management, BASF Corporation, Mount Olive,NJ
 Leeson.S (1993) Recent advances in fat utilization by poultry pp 170-180
 Namkung, H and Leeson.S (1999) Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary
nitrogen corrected AME and the ileal digestability of protein and amino
acids. Poult.Sci. 78: 1317-1319
 Panda A.K, Rao, S.V.R., Raju, M.V.L.N, Gauja, S.S and Bhanja, S.K (2007)
Performance of broiler chicken fed low non phytate phosphorus diet
supplemented with microbial phytase. J. Poult. Sci. 44(3): 258-264.
 Pillai, P.B, Conner, D.T, Owens, C.M and Emmert, J.I (2006) Efficacy of
E.coli phytase in broiler fed adequate or reduced phosphorus diet and its
effect on carcass characteristics. Poult.Sci. 85(10): 1737-1745
 Ravindran, V, Selle, P.H, Ravindran, G, Morrel, P.C.H and Bryden, W.L
(2001) Influence of supplemental phytase on the performance and AME and
ileal digestibility of amino acids in broiler fed lysine deficient diet Poult.Sci.
80: 338-344.

41. References
 Rama Rao, S.V, Reddy, V.R., and Reddy R.S. (1999) Enhancement of
phytate phosphorus availability in the diet of commercial broilers and
layers. Anim.Feed.Sci.Technol. 79: 211-222.
 Reddy, N.R., Sathe, S.K., and Salunkhe, D.K. (1982) Phytase in legumes
and cereals. Advances in Food Research. 28:1-9.
 Selle,P.H., Ravindran,V., Ravindran,G., and Bryden,W.L. (2007) Effect of
dietary lysine and microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient
utilisation of broiler chicken. Asian- Australian J. Anim.Sci. 20(7): 1100-
1107.
 Sebastian, S., Touchburn, S.P., Chavez,E.R., and Lague, P.C. ( 1996)
Efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase at different dietary calcium
levels on growth performance and mineral utilisation of broiler chickens.
Poult.Sci. 75 (5): 1516-1523.
 Yi,Z., Kornegay,E.T., and Denbow,D.M. (1996) Supplemental microbial
phytase improves the zinc utilization in broilers. Poult.Sci. 75: 540-546.

42. Thank you