Metarhizium Fungi Impact On Agriculture - Dr. Mary Barbercheck, Penn State, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Recent advances in fungal pathogens as biopesticidesmawthammm
This document discusses recent advances in using fungal pathogens as biopesticides. It describes over 750 entomopathogenic fungal species from various phyla that can infect insect populations. Important fungal genera discussed are Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Lecanicillium. The document outlines the mode of action of these fungi, including their ability to produce toxins. It also discusses genetic engineering efforts to improve fungal virulence and stress tolerance. While entomopathogenic fungi offer environmental benefits over chemical pesticides, their use is limited by requirements for specific environmental conditions and lack of persistence under field conditions.
This document provides information about microbial biopesticides, specifically entomopathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It begins with an introduction to microbial control and defines entomopathogens. It then discusses the history, classification, mode of action, symptoms, and target pests of entomopathogenic bacteria including Bacillus thuringiensis. Next, it covers entomopathogenic viruses including classification, examples, and mode of action. Finally, it summarizes entomopathogenic fungi including some of the most common types, their history of use, mode of action, and toxins produced.
NEONICOTINOIDS & ITS EFFECT ON HONEY BEESAyush Mishra
Neonicotinoids are a class of systemic insecticides related to nicotine. They are widely used globally due to their effectiveness against insects and low toxicity to mammals. However, research has shown they are highly toxic to bees even at low levels. Bees can be directly exposed through contaminated nectar or pollen or indirectly through dust from seed coating or honeydew from insects exposed to neonics. Both acute and chronic exposure has been shown to impair bee health and cause colony collapse disorder. Given bees play a key role in pollinating many important agricultural crops, protecting honeybee populations from neonicotinoids is important for global food security and agriculture.
Entomopathogenic protozoa and spiroplasmaRajat Sharma
The document discusses various types of pathogens that can infect insects, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, protozoa, and nematodes. It provides details on the major groups within each pathogen type, how they infect insects, their modes of transmission between hosts, and examples of important insect-pathogenic species. The use of insect pathogens for biological control is also summarized, including inundative applications, inoculative releases, and management of naturally occurring pathogens.
Mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota; Hyphomycetes)balram2424
Types of Entomopathogenic Fungi like
Verticillium lecanii
Beauveria bassiana
Nomuraea rileyi
Metarrhizium anisopliae(detailed procedure of mass production in bio control lab)
microbe mediated insect resistance is a major concern in agriculture due to the enhanced application of pesticides and rapid development of insect resistance
Insecticide resistance management strategies in Stored grain pestsramya sri nagamandla
References
Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.
Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.
Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.
Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.
Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.
Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.
Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.
Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.
Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.
Recent advances in fungal pathogens as biopesticidesmawthammm
This document discusses recent advances in using fungal pathogens as biopesticides. It describes over 750 entomopathogenic fungal species from various phyla that can infect insect populations. Important fungal genera discussed are Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Lecanicillium. The document outlines the mode of action of these fungi, including their ability to produce toxins. It also discusses genetic engineering efforts to improve fungal virulence and stress tolerance. While entomopathogenic fungi offer environmental benefits over chemical pesticides, their use is limited by requirements for specific environmental conditions and lack of persistence under field conditions.
This document provides information about microbial biopesticides, specifically entomopathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It begins with an introduction to microbial control and defines entomopathogens. It then discusses the history, classification, mode of action, symptoms, and target pests of entomopathogenic bacteria including Bacillus thuringiensis. Next, it covers entomopathogenic viruses including classification, examples, and mode of action. Finally, it summarizes entomopathogenic fungi including some of the most common types, their history of use, mode of action, and toxins produced.
NEONICOTINOIDS & ITS EFFECT ON HONEY BEESAyush Mishra
Neonicotinoids are a class of systemic insecticides related to nicotine. They are widely used globally due to their effectiveness against insects and low toxicity to mammals. However, research has shown they are highly toxic to bees even at low levels. Bees can be directly exposed through contaminated nectar or pollen or indirectly through dust from seed coating or honeydew from insects exposed to neonics. Both acute and chronic exposure has been shown to impair bee health and cause colony collapse disorder. Given bees play a key role in pollinating many important agricultural crops, protecting honeybee populations from neonicotinoids is important for global food security and agriculture.
Entomopathogenic protozoa and spiroplasmaRajat Sharma
The document discusses various types of pathogens that can infect insects, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, protozoa, and nematodes. It provides details on the major groups within each pathogen type, how they infect insects, their modes of transmission between hosts, and examples of important insect-pathogenic species. The use of insect pathogens for biological control is also summarized, including inundative applications, inoculative releases, and management of naturally occurring pathogens.
Mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota; Hyphomycetes)balram2424
Types of Entomopathogenic Fungi like
Verticillium lecanii
Beauveria bassiana
Nomuraea rileyi
Metarrhizium anisopliae(detailed procedure of mass production in bio control lab)
microbe mediated insect resistance is a major concern in agriculture due to the enhanced application of pesticides and rapid development of insect resistance
Insecticide resistance management strategies in Stored grain pestsramya sri nagamandla
References
Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.
Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.
Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.
Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.
Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.
Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.
Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.
Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.
Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.
The document summarizes information about permafrost seed banks, specifically focusing on the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and India's Chang La seed vault. The Svalbard vault was established in 2008 in permafrost in Norway as a backup storage location for seeds from gene banks around the world. It has the capacity to store over 4.5 million different seed samples and is funded by Norway. India's Chang La vault was established in the Himalayas in 2014 as the second permafrost seed bank and contains over 5,000 seed accessions from India as its first deposit to Svalbard. Both vaults take advantage of permafrost conditions for long-term seed storage and preservation of biodiversity.
Insecticides with growth regulating properties (IGR) may adversely affect insects by
regulating or inhibiting specific biochemical pathways or processes essential for insect
growth and development. Some insects exposed to such compounds may die due to abnormal
regulation of hormone-mediated cell or organ development. Other insects may die either from
a prolonged exposure at the developmental stage to other mortality factors (susceptibility to
natural enemies, environmental conditions etc) or from an abnormal termination of a
developmental stage itself. Insect growth regulators may come from a blend of synthetic
chemicals or from other natural sources, such as plants. The chemical composition of
hormones indigenous to insects is now being studied and used as a basis for developing
analogues or mimics against insects. The similarities, however, in certain aspects of
biochemistry among vertebrates and invertebrates may result in the limited development of
IGRs.
Mechanism of disease control by endophytesPooja Bhatt
The document discusses alternative methods for pest management to address problems with chemical pesticides such as development of resistance and environmental contamination. It suggests that biological control using endophytic microorganisms is a promising alternative as endophytes have antagonistic properties against plant pathogens. Endophytes can inhibit pathogens through direct mechanisms such as hyperparasitism, competition, antibiosis, and lytic enzyme production or indirect induction of host plant resistance. Case studies provide examples of endophytes inhibiting fungal plant pathogens through siderophore production, parasitic growth, and antibiotic compounds.
- Insects have evolved symbiotic relationships with bacteria and other microorganisms over 250 million years. These endosymbionts can be found inside insects' cells, between cells, and in their guts.
- Endosymbionts play important roles in insect nutrition, defense, reproduction, and environmental adaptation. For example, Buchnera provides essential amino acids to aphids.
- Wolbachia is one of the most common endosymbionts and can manipulate insect reproduction through mechanisms like cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization, and male-killing. Studying endosymbionts enhances understanding of evolution, disease control, and biocontrol applications
This document provides an overview of biopesticides and their classification. It defines biopesticides according to the USEPA and European Union as naturally occurring substances or microorganisms that control pests. It then classifies common biopesticide types as insect viruses, bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi, entomopathogenic nematodes, and other microorganisms. Specifically, it outlines commonly used insect viruses like NPV and GV, the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, and fungal agents like Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae.
The document discusses guidelines for conducting pest surveillance surveys. It outlines 14 steps for conducting surveys including: 1) identifying the pest, 2) determining pest population, 3) estimating natural enemies, 4) choosing survey areas, 5) collecting data in the field, and 6) collecting pest specimens. It also provides protocols for collecting insect, pathogen, nematode, virus, and weed specimens. The goal of the document is to provide a standardized process for conducting effective pest surveillance surveys.
Biopesticides are derived from natural materials like plants, bacteria, and minerals. They control pests through non-toxic mechanisms rather than directly killing them like synthetic pesticides. There are several types of biopesticides including microbial pesticides from bacteria or fungi, plant-incorporated protectants from genetically engineered plants, and biochemical pesticides that interfere with pest reproduction. While biopesticides are usually less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, they also tend to have slower effects and lack persistence compared to synthetic alternatives. Proper formulation and application are important for biopesticides to be effective pest control agents. One common example is Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil-dwelling bacterium used in biological
Diagnosis of pest on the basis of plant damageBhumika Kapoor
in this presentation the main focus is given on what basis we identify the plant damage by different insects whether in field conditions or in stored conditions. i hope that you will find it helpful while going through it.
The application method you choose depends on such factors as the nature and habits of the target pest, characteristics of the target site, and properties of the pesticide formulation.
Genetic engineering can be used to improve the traits of beneficial insects used for biological control. Some traits that can be modified include host range, temperature tolerance, pesticide resistance, pathogen resistance, and reproductive abilities. Transposable elements and viral/bacterial vectors are tools used to transform insects. Genes from other species have been introduced to produce strains with improved traits. Similar techniques have been applied to entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses to enhance their efficacy against pests while reducing risks to the environment. Future work requires thorough evaluation of genetically modified organisms' ecological impacts.
quality control and registration standards of biocontrol agentskarthik cmk
The document discusses quality control standards for biocontrol agents. It outlines the importance of quality control for ensuring biological control agents function properly after release. Key points covered include defining quality as an organism's ability to perform its intended pest control function, establishing laboratory testing methods to evaluate characteristics like emergence rates and parasitism/predation capacity, and developing general quality control criteria for mass-reared natural enemies. Examples are given for quality control guidelines for specific biocontrol agents like Amblyseius degenerans and Aphidius colemani.
Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects.pdfssuser15d92d
This document discusses host-plant selection by phytophagous insects. It begins with an introduction and then covers several topics: patterns of host-plant use by insects, the chemicals found in plants, the sensory systems insects use to detect these chemicals, the behaviors involved in host finding and acceptance, how ecology and physiology impact host selection, the effects of experience and genetic variation on host selection, and evolution of host range in insects. The overall focus is on the central role of insect behavior in the process of host-plant selection and host-plant specificity.
This document discusses biopesticides and their role in integrated pest management. It defines biopesticides as living organisms or naturally occurring substances that control pests. The first biopesticide was discovered in 1835. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that act as pathogens or parasites against target pests. They may also compete with or induce resistance in plant hosts. While biopesticides currently make up a small portion of the pesticide market, their use is growing as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The document reviews various types of microbial biopesticides and their modes of action in controlling insects and plant diseases.
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as compounds that manage agricultural pests through specific biological effects. Biopesticides are derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms and are less harmful than chemicals. They are more target specific and decompose quickly, leaving few residues. The document describes several important biopesticides used in India including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which kills pest larvae; Trichoderma, effective against soil-borne diseases; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, fungi that infect and kill insects; and Trichogramma wasps that parasitize eggs of lepidopter
Genetic engineering & new technologies their progress in Integrated Pest Man...Thims957
Genetic engineering and new technologies have made progress in integrated pest management (IPM) programs but also face limitations. Technologies like inserting insect-resistant genes from Bacillus thuringiensis into plants or using genetic engineering to optimize the speed at which pathogens kill pests have shown promise. However, producing recombinant pathogens faster-killing hosts results in fewer pathogen bodies produced. Additionally, viruses must be ingested to work and can be deactivated by sunlight or rain. Fungal pathogens are intolerant of low humidity or high heat. While biotechnology has improved crops through herbicide and insect resistance, developing transgenic methods that are economical at a large scale remains a challenge.
Detailed Project Report on Mass Production of White Muscardine Fungus Aaliya Afroz
This document presents a detailed project report for the mass production of the white muscardine fungus Beauveria bassiana. The objectives are to establish the viability of mass producing B. bassiana, to serve as guidelines for providing financial assistance to entrepreneurs, and to promote more biopesticide production units. The methodology describes the media preparation, culture maintenance using sorghum seeds or potato dextrose broth, mass production in a fermenter, harvesting, drying, quality control, and formulations. A budget outlines the infrastructure, equipment, materials, and staffing costs needed. Financial analysis shows a profit of Rs. 89.9 lakh over 3 years and a benefit-cost ratio of 1.64, demonstrating the feasibility
This document discusses different forms of plant-microbe interactions. It provides examples of mutualistic relationships between plants and microbes, including decomposition, mycorrhizal associations, and nitrogen fixation. Decomposition and nitrogen fixation are carried out by various bacteria and fungi. Mycorrhizal associations involve fungi colonizing plant roots and increasing nutrient and water uptake for the plant. The rhizosphere, or area of soil surrounding plant roots, contains many microbes due to root exudates and supports various interactions between plants and beneficial, neutral, or pathogenic microbes.
This document summarizes information about endophytes, which are microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that live inside plants without causing harm. It discusses how endophytes interact with and provide benefits to their plant hosts, such as improving nutrient uptake, tolerance to environmental stresses, and resistance to pests and diseases. Specifically, the document describes the ecological significance of endophytes, their interactions with plants and other microbes, production of beneficial compounds, role in biotechnology applications, and current areas of research on endophytes associated with biofuel crops and their ability to produce antibiotics.
The document summarizes information about permafrost seed banks, specifically focusing on the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and India's Chang La seed vault. The Svalbard vault was established in 2008 in permafrost in Norway as a backup storage location for seeds from gene banks around the world. It has the capacity to store over 4.5 million different seed samples and is funded by Norway. India's Chang La vault was established in the Himalayas in 2014 as the second permafrost seed bank and contains over 5,000 seed accessions from India as its first deposit to Svalbard. Both vaults take advantage of permafrost conditions for long-term seed storage and preservation of biodiversity.
Insecticides with growth regulating properties (IGR) may adversely affect insects by
regulating or inhibiting specific biochemical pathways or processes essential for insect
growth and development. Some insects exposed to such compounds may die due to abnormal
regulation of hormone-mediated cell or organ development. Other insects may die either from
a prolonged exposure at the developmental stage to other mortality factors (susceptibility to
natural enemies, environmental conditions etc) or from an abnormal termination of a
developmental stage itself. Insect growth regulators may come from a blend of synthetic
chemicals or from other natural sources, such as plants. The chemical composition of
hormones indigenous to insects is now being studied and used as a basis for developing
analogues or mimics against insects. The similarities, however, in certain aspects of
biochemistry among vertebrates and invertebrates may result in the limited development of
IGRs.
Mechanism of disease control by endophytesPooja Bhatt
The document discusses alternative methods for pest management to address problems with chemical pesticides such as development of resistance and environmental contamination. It suggests that biological control using endophytic microorganisms is a promising alternative as endophytes have antagonistic properties against plant pathogens. Endophytes can inhibit pathogens through direct mechanisms such as hyperparasitism, competition, antibiosis, and lytic enzyme production or indirect induction of host plant resistance. Case studies provide examples of endophytes inhibiting fungal plant pathogens through siderophore production, parasitic growth, and antibiotic compounds.
- Insects have evolved symbiotic relationships with bacteria and other microorganisms over 250 million years. These endosymbionts can be found inside insects' cells, between cells, and in their guts.
- Endosymbionts play important roles in insect nutrition, defense, reproduction, and environmental adaptation. For example, Buchnera provides essential amino acids to aphids.
- Wolbachia is one of the most common endosymbionts and can manipulate insect reproduction through mechanisms like cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization, and male-killing. Studying endosymbionts enhances understanding of evolution, disease control, and biocontrol applications
This document provides an overview of biopesticides and their classification. It defines biopesticides according to the USEPA and European Union as naturally occurring substances or microorganisms that control pests. It then classifies common biopesticide types as insect viruses, bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi, entomopathogenic nematodes, and other microorganisms. Specifically, it outlines commonly used insect viruses like NPV and GV, the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, and fungal agents like Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae.
The document discusses guidelines for conducting pest surveillance surveys. It outlines 14 steps for conducting surveys including: 1) identifying the pest, 2) determining pest population, 3) estimating natural enemies, 4) choosing survey areas, 5) collecting data in the field, and 6) collecting pest specimens. It also provides protocols for collecting insect, pathogen, nematode, virus, and weed specimens. The goal of the document is to provide a standardized process for conducting effective pest surveillance surveys.
Biopesticides are derived from natural materials like plants, bacteria, and minerals. They control pests through non-toxic mechanisms rather than directly killing them like synthetic pesticides. There are several types of biopesticides including microbial pesticides from bacteria or fungi, plant-incorporated protectants from genetically engineered plants, and biochemical pesticides that interfere with pest reproduction. While biopesticides are usually less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, they also tend to have slower effects and lack persistence compared to synthetic alternatives. Proper formulation and application are important for biopesticides to be effective pest control agents. One common example is Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil-dwelling bacterium used in biological
Diagnosis of pest on the basis of plant damageBhumika Kapoor
in this presentation the main focus is given on what basis we identify the plant damage by different insects whether in field conditions or in stored conditions. i hope that you will find it helpful while going through it.
The application method you choose depends on such factors as the nature and habits of the target pest, characteristics of the target site, and properties of the pesticide formulation.
Genetic engineering can be used to improve the traits of beneficial insects used for biological control. Some traits that can be modified include host range, temperature tolerance, pesticide resistance, pathogen resistance, and reproductive abilities. Transposable elements and viral/bacterial vectors are tools used to transform insects. Genes from other species have been introduced to produce strains with improved traits. Similar techniques have been applied to entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses to enhance their efficacy against pests while reducing risks to the environment. Future work requires thorough evaluation of genetically modified organisms' ecological impacts.
quality control and registration standards of biocontrol agentskarthik cmk
The document discusses quality control standards for biocontrol agents. It outlines the importance of quality control for ensuring biological control agents function properly after release. Key points covered include defining quality as an organism's ability to perform its intended pest control function, establishing laboratory testing methods to evaluate characteristics like emergence rates and parasitism/predation capacity, and developing general quality control criteria for mass-reared natural enemies. Examples are given for quality control guidelines for specific biocontrol agents like Amblyseius degenerans and Aphidius colemani.
Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects.pdfssuser15d92d
This document discusses host-plant selection by phytophagous insects. It begins with an introduction and then covers several topics: patterns of host-plant use by insects, the chemicals found in plants, the sensory systems insects use to detect these chemicals, the behaviors involved in host finding and acceptance, how ecology and physiology impact host selection, the effects of experience and genetic variation on host selection, and evolution of host range in insects. The overall focus is on the central role of insect behavior in the process of host-plant selection and host-plant specificity.
This document discusses biopesticides and their role in integrated pest management. It defines biopesticides as living organisms or naturally occurring substances that control pests. The first biopesticide was discovered in 1835. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that act as pathogens or parasites against target pests. They may also compete with or induce resistance in plant hosts. While biopesticides currently make up a small portion of the pesticide market, their use is growing as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The document reviews various types of microbial biopesticides and their modes of action in controlling insects and plant diseases.
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as compounds that manage agricultural pests through specific biological effects. Biopesticides are derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms and are less harmful than chemicals. They are more target specific and decompose quickly, leaving few residues. The document describes several important biopesticides used in India including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which kills pest larvae; Trichoderma, effective against soil-borne diseases; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, fungi that infect and kill insects; and Trichogramma wasps that parasitize eggs of lepidopter
Genetic engineering & new technologies their progress in Integrated Pest Man...Thims957
Genetic engineering and new technologies have made progress in integrated pest management (IPM) programs but also face limitations. Technologies like inserting insect-resistant genes from Bacillus thuringiensis into plants or using genetic engineering to optimize the speed at which pathogens kill pests have shown promise. However, producing recombinant pathogens faster-killing hosts results in fewer pathogen bodies produced. Additionally, viruses must be ingested to work and can be deactivated by sunlight or rain. Fungal pathogens are intolerant of low humidity or high heat. While biotechnology has improved crops through herbicide and insect resistance, developing transgenic methods that are economical at a large scale remains a challenge.
Detailed Project Report on Mass Production of White Muscardine Fungus Aaliya Afroz
This document presents a detailed project report for the mass production of the white muscardine fungus Beauveria bassiana. The objectives are to establish the viability of mass producing B. bassiana, to serve as guidelines for providing financial assistance to entrepreneurs, and to promote more biopesticide production units. The methodology describes the media preparation, culture maintenance using sorghum seeds or potato dextrose broth, mass production in a fermenter, harvesting, drying, quality control, and formulations. A budget outlines the infrastructure, equipment, materials, and staffing costs needed. Financial analysis shows a profit of Rs. 89.9 lakh over 3 years and a benefit-cost ratio of 1.64, demonstrating the feasibility
This document discusses different forms of plant-microbe interactions. It provides examples of mutualistic relationships between plants and microbes, including decomposition, mycorrhizal associations, and nitrogen fixation. Decomposition and nitrogen fixation are carried out by various bacteria and fungi. Mycorrhizal associations involve fungi colonizing plant roots and increasing nutrient and water uptake for the plant. The rhizosphere, or area of soil surrounding plant roots, contains many microbes due to root exudates and supports various interactions between plants and beneficial, neutral, or pathogenic microbes.
This document summarizes information about endophytes, which are microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that live inside plants without causing harm. It discusses how endophytes interact with and provide benefits to their plant hosts, such as improving nutrient uptake, tolerance to environmental stresses, and resistance to pests and diseases. Specifically, the document describes the ecological significance of endophytes, their interactions with plants and other microbes, production of beneficial compounds, role in biotechnology applications, and current areas of research on endophytes associated with biofuel crops and their ability to produce antibiotics.
This document discusses the role of endophytes in nematode management. It defines endophytes as microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues without causing harm. Endophytes can benefit plants by producing toxins that kill nematodes, competing with nematodes for resources, and inducing plant defenses. Effective endophytes have been isolated from roots of various crops that can reduce nematode infections under greenhouse and field conditions. Further research is needed to explore more sources of safe and potent endophytic organisms for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.
This document discusses alternative means of controlling turfgrass diseases through non-fungicide methods. It summarizes research on using nutrients like nitrogen, iron, sulphur, potassium and silica to reduce disease incidence. It also discusses using biological controls like compost teas and antagonistic organisms. Cultural practices like rolling, topdressing, and mowing heights are reviewed. The document also examines defence activators like phosphite, civitas and harpin that can prime the plant's natural defences. Taking a balanced approach using some of these alternative methods can help reduce disease while also enhancing fungicide programs.
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
Biopesticide & Biofertilizer - useful for BiotechnologyPrakashPatel781970
Biopesticides are derived from natural sources as alternatives to chemical pesticides. They include microbial pesticides using microbes, and plant-incorporated protectants that genetically modify plants. Microbial herbicides and insecticides control unwanted plants and insects using fungi, bacteria, viruses and entomopathogenic fungi. Biofertilizers are microorganisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, or promote plant growth. They improve soil fertility and provide nutrients to plants, but require large amounts and special storage conditions.
Turfgrass disease, alternative means of controlDr John Dempsey
This document discusses methods for controlling turfgrass diseases through alternative means to fungicides. It summarizes the speaker's background and research in turfgrass pathology. It then outlines several factors that influence disease incidence, including environmental conditions, plant nutrition, and pathogens. It discusses two common cool-season pathogens, Anthracnose and Microdochium patch, and their infection processes. Finally, it explores alternative control methods like nutrient inputs, biological controls, cultural practices, and defence activators to help reduce disease and reliance on fungicides. The speaker emphasizes using an integrated approach and focusing on controllable factors to manage disease.
This document provides an overview of the importance of the plant microbiome, specifically mycorrhizal fungi, for successful restoration of native Hawaiian forests. It discusses how the native plant microbiome differs from conditions in urban and disturbed areas. Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, helping with nutrient and water uptake, immune response, and nutrient cycling. The document emphasizes that mycorrhizal fungi, not just plant roots, are essential for nutrient uptake and survival of most native Hawaiian plants. Loss of native mycorrhizal fungi due to soil disturbance or invasive plants makes restoration more challenging. The document provides examples of how mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants and ecosystems. Proper understanding and
This document provides an overview of the course "Fundamentals of Plant Pathology" which covers three units:
1. Importance and history of plant pathology, terminology, classification of diseases and pathogens
2. Characteristics of fungi, bacteria, viruses and their classification
3. Morphology and reproduction of nematodes, principles of disease management, fungicides and antibiotics
It defines key terms, describes different types of plant pathogens and diseases, and classification systems for plant diseases.
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Chapter 5 Application of microbes in agro-biotechnology.pptxAsmamawTesfaw1
Microbes play an important role in biofertilizers and biopesticides for agriculture. Biofertilizers include nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium that form symbiotic relationships with plants, phosphate-solubilizing microbes that make phosphorus available to plants, and mycorrhizal fungi that help plants absorb nutrients. Biopesticides contain microbes like Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, fungi, viruses, or pheromones that target specific pests with little risk to beneficial insects or the environment. Restoring degraded lands can involve reintroducing plant growth-promoting bacteria, nitrogen-fixing microbes, mycorrhizal fungi, or cyanobacteria that form
A SEMINAR REPORT ON POLLEN MICROBES BY TEMIDAYO FARORK OLAPADE.
Microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, and viruses live in flowers and are thought to affect pollination. Microbial influence the effectiveness of pollinator visits is poorly understood and depends on the context. The effect of microbes on pollen performance is underappreciated. Beyond the effect of pathogenic viruses, the impacts of pollen-transmitted endophytic microbes on pollen viability or tube growth are unknown but could affect the outcome of pollen receipt. Future research integrating microbes into pollination should broaden taxonomic diversity of microbes, pollinators and plants and the processes under study. Crops aimed at feeding an exponentially growing population are often exposed to a variety of harsh environmental factors. Although plants have evolved ways of adjusting their metabolism and some have also been engineered to tolerate stressful environments, there is still a shortage of food supply. An alternative approach is to explore the possibility of using rhizosphere microorganisms in the mitigation of abiotic stress and hopefully improve food production. Several studies have shown that rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae organisms can help improve stress tolerance by enhancing plant growth; stimulating the production of phytohormones, siderophores, and solubilizing phosphates; lowering ethylene levels; and upregulating the expression of dehydration response and antioxidant genes.
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Avs sustainable management of soil borne plant diseasesAMOL SHITOLE
This document discusses sustainable management of soil-borne plant diseases. It defines sustainable management and introduces some of the predominant soil-borne pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It then discusses various principles and methods for managing plant diseases sustainably, including cultural methods like crop rotation, date of sowing, nutrient management, organic amendments, cover crops, and depth of sowing. It also discusses physical methods like soil solarization and using barriers to control pathogens. The overall document provides an overview of sustainable approaches for minimizing soil-borne plant diseases.
The document describes research on developing insect-resistant maize plants by expressing a chitinase gene from the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis. The chitinase gene was synthesized and expressed in transgenic maize plants. Bioassays found that approximately 50% of corn borers (Sesamia cretica) reared on the transgenic plants died, demonstrating enhanced insect resistance. The chitinase gene transfer technology shows potential as an effective and pesticide-free method of insect control, as chitinases can impact the growth and survival of both insect pests and fungal pathogens.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Interaction of microorganisms with vascular plants.pptxMicrobiologyMicro
Microbial association with vascular plants
Plants—the major source of organic matter on which most soil microorganisms are dependent.
Different Microorganisms are associated with the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots.
The microbial community influences plants in direct and indirect ways.
Use of biofertilizers on vegetable cropsRATHOD MAYUR
1) Biofertilizers contain living microorganisms that help supply nutrients to plants. They fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce hormones that promote plant growth.
2) Common biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, phosphate solubilizers, and mycorrhiza. Rhizobium fixes nitrogen in legume crops. Azotobacter adds nitrogen to soil.
3) Biofertilizers are beneficial for vegetable crops like tomato, cucumber, and capsicum. They increase yields by 10-25% without environmental harm. Seed treatment and soil application are common application methods for tomato crops.
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Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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2. Overview
• What is an endophyte?
• What do they do?
• A novel endophyte: Metarhizium
• Effects of crop management
• Crops and cover crops
• Soil properties
• Tillage
• Pesticides
• Summary and conclusion
3. What is an endophyte?
Greek: Endo = within + phyte = plant
• Bacterium or fungus that lives within plant tissues without causing
apparent plant disease
• All plants studied to date host endophytes
• Potentially very important but understudied
– only a minority of endophytes have been characterized
• A single plant tissue (leaf, stem or root) can harbor many different
species of endophytes, both bacterial and fungal
http://regent.jcu.cz/amms/pl8FE1.jpg
Mycorrhizal fungus in root
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/im
ages/Topics/Plant_Interactions/Endophytes/fungiOnBanksi
a.jpg
Fungal endophyte growing
out of leaf
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/9/93/Epichloe_typhina.JPG
Epichloë typhina
on KY bluegrass
4. Potshangbam, M., et al. 2017. Front. Microbiol. 8:325. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00325
Endophytes are everywhere!
5. What are some benefits of plant-fungal
endophyte interactions?
Benefits to endophyte
• Plants use sunlight,
water and CO2 to
produce sugar and O2
• Sugars and nutrients
transferred to roots
• Excess nutrients
exuded from root tips
• Endophyte gains a
protected environment
in which nutrients
(sugars, N) are readily
available https://nosprayhawaii.com/education/about-soils/what-are-microbes/
https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.qKbVjFlWxT1JAoAA3KHXZQHaF3&pid=Api/
6. What are some benefits of plant-fungal
endophyte interactions?
Benefits to plants
• Increased “root” volume”
• Increased shoot and/or root growth
• Increased overall hardiness
• Improved plant response to environmental
stress, e.g., heat, drought, and salt
• Enhanced uptake of minerals (P, N, Zn, Mg)
• Enhanced N use efficiency
• Enhanced tolerance or resistance to plant
pathogens or insect pests
– produce chemicals that inhibit the growth of pest
organisms
– increase expression of defense-related genes in
plants, making plants tolerant or resistant to
potential pests https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.bF-
E1j48fyehqGooPBGxigHaK1&pid=Api
7. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: Root-Fungus Symbiosis
mycor = fungus, rhizae = root
• Probably the most abundant fungi
in ag soils, between 5 and 50% of
the microbial biomass
• Benefits to the fungus
– Source of sugar (“fixed” carbon)
• Benefits to the host plant
– Increased nutrient uptake
• Esp. immobile nutrients, P,
Zn
– Increased disease and insect
tolerance/resistance
– Enhanced water relations
• Benefits to the soil
– Stabilization of soil aggregates
– Contribute to soil C
Arbuscule
10. Endophytic Insect-Pathogenic Fungi
• Common insect-
pathogenic fungi now
known to be
endophytes
• Beauveria bassiana in
corn provided season-
long suppression of
European corn borer (Lewis
and Cossentine 1986)
• Metarhizium colonizes
rhizosphere and roots
(Sasan and Bidochka 2012)
http://www.westatic.com/img/dict/srsbz/images/00110-1.jpg; http://www.bioworksinc.com/images/products/mycotrol-o1.jpg
11. Entomopathogenic Fungi
entomo = insect pathogenic = causing disease
• Fungus that
parasitizes insects
• Infectious agent is
usually spore
• Commonly isolated
from soil
• High spatial and
temporal diversity
12. Insect-Pathogenic Fungus Life Cycle
https://plant-health.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KL-MR-mode-of-action-figure.jpg
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Narit_Thaochan2/publication/301731856/figure/fig1/AS:356507381190656@1462009391231/The-infection-process-of-
Metarhizium-guizhouense-on-rice-moth-larvae-Corcyra.png
13. How endophytes affect insects
Gange et al. 2019. New Phytologist 223:2002-2010
Measure Entomopathogenic
Endophyte
Non-
Entomopathogenic
Endophyte
Insect abundance
Reproductive rate
No Net Effect
Larval survival
Larval weight
Amount of plant eaten
No Net Effect
Insect choice of plants
14. How endophytes affect insects
Gange et al. 2019. New Phytologist 223:2002-2010
Insect Feeding Type Entomopathogenic
Endophyte
Non-
Entomopathogenic
Endophyte
Chewing
No Net Effect
Sucking
Mining No Net Effect
Galling No Net Effect
15. Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae)
Cosmopolitan Insect-Pathogenic Fungus
• 9 species (Bischoff et al. (2009) Mycologia 101: 512-530)
• Large diverse group spans mutualistic plant symbionts and
parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi (Spatafora et al. (2007) Mol. Ecol. 16: 1701-
1711)
• Can form endophytic relationship with plants
http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/maps/Fungi/Ascomycota/Clavicipitaceae/Metarhizium/map_of_Metarhizium_anisopliae.jpg
20. Metarhizium recovered from 91% of V4 maize plants
Detection from both root + leaf > only root or only leaf
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Leaf Only Root Only Leaf + Root
%EndophyticPlants
Recovery of M. robertsii
n=116 ; F2,15 = 17.7, P = 0.0013No recovery from control plants, DNS
21. Mean height and biomass
Metarhizium-treated seed > control
89
89.5
90
90.5
91
91.5
92
92.5
Exposed +
Detected
Exposed + Not
Detected
Control
cm
Height (cm)
a
ab
b
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
Exposed +
Detected
Exposed + Not
Detected
Control
gm
Aboveground Dry Biomass
(gm)
a
ab
b
F2,227 = 3.73; P = 0.03 F2,211= 3.78; P = 0.02
22. Mean relative growth rate
‘Exposed and Detected’ < Control
0.41
0.415
0.42
0.425
0.43
0.435
Exposed + Detected Exposed + Not
Detected
Control
RelativeGrowthRate
2nd Instar Black Cutworm
ab
a
b
F2,211 = 4.66; P = 0.01
25. Metarhizium in Cash Crops
Positive Environmental Correlations
Labile C (“Active C”)
• Underrated source of C for
soil fungi (De Vries and Caruso, 2016)
• Metarhizium may persist or
recycle on decomposing
organic matter
• Metarhizium plays a role in
decomposition of labile
organic matter in soil?
• Mycorrhizal fungi
contribute to the direct
loss of soil C by acting
as decomposers (Talbot et al.,
2008)
http://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/951039355135197187/1024/10/scaletowidth/0/0/1/1/false/true?wait=true
https://ask.extension.org/uploads/question/images/attachments/000/028/230/Soil_original.JPG?1472584417
26. Metarhizium in Cash Crops
Positive Environmental Correlations
Electrical conductivity
• Correlates with multiple soil properties that affect crop
productivity
• May be an integrator of multiple characteristics
• soil texture
• cation exchange capacity (CEC)
• water holding capacity
• organic matter level
• AMF distribution in soil profile and diversity positively
related to EC (Liu et al. 2016)
28. Cover Crop Diversity Not Related to Metarhizium
Diversity or Detection
of M. robertsii in Cover Crops
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Pea
O
atFallow
4Spp3SppW
7Spp
CloverRadish
6Spp3SppN
RyeCanola
%Metarhizium
Randhawa et al., 2018Cover Crop Treatment: F11,265=1.5, P = 0.1309
29. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Legum
e
Fallow
G
rass
M
ix
Brassica
%DetectionMetarhizium
• Cover crop treatment: n.d.
• Mono vs Polyculture: n.d.
• Brassicas < Legumes (p =
0.0146)
• Proportion brassicas in
cover crop mixtures in fall
negatively related to
Metarhizium (p = 0.0247)
• Proportion cereal rye in
spring negatively related to
Metarhizium (p = 0.0006)
Plant Functional Group, Not Diversity, Matters
Functional Group: F4,274=2.58, p=0.0365
30. Metarhizium Detection in Brassicas < Legumes
Negative Correlation with Cereal Rye
• Different plant species and genotypes host specific
microbial communities (Aira 2010 , Berendsen 2012, Chaparro et al. 2012)
• Consistent with known effects of brassicas on soil
microorganisms (Vukicevich et al., 2016)
• Endophytic or rhizospheric growth of Metarhizium
suppressed by brassicas?
• Inhibition by glucosinolates or other secondary metabolites? (von Roepenack-
Lahaye et al., 2004)
• Lower occurrence of Metarhizium spp. in root isolations of cabbage
compared to roots of cereal rye (Steinwender et al., 2015)
• Metarhizium conidia exposed to 100 ppm glucosinolates did not germinate
(Klingen et al., 2002)
• Cereal rye allelochemicals, e.g., benzoxazinoids, contribute
to the negative association with Metarhizium? (Schulz et al., 2013)
31. Metarhizium in Cover Crops
Positive Environmental Relationships
• Fall CC Biomass
• Spring Weed Biomass
– Early season resource
• Soil Moisture
– Needed for germination of
spores, mycelial growth,
and sporulation
• % Silt and Clay
• Clay protects conidia from
degradation
• Soil Calcium
32. In cover crops, positive correlation with soil calcium
Ca in soil may support survival and population growth
directly
• Calcium required for sporulation, spore germination, oriented hyphal
tip growth, and hyphal branching (Berridge et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2012)
As a rhizosphere resident, Metarhizium may increase
bioavailability of Ca
• Produces oxalates that solubilize nutrients by secretion of acidic
compounds, requires presence of Ca2+
(Gadd et al. 2014; Jacoby et al. 2017; Takeshita et
al., 2017)
• Fungal calcium oxalate, abundant, ubiquitous (Gadd et al. 2014)
• Precipitates of calcium oxalate can serve as significant
calcium reservoir in soil (Graustein et al., 1977)
• Metarhizium solubilized calcium phosphate in vitro, wheat
seedlings grew faster in treatments with Metarhizium (Liao et al.
2014)
33. Metarhizium in Cover Crops
Negative Environmental Relationships
Negative correlations
• % Sand
– Likely related to
moisture
– Mean 27.5% sand
– Range 14 – 50%
• No. days since
disturbance
– Development of
patchy distribution
34. Range of Tillage Systems
Conventional
Tillage
Reduced
Tillage
<30% Soil
Residue
Cover
Reduced (Conservation) Tillage
>30%Soil Residue Cover
Mold-
board
Plow
Heavy
Offset
Disk
Non-
conservation
Tillage
Other
Tillage
Systems
Ridge
Till
Chisel
Plow
Strip
Till
No-Till
Increasing Residue Covering Soil
Decreasing Intensity and Frequency of Soil Disturbance
Adapted from A. McGuire, Washington State University, MWPS-45
Not all conservation tillage systems the same
Can affect pests and beneficials
May or may not involve cover crops in rotation
35. Detection of Metarhizium greater in
inversion vs non-inversion tilled soil
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 (cover) 2 (soy) 3 (corn)
year of transition
Full Till
Minimum Till
#insectskilled
Hypothesis:
Greater detection occurs in full
tillage due to more spread &
mixing of soil. Truscott & Gilligan 2001
Full Till = Moldboard plow
Min Till = Chisel plow and disk
Tillage p = 0.0684
Jabbour, R., Barbercheck, M. 2009 Biological Control 51: 435-443.
36. Metarhizium in Chisel Plow > No-Till
in a Long-Term Cropping Systems Trial
Kepler et al. 2015. Environmental Microbiology doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12778
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chisel Plow No-Till
CFUMetarhizium/100ul
*
38. Pesticide Suppression of Metarhizium
Active Ingredient Type of Pesticide Commercial Name
1Mancozeb
1Tebuconazol
1Copper oxychloride
1Chlorothalonyl
Fungicide Manzate, Dithane
Folicure
Cuprogard
Daconil
2Azoxystrobin
2Captan
2Dimethomorph
2Pyraclostrobin
2Thiophanate-methyl
2Triflumizole
2Triflozystrobin
Fungicide Dynasty
Captan
Acrobat
Headline, Stamina
Pestanal, Topsin
Terraguard, Procure
Armada, Flint
3Metalaxyl+mancozeb Fungicide Ridomil, Allegiance,
Delta-Coat AD
Subdue 2E
1
Mochi et al. 2005. Neotropical Entomology 34:961-971
2Bruck. 2009. BioControl 54:597-606
3
Akbar et al. 2012. African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6: 3956-3962
39. Pesticide Suppression of Metarhizium
Active Ingredient Type of
Pesticide
Commercial Name
1Ametryn
1Glyphosate
1Trifluralin
Herbicide Evik, Amatrex
Roundup
Treflan
2Acetameprid
2Cypermethrin
2Imidacloprid
Insecticide Intruder, Tristar
Fury, Mustang Max
Gaucho
3Chlorpyrifos
3Lufenuron
3Profenofos
Insecticide Lorsban, Nufos
Program
Curacron, Selecron
1
Mochi et al. 2005. Neotropical Entomology 34:961-971
2
Bruck. 2009. BioControl 54:597-606.
3Akbar et al. 2012. African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6: 3956-3962
40. Effects of Organic Pesticides
• Metarhizium compatible with
spinosad (Akbar et al. 2012)
• Metarhizium highly susceptible to
mycoparasites Clonostachys spp.,
Trichoderma harzianum,
Lecanicillium lecanii (Krauss et al. 2004)
• Azadirachtin (Neem) toxic to
Metarhizium (Niassy et al. 2012)
41. Summary and Management for Conservation
• Rotation
– Endophytes more common in some crops than others, e.g., corn
• Winter cover crops can help conserve endophytes
– Legume cover crops appear to favor Metarhizium
– Brassica, cereal rye cover crops appear to suppress Metarhizium
• Soils with good fertility, moisture-holding capacity,
active organic matter favor Metarhizium
• A little tillage is ok, helps distribute spores through
soil
• Some pesticides are suppressive to Metarhizium
42. Summary
• Endophytes are common and beneficial
– germinating seeds recruit particular microbes and establish
beneficial associations
• Conservation of endophytes in agroecosystems
could potentially result in
– Reduced need for fertility and pest management inputs
– crops better able to tolerate and recover from environmental and
biological stresses
• Still learning how management practices and soil
characteristics affect endophytes
• Research can inform strategies by which
endophyte communities may be manipulated to
suppress pests and promote plant health
43. Acknowledgement
Project Team
Imtiaz Ahmad
Brianna Flonc
Christy Voortman
Puneet Randhawa
Maria Jimenez-Gasco
Dawn Luthe
Mary Barbercheck
Brosi Bradley
Mac Burgess
Alan Cook
Sarah Cornelisse
Dan DeTurk
Tianna DuPont
Franklin Egan
Katie Ellis
Wade Esbenshade
Denise Finney
Scott Harkcom
Dave Hartman
Mena Hautau
Jermaine Hinds
Mitch Hunter
Shan Jin
Jason Kaye
Nancy Ellen Kiernan
Dave Mortensen
Jeff Moyer
Ebony Murrell
Barbara B. Padro
Meagan Schipanski
Brian Snyder
Dayton Spackman
Alexandra Stone
Charlie White
Dave Wilson
Leslie Zuck
Bucky Ziegler
USDA Organic Research and Extension
Initiative (OREI)
USDA Organic Transitions (ORG)
USDA NE-IPM
NE-SARE Graduate Student Grants
Penn State College of Agricultural
Sciences Seed Grant
45. Base 3-year Crop Rotation
Mean Number of Days in Each Phase
Wheat, 291
Post-wheat
fallow, 16
Pre-corn
cover crops,
263Pre-corn
fallow, 16
Corn, 140
Post-corn
fallow, 5
Pre-soy cover
crops, 228
Pre-soy
fallow, 19
Soy, 149
Post-soy
fallow, 4
46. Significant Soil Properties for M. robertsii Detection
Forward Selection Multiple Regression, 22 variables, n = 1,295
r2
adj for model = 0.136
Soil Variable r2
adj F p
% Soil Moisture (+) 0.044 85.35 <0.0001
% Silt (+) 0.085 57.93 <0.0001
% Clay (quadratic; optimum = 30%) 0.028 18.04 0.0002
P (+) 0.021 18.08 <0.0001
Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm)
(quadratic; optimum = 185 mS/cm)
0.032 6.72 0.0096
Permanganate Oxidizable C (“Active C”)
(quadratic; optimum = 55 ppm)
0.048 4.62 0.0317
Sulfur (quadratic; optimum = 48 ppm) 0.056 4.39 0.0363
47. Summary: Soil Factors
• Soil P (r2 = 0.021)
• Low P availability major constraint to plant growth,
performance, and metabolism due to poor solubility and
mobility in soil
• Fungi can promote plant P acquisition by different
mechanisms, e.g., P solubilization, P mineralization, hyphal
P transfer.
• N, P, Ca, Mg and K concentrations from seeds harvested
from cowpea plants sprayed at flowering with M.
anisopliae > control plants (Ngakou et al. 2007)
• Potato plant P content and biomass grown in soil with M.
brunneum > control plants (Krell et al. 2018)
48. Height of V4 maize correlated with proportion of leaf and root tissue sections
from which M. robertsii recovered
r2
Adj = 0.02; P = 0.02 r2
Adj = 0.02; P = 0.014
49. RGR of BCW negatively correlated with proportion of
endophytic leaf and root sections
r2
Adj = 0.02; P = 0.03 r2
Adj = 0.02; P = 0.03
50. Biomass of V4 maize correlated with proportion of root, but not leaf,
tissue sections from which M. robertsii recovered
r2
Adj = 0.03; P = 0.006
51. SA-response pathway
0
0.5
1
1.5
Control Treated
pr5• pathogenesis-related protein
5 (pr5) up-regulated in leaf
tissue
• pr5 implicated in plant
disease resistance and
antifungal activity
• Possible role in activating
other defense pathways
(El-kereamy et al., 2011)
• Plant may perceive M.
robertsii as a biotrophic
pathogen (Thaler et al., 2012)
52. Endochitinases
0
5
10
15
20 Endochitinase A
0
0.2
0.4
Control Treated
pr4
• endochitinase A and
pathogenesis-related protein 4
(pr4)
• trigger plant defense against
phytopathogens
• antagonistic to plant defense against
herbivores
• endochitinase A up-regulated
• defense against chitin-containing
fungal pathogens
• plant perceives M. robertsii as
biotrophic pathogen?
• pr4 down-regulated
• antifungal chitin-binding protein,
defense against necrotizing
pathogens, salt, wounding, and other
stresses
53. Recovery of M. robertsii : % of tissue sections plated
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Leaf Root
%TissueSections
% Recovery by Tissue Sections Plated
Recovery from root sections (43%) > leaf sections (29%)
leaf n=678, root n=678; F1,171 = 19.7, P < 0.0001
54. Metarhizium Frequency of Detection Across
Experiments (2003 – 2015)
*Factors significant in multiple regression analysis
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Soy
W
heat
Tim
_Clov
C
orn
R
ye
R
ye_H
V
Alf
Alf_G
rass
%Metarhizium
a ab b b b
b b
a
Plant Species
n= 981; F = 6.93, P<0.0001
56. Metarhizium Frequency of Detection Across
Experiments: S, Cu, Zn
* Not significant in multiple regression
Arc(SqRt) = 0.085 + 0.034*S -
0.003*(S-10.413)2
S
n= 728; P<0.0001; r2
adj= 0.2175
Arc(SqRt) = 0.428 - 0.006*Cu
Cu
n=728; P<0.0005; r2
adj= 0.0153
Arc(SqRt) = 0.172 + 0.164*Zn -
0.0553*(Zn-1.466)2
Zn
n= 728; P<0.0002; r2
adj= 0.0678
57. Summary from Cross-Project Comparisons
• Plant species
• Different plant species host specific microbial communities
(Berendsen 2012)
• Structure of rhizosphere maize microbial communities
depended on plant genotype (Aira 2010)
• Plants can shape soil microbial communities through
secretion of root exudates (Chaparro et al. 2012)
• Mg
• Metarhizium endophytic infection increased leaf
concentration of Mg in cowpea (Golo et al. 2014)
• Nutrient transfer?
• Pathogenicity, lipase activity of M. anisopliae enhanced in
Mg-amended medium (Ali et al. 2009,Jaworska and Gospodarek 2009; Sabbour
2002)
• Lipase used during infection process to breach insect cuticle
58. Conventional vs Organic
Multiple linear regression for number of CFU
of M. anisopliae s.l. in Iowa, 2011
Clifton et al. (2015) PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133613
Variable Slope SE F p
Total Soil N (%) -7.47 2.87 6.75 0.01
Tillage -1.16 0.37 9.76 <0.01
Conventional Field
+ Herbicide
-0.89 0.34 6.75 0.01
Conventional Field
Margin
-0.86 0.34 6.12 0.01
% Silt 0.02 0.01 6.88 0.01
Organic Fertilizer 1.45 0.47 9.57 <0.01
59. Soil Disturbance and Residue Cover
Full tillage
Moldboard plow based
Minimum tillage
Chisel plow/Cultivator
60. June 1, 2011 June 3, 2011
Hairy Vetch Cereal Rye
61. Some Environmental Factors That
Affect Pathogen Populations within a
Habitat
Abiotic Factors
• Moisture
• Temperature
• Disturbance (e.g.,
tillage)
• Soil texture/structure
• Soil chemistry
• Soil atmosphere
• Surface residue
• Pesticide use
• Fertility source
• UV light
Biotic Factors
• Pathogen species
(e.g., host range,
behavior, virulence)
• Host availability and
behavior
• Predators and
antagonists
• Competitors
• Plant diversity
• Food plant of host
insect
(Stuart et al. 2006; Barbercheck & Hoy 2005)
62. JA response-pathway
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
mpi
• Down-regulation of
maize protease
inhibitor (mpi), a
downstream marker
• Accumulates in
response to
mechanical wounding,
including insect
feeding
• May reflect non-
response in absence of
insect feeding
Control Treated
63. Plants can drive soil microbial community,
plant susceptibility, tolerance to insects
• Manipulating the soil
microbiome to control
arthropod pests in a
predictable way is
complex
• Need to address
ecological and
organismal processes
at multiple scales,
mediation by
management (Begg et al.,
2017. Crop Protection 97: 145-
158)
DeDeyn & Van der Putten. 2005. Trends in
Ecology & Evolution 20, 625-633.
64. Crop Effects on Metarhizium
Across Projects
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
PerLegum
eLegum
eBi
PerLegum
eBi
Fallow
R
ye
Soy
C
orn
BiSm
G
rain
M
ixLegum
e
SudaxBrassica
bcd
cd cd d d d
cd cd
a
abc
b
n=2,688; F=7.57; P<0.0001
%Infection