Insecticides with growth regulating properties (IGR) may adversely affect insects by
regulating or inhibiting specific biochemical pathways or processes essential for insect
growth and development. Some insects exposed to such compounds may die due to abnormal
regulation of hormone-mediated cell or organ development. Other insects may die either from
a prolonged exposure at the developmental stage to other mortality factors (susceptibility to
natural enemies, environmental conditions etc) or from an abnormal termination of a
developmental stage itself. Insect growth regulators may come from a blend of synthetic
chemicals or from other natural sources, such as plants. The chemical composition of
hormones indigenous to insects is now being studied and used as a basis for developing
analogues or mimics against insects. The similarities, however, in certain aspects of
biochemistry among vertebrates and invertebrates may result in the limited development of
IGRs.
Novel insecticides, New chemistry, Novel mode of action, New group of insecticides, New insect control chemicals, Novel chemicals for insect management
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Novel insecticides, New chemistry, Novel mode of action, New group of insecticides, New insect control chemicals, Novel chemicals for insect management
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
The IRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants and crop protection professionals with a guide to the selection of acaricides or insecticides for use in an effective and sustainable acaricide or insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy.
Rules for inclusion of a compound in the MoA list
Names To be included in the active list, compounds must have, or be very close to having, a minimum of one registered use in at least one country.
when more than one active ingredient in that chemical sub-group is registered for use, the chemical sub-group name is used.
when only one active ingredient is registered for use, the name of that exemplifying active ingredient may be use
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
Communication in Insects.
Classification of Semiochemicals.
Introduction to Insect Pheromones.
Uses of Insect Pheromones.
Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Use of pheromones in insect pest management.
He'll Good afternoon to everyone I'm Raju Kumar verma i did my graduation from Banda University of agriculture and technology Banda after that I'm engaged for Masters from chandra shekhar azad university of agriculture and technology kanpur and passed out in 2022 I'm presented this ppt in our course seminar.
Insecticide may be defined as a substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel or otherwise prevent the insects.
Insecticides are the most powerful tools available for use in pest management. They are highly effective, rapid in curative action, adoptable to most situations, flexible in meeting changing agronomic and ecological conditions and economical
The IRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants and crop protection professionals with a guide to the selection of acaricides or insecticides for use in an effective and sustainable acaricide or insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy.
Rules for inclusion of a compound in the MoA list
Names To be included in the active list, compounds must have, or be very close to having, a minimum of one registered use in at least one country.
when more than one active ingredient in that chemical sub-group is registered for use, the chemical sub-group name is used.
when only one active ingredient is registered for use, the name of that exemplifying active ingredient may be use
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
Communication in Insects.
Classification of Semiochemicals.
Introduction to Insect Pheromones.
Uses of Insect Pheromones.
Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Use of pheromones in insect pest management.
He'll Good afternoon to everyone I'm Raju Kumar verma i did my graduation from Banda University of agriculture and technology Banda after that I'm engaged for Masters from chandra shekhar azad university of agriculture and technology kanpur and passed out in 2022 I'm presented this ppt in our course seminar.
Insecticide may be defined as a substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel or otherwise prevent the insects.
Insecticides are the most powerful tools available for use in pest management. They are highly effective, rapid in curative action, adoptable to most situations, flexible in meeting changing agronomic and ecological conditions and economical
“Plant growth regulators in relation
To Vegetable production ;Role and mode of
Action of Morphactins , antitranspirants ,
anti-auxins , Ripening retardant and Plant
Stimulants in Vegetable crop Production”
Effect of sub lethal doses of insecticides on natural enemies of crop pestsSAURABHPADAMSHALI
Sub-lethal dose is dose or concentration of a potentially lethal substance inducing no apparent mortality in the experimental population, i.e., not large enough or sufficient to cause death. Aim of studies on the sublethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies is,
To assess the suitability of insecticides for IPM.
To reduce non-target effects of insecticides on natural enemies,
To test & select insecticides with a minimal non-target lethal toxicity.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plantsDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. INTRODUCTION
IGRs: compounds that interfere with the growth and development of
insects.
III generation pesticide
Insect can not reach adulthood and can’t reproduce.
IGR is a short term of birth control in pests.
4. Hormonal control of insect development
Prothoracic
gland
BH
JH, ecdysone stimulates
moulting producing
another larval stage, JH
suppress metamorphosis
JH, a pupa forms at the next ecdysone induced
molt. The adult insect emerges from the pupa
10. Juvenile hormone analogues
• Juvenile hormones (JHs) : acyclic sesquiterpenoids that regulate
many aspects of insect physiology.
• The first discovery of a JH was by Vincent Wigglesworth.
• JHs regulate development, reproduction, diapause in insects
• The main role of JH in immature insects is to ensure as well as inhibit
the development of adult characteristics, causing the insect to remain
as nymph or larva.
• During the last larval or nymphal instar, the corpora allatum becomes
atrophied and stops producing juvenile hormone
12. JH 0, I, and II : Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)
Diptera, or flies.
13. Methoprene and others are broad-
spectrum synthetic JH
mimic/analogues, which acts as
an IGR (insecticide). It prevents larval
metamorphosis to viable adults and thus
acts as a larvicide and interferes with the
insect life cycle, preventing the insect
from reaching maturity or reproducing.
16. Anti-juvenile hormone agents (Precocenes)
• They act by destroying corpora allata (CA) and preventing JH synthesis.
• When treated on immature stages of insect, they skip one or two larval instars and turn into
tiny precocious adults.
• They can neither mate, nor oviposit and die soon.
• Fluoromevalonate (FMev) exhibited anti-JH activity in Lepidoptera
• Piperonyl Butoxide: mixed function oxidase (MFO) inhibitor, inhibits oxidative
degradation of xenobiotics and used as a synergist with pyrethrin / pesticides and
inhibits JH biosynthesis in terminal steps
• Precocenes exert cytotoxic action on the insect CA by an oxidative bioactivation and
prevent JH production.
• Physiological and behavioral changes induced by precocenes : precocious
metamorphosis, sterilization of adults,suppressed ovarian development, induction of
diapause and inhibition of sex pheromone production.
17. Abnormalities resulting
from precocene I
treatment, in forth instars
and adult E. integriceps
treated in third instar. (A)
Normal fourth instar, (B)
and (C) abnormal fourth
instar, (D) normal adult,
(E) abnormal adult.
Amiri et al., 2010
Precocene I
18. Moulting hormone analogues (MHAs)
• MHAs blocks the biosynthesis of moulting hormone
and disrupts moulting processes.
• Defective cuticle
• Development process accelerates bypassing several
normal events resulting in integument lacking scales
or wax layer.
• Also affects egg production and spermatogenesis in
adults.
19. Ecdysone (molting agonist/initiator)
• Ecdysone is a steroid hormone secreted by prothoracic gland that, in its active
form, stimulates metamorphosis and regulates molting in insects.
• 20-Hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone or 20E) is a naturally occurring
ecdysteroid hormone which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and
metamorphosis of arthropods.
ecdysone 20 monooxygenase
21. • Leaf and seed extract of Azadirachta indica
• Mimics insect hormones called ecdysones
that regulate pupation of insects
• Application of azadirachtin interrupts the
development and pupation of insects, which
eventually kills them.
Natural Insect Growth Regulators
Commonly used Natural IGRs are: Azadirachtin, Plumbagin etc
Azadirachtin
C35H44O16
22. • Root extract of the plant Plumbago
• The mode of action of plumbagin is
being a chitin synthesis inhibitor
• It affects the mechanical properties of
the insect cuticle and produces
abnormalities in the skin and resists
moulting.
• Inhibition of moulting results in
increase of the internal body pressure
in the larvae.
Plumbagin
23. • Chloroform extract of leaves of
Chrysanthemum coronarium
• The mode of action of Polyacetylenic
sulfoxide is being an anti-juvenile
hormone
• Polyacetylene is highly photolabile and
appears to possess a cytotoxic mode of
action similar to the precocenes.
Polyacetylenic sulfoxide
25. Advantages of IGRs Disadvantages of IGRs
• Effective in minute quantities, so
are economical.
• Target specific, safe to natural
enemies.
• Bio-degradable, non-persistant,
non-polluting
• Non-toxic to human, ani.mals
• Well fitted into IPM programme.
Comes under biorationals
• Less chances to resistance.
• Kills only certain stages of pest.
• Slow mode of action (IGRs work
by interfering with an insect's
molting process. Death 3-10
days)
• Not easily available.
• High cost
• Unstable in the environment
26. References
1. Gad, M., Aref, S., Abdelhamid, A., Elwassimy, M., & Abdel-
Raheem, S. (2021). Biologically active organic compounds as
insect growth regulators (IGRs): introduction, mode of action, and
some synthetic methods. Current Chemistry Letters, 10(4), 393-
412.
2. Tunaz, H., & Uygun, N. (2004). Insect growth regulators for insect
pest control. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28(6),
377-387.
3. http://eagri.org/eagri50/ENTO232/lec23.pdf
