Dr. Eduardo Fano - Research Supporting the Infection Chain in Improving Disease Management
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Research Supporting the Infection Chain in Improving Disease Management - Dr. Eduardo Fano, Swine Technical Manager of the Americas, Boehringer Ingelheim, from the 2013 Boehringer Ingelheim Swine Health Seminar, August 16-18, 2013, Wrightsville Beach, NC, USA. More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2013-boehringer-ingelheim-carolina-swine-health-seminar
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Dr. Eduardo Fano - Research Supporting the Infection Chain in Improving Disease Management
- 1. Research supporting the Infection Chain TM in improving disease management Eduardo Fano, Edgar Diaz, Brian Payne
- 2. Where to target for improved disease management •Minimize Exposure •Biosecurity •Flow management •Antimicrobials •Maximize Immunity •Vaccination •Acclimation •Lactation management •Proper nutrition Exposure Immunity
- 3. Results of improving disease management •If successful at improving disease management •Fewer clinical signs •Respiratory, enteric, reproductive •Improved production parameters •Therefore, economic improvements •Decrease in treatments •Individual injections •Mass treatments 10 September 2013 3
- 4. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market Infection/Prevention Chain TM – Whole Herd Approach The Whole Herd Approach (System) Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Vertical Transmission Management HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- ---HT VT HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- -----HT HT: Horizontal Transmission VT: Vertical transmission
- 5. Previous research supporting the “Infection Chain” concept
- 6. 10 September 2013 6 Examples where the industry has adopted the Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ Ascarids E. coli Rotavirus Clostridium Bordetella Pasteurella APP PRRS
- 7. 10 September 2013 7 Examples where the industry has widely adopted the Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ Ascarids
- 8. Sow Vaccination Piglet Medication Early Weaning Minimizing Sow ExcretionSow Medication Maximizing Sow Immunity Minimizing colonization Minimizing colonization Minimizing Vertical transmission Minimizing Horizontal transmission InterventionObjective Epidemiological effect Understanding and affecting the pathogen’s transmission- infection partial chain
- 9. MEW: Early vertical transmission work Streptococcus sp H. parasuis PRRS 10 September 2013 9
- 10. Examples where the industry has started to adopted the Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ PRRS instability in the breeding herd Defined as evidence of PRRSv circulation and transmission vertically and/or horizontally Can cause reproductive problems w/ biologic & economic impact Can lead to weaning of PRRSv positive piglets w/ biologic & economic impact PRRSv Control or Elimination; D.Holtkamp, George Young Conf., 2012 Assessment of economic impact of PRRSv on U.S. pork producers; D. Holtkamp et.al., JSHAP, 2013
- 11. Where we need to widely adopt: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae There is so much evidence on the importance of Infection Chain™ in the role of downstream health effects in pigs in regards to However, as an industry we poorly handle M. hyopneumoniae and quickly forget how important the Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ are for managing the disease in pigs M. hyopneumoniae will be addressed in detail during the next presentation 10 September 2013 11
- 12. 10 September 2013 12 The most logical next diseases to attempt to apply the Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ concept™ PCV2
- 13. PCV2 Infection Chain™ Darin Madson – AASV 2012 2 of Darin’s Take homes. 10 September 2013 13 Sows to pigs Non-acclimated sows to gilts
- 14. A systematic whole herd approach (Infection/Prevention Chain TM ) to control swine respiratory diseases Eduardo Fano, Edgar Diaz, Brian Payne
- 15. Piglet Approach System Approach
- 16. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market 1.- Production Chain
- 17. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market 2.- Infection Chain HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- ---HT VT HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- -----HT The Whole Herd Approach HT: Horizontal Transmission VT: Vertical transmission
- 18. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market 3.- Prevention – Piglet Approach Vaccinatio n
- 19. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market 3. Prevention – Piglet Approach HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- ---HT VT HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- -----HT Vaccinati on Whole herd infection pressure Only Piglet immunization No accomplishment of Minimizing exposure HT: Horizontal Transmission VT: Vertical transmission
- 20. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market 4.- Prevention – Whole Herd Approach (System) The Whole Herd Approach (System) Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Vertical Transmission Management
- 21. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market 5.- Infection/Prevention Chain – Whole Herd Approach The Whole Herd Approach (System) Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Vertical Transmission Management HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- ---HT VT HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- -----HT HT: Horizontal Transmission VT: Vertical transmission
- 22. The M. hyopneumoniae infection chain • Clinically Mhyo associated respiratory disease in growing- finishing units • Nursery piglets exposure • Prevalence at weaning • Sow herd instability/Vertical transmission • Gilt Mhyo management
- 24. Gilts as risk factor for Respiratory disease •Maes et al, 1999. Risk indicators for the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine influenza viruses and Aujeszky's disease virus in slaughter pigs from fattening pig herds. •Maes et al., 2000. Herd factors associated with the seroprevalences of four major respiratory pathogens in slaughter pigs from farrow-to- finish pig herds. •Meyns T et al., 2011. A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter •Nathues H, 2012. Herd specific risk factors for Mycoplasma hyopneumonie infections in suckling pigs at the age of weaning.
- 25. Persistence of M. hyopneumoniae Principals (Inoculated) Sentinels (14 days Exposure time)
- 26. •Introduction of replacement gilts into the breeding herd •This could results in a continuous infection •This process probably leads to a high prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae. •Perpetuating the disease in the breeding herd
- 28. Level 2 Sow herd
- 31. Mhyo sow herd infection dynamics = Vertical transmission rate = Prevalence in piglets at weaning 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Average Groups Prevalence(%) Fano et al., 2007
- 32. Parity distribution as a potential factor Group # A (1-2) B (3-4) C (> 5) 1 59.9 20.51 20.51 2 46.15 17.94 38.89 3 38.46 28.2 33.3 4 38.46 30.7 30.7 5 53.84 20.51 25.64 6 48.7 30.7 20.51 7 46.15 25.64 28.2 8 35.89 43.58 20.51 9 25.64 46.15 28.2 10 30.7 38.89 33.3 11 28.2 38.46 30.7 Average 41.10 31.03 28.22 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Average Groups % A (1-2) B (3-4) C (> 5)
- 33. Level 2 Sow herd Level 3 Wean to finish pigs Vertical transmissio n
- 34. Vertical Transmission/Horizontal Transmission Only one event: Infection Chain Pre weaning Exposure Nursery Exposure Finishing Exposure and clinical disease Infective sows Vertical Transmission Negative Gilts Sow Herd Infection Pressure Active shedding Gilts Piglet Day 0
- 35. Prevalence of Mhyo in piglets at weaning Initial prevalence 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Groups % * Fano et al., 2007
- 36. 0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15 AverageLungLesionScore Prevalence at weaning (N-PCR, Nasal) R-squared= 0.5304, P-Value= 0.0009 C1 C2 * Fano et al., 2007 Correlation of prevalence at weaning with severity of the disease in finishing populations
- 41. 10 September 2013 PLEASE INSERT Presentation title 42
- 42. Level 3 Wean to finish pigs
- 43. Agent spread: Nursery and Finishing Prevalence at weaning constitutes the initial microbial load of the piglet batch This will growth by horizontal (internal) and/or lateral (external: next barn or next farm) transmission. This is a slow process and would take until finishing to show clinical manifestation on the population Proper pig flow Piglet Vaccination Proper and moderated medication
- 44. The order of the epidemiological events Sow herd Infection pressure Vertical transmission Prevalence at weaning Nursery piglets exposure Finishing pigs disease
- 45. 0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15 AverageLungLesionScore Prevalence at weaning (N-PCR, Nasal) R-squared= 0.5304, P-Value= 0.0009 C1 C2 * Fano et al., 2007 Vaccinated piglets and “lack of efficacy of the vaccine” Vaccinated piglets and “No lack of vaccine efficacy compliance” Piglet Vaccination Challenge: Vertical/Horizontal
- 46. Gilt Source Gilt Development Sow Herd Farrowing Piglets Rearing Wean to Finish Output Market Infection/Prevention Chain TM – Whole Herd Approach The Whole Herd Approach (System) Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Minimize Exposure and Maximize immunity Vertical Transmission Management HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- ---HT VT HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------- -----HT HT: Horizontal Transmission VT: Vertical transmission
- 48. Conclusions • Minimizing Exposure – Gilt Management – Sow herd stability – Pig flow – Immunity • Maximizing Immunity – Natural exposure – Vaccination to modulate clinical impact
Editor's Notes
- In 1994, Clark evaluated weaning age, and medication of pigs and sows to determine the Infection Chain effects of each. Performance, lung lesions and presence and absence of Strep, HPS, and PRRS was also monitored.
- These graphs show the benefit of weaning a negative pig compared to a positive pig. Therefore is wean a negative pig and keep it negative til market, it is $4.50 better than weaning a positive pig; if that negative pig becomes positive in finishing it is still $2.00 better than weaning a positive pig
- This is a good area to put in your Mhyo. I started with pathogens that we have dealt with for years, moved to Mhyo here where we have enough info but don’t deal with the infection chain properly but could and then move to the next phase of learning more about the infection chain for a disease like PCV2.
- More evidence on the PCV2 infection chain. These statements are based on multiple case studies, field interactions and personal experience of Darin Madson
- Just for us, not to show