Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits and founded the Indian Constitution. He faced discrimination and social exclusion throughout his life as an untouchable. As India's first Law Minister, he introduced the Hindu Code Bill to reform Hindu law and promote gender equality, and was the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.

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Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
(14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956)

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Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly known
as Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a jurist, social reformer
and politician. He is also known as the “Father of
Indian Constitution” . A well-known politician and an
eminent jurist, his efforts to eradicate social evils like
untouchablity and caste restrictions were remarkable.
Throughout his life, he fought for the rights of the dalits
and other socially backward classes. Ambedkar was
appointed as India’s first Law Minister in the Cabinet of
Jawaharlal Nehru. He was posthumously awarded the
Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, in 1990.

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Bhimrao Ambedkar was born to Bhimabai and
Ramji on 14 April 1891 in Mhow Army Cantonment,
Central Provinces (Madhya Pradesh). Ambedkar’s
father was a Subedar in the Indian Army and after his
retirement in 1894, the family moved to Satara, also in
Central Provinces.
In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai
where Ambedkar became the only untouchable
enrolled at Elphinstone High School.
In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, his
marriage to a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai,
was arranged.

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Throughout his childhood, Ambedkar faced the
stigmas of caste discrimination. Hailing from the Hindu
Mahar caste, his family was viewed as “untouchable”
by the upper classes. The discrimination and
humiliation haunted Ambedkar at the Army school.
Fearing social outcry, the teachers would segregate the
students of lower class from that of Brahmins and other
upper classes. The untouchable students were often
asked by the teacher to sit outside the class.
Discrimination followed wherever he went.

6.  In 1912, Dr Ambedkar obtained degree in economics and
political science from Bombay University.
 In 1913, he moved to United States. Where he had been
awarded a Baroda State Scholarship.
 Dr Ambedkar recieved the oppourtuniry for postgraduate
education at Columbia University in New York City.
 In 1915, Dr Ambedkar passed M.A. exam « Majoring in
Economics » with Sociology, History, Philosophy and
Anthropology.
 In 1917, received PhD in Economics.
 In 1921, he took Master’s degree and in 1923, he took his
D.Sc in Economics.
 In 1952, completed his third PhD in Law Ll.D and fourth
in 1952 in Columbia.
Education

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Movement Against Caste Discrimination :
Ambedkar decided to fight against the caste
discrimination that plagued him throughout his life. In his
testimony before the Southborough Committee in preparation of
the Government of India Act in 1919, Ambedkar opined that there
should be separate electoral system for the Untouchables and other
marginalised communities. He contemplated he idea of
reservations for Dalits and other religious outcasts.
Ambedkar began to find ways to reach to the people and
make them understand the drawbacks of the prevailing social
evils. He launched a newspaper called “Mooknayaka” (leader of
the silent) in 1920 with the assistance of Shahaji II, the Maharaja of
Kolkapur. It is said that after hearing his speech at a rally, Shahu
IV, an influential ruler of Kolhapur, dined with the leader. The
incident also created a huge uproar in the socio-political arena of
the country.
Social Reforms

8. On March 21, 1920, Ambedkar presided over a Conference of
the untouchables at Mangaon in Kolhapur. Another important
conference was held at Nagapur. This was the first All India
Conference convened by untouchables. Ambedkar was fundamentally
opposed to any organization started by the caste Hindus for the uplift
of depressed classes. At the conclusion of the conference, Ambedkar
made an attempt in the direction of consolidating the forces of the
Depressed Classes.
Another struggle was, to vindicate the right of the
untouchables to take water from public watering places. The Chowdar
Tank situated in the Mahad Town in Bombay. This tank which was the
main source of water for the inhabitants of Mahad Town was banned
for the untouchables. As a result in September 11, 1923, the Legislative
Council of Bombay passed a resolution to the effect that the
untouchable classes be allowed to use public wells. But in spite of the
S.K.Bole resolution considerable number of local Boards and
Municipalities did not grant civil rights to the Depressed Classes.
Ambedkar organised the untouchables to assert their legal right to
take water from the Chowdar Tank. a conference was held from 18 to
20th March 1927 at Mahad over 10,000 delegates attended the
conference. On 20th March, after the conference passed a resolution, a
call was given to the conference to go to the Tank and exercise their
right to take water from the tank. The caste Hindus filed a petition in
the Court. Ultimately in the legal battle the caste Hindus lost and the
untouchables won the case.

9. The temple entry movement which started with Vaikkom
satyagraha in 1924. Ambedkar, launched his Temple entry
movement in Bombay presidency. Ambedkar also resorted to
satyagraha for getting Hindu Temples thrown open to the
untouchables. The Parvathi Satyagraha in Poona in 1920-30, and
the Ambabi Temple satyagraha in Amaravathi were led by
Ambedkar. Nasik satyagraha was one of the most important
ones. Ambedkar launched a struggle for Kalaram Mandir temple
entry at Nasik.
The satyagraha was planned for 2 March 1930.. More
than 15,000 volunteers assembled at Nasik to participate in the
satyagraha. The agitators marched in a mile-long procession
towards the gates of the Temples with a band on the front,
followed by five hundred women volunteers. They reached the
Temple gate and found that all the gates were closed with heavy
police. When the Satyagrahis attempted to reach the Chariot,
some caste Hindus attacked them with stones and lathis injuring
a number of them including Ambedkar.

10. POONA PACT
In 1932, , the British announced
separate electorates for the depressed Classes. Gandhi
opposed the concept of separate electorate for
untouchables saying that it would divide the Hindu
community.The Poona Pact was signed between Dr.
Ambedkar and Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya,
representative of the Hindu Brahmins relinquishing
reservation of seats for the untouchable classes in the
Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate.
These classes were later designated as Scheduled
Classes and Scheduled Tribes.According to this, the
Scheduled caste got reservation of 140 seats instead of
71 seats in the legislature.

11. Hindu code bill
The Hindu code was brought into existence by
Jawaharlal Nehru in the 1950s. It was revised by Bhimrao
Ramji Ambedkar in 1948 and was referred to a select
committee under the chairmanship of law minister B. R.
Ambedkar. The committee made a number of important
changes to the Bill, including making the laws applicable to
even non-Hindus. According to this bill, portions of
inheritance to daughters, while giving widows complete
property rights. This had been previously been restricted.
The Bill basically put forth gender equality in laws of
inheritance and marriage

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Contribution to the Constitution text
Ambedkar in his ideas for the constitution of
India concentrates on civil liberties of individual citizen
including freedom of religion, the abolition of
untouchability, insisting on economic and social right
for women, avoiding all forms of discrimination. He
also won the Assembly's support to introduce the
system of reservation in civil services jobs, schools
and colleges for people from backward classes.

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