Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of products from natural sources like plant/animal tissue or fermentation broth. It involves various unit operations like filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, precipitation etc. to separate and purify the product of interest. Filtration is commonly used to separate biomass from culture filtrate using different types of filters. Cell disruption techniques are employed to break open cells and release intracellular products. Purification methods like liquid-liquid extraction, precipitation, solid-liquid separation, and chromatography are then used to further purify the product.
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
Bioreactors for animal cell suspension cultureGrace Felciya
1. Types of culture
2. Techniques of cultivating animal cell
3. suspension culture/ Non anchorage dependent
4. Bioreactor consideration
5. Requirements of Bioreactor
6. Reactors used in cultivation
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
Bioreactors for animal cell suspension cultureGrace Felciya
1. Types of culture
2. Techniques of cultivating animal cell
3. suspension culture/ Non anchorage dependent
4. Bioreactor consideration
5. Requirements of Bioreactor
6. Reactors used in cultivation
Bioprocess technology is a vital part of biotechnology that deals with processes combining all living matter or its components with nutrients to produce specialty chemicals, reagents, and biotherapeutics. These processes form the backbone of translating discoveries of life sciences into useful industrial products.
Recovery and purification of intracellular and extra cellular productsBangaluru
Product recovery and purification, such as centrifugal, chromatography, crystallization, dialysis, drying, electrophoresis, filtration, precipitation, etc., are essential finishing steps to any commercial fermentation process.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Downstream processing refers to the recovery and
purification of biosynthetic products, particularly
pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or
plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of
salvageable components and the proper treatment and
disposal of waste. It is an essential step in the manufacture
of pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, hormones (e.g. insulin
and humans growth hormone), antibodies (e.g. infliximab and
abciximab) and vaccines; antibodies and enzymes used in
diagnostics; industrial enzymes; and natural fragrance and
flavor compounds.
3. Filtration is the most commonly used technique for
separating the biomass and culture filtrate. The efficiency of
filtration depends on many factors— the size of the organism,
presence of other organisms, viscosity of the medium, and
temperature.
4. These filters are with specific pore sizes that are smaller
than the particles to be removed. Bacteria from culture
medium can be removed by absolute filters.
5. These filters are frequently used for
separation of broth containing 10-40% solids
(by volume) and particles in the size of 0.5-
10µm. Rotary drum vacuum filters have been
successfully used for filtration of yeast cells
and filamentous fungi
6. In this type of filtration, membranes with specific pore sizes
can be used. However, clogging of filters is a major limitation.
There are two types of membrane filtrations—static filtration
and cross-flow filtration
7. Filtration is used at various stages of the downstream
processing in the bioreactor harvest as well as
processing of purified products.
Several filtration process are used. Most common ones
are-
1. Microfiltration - used at the start of the downstream
process to clarify the feed
2. Ultrafiltration – used between chromatography steps
to concentrate the product and change the buffer
conditions
3. Reverse Osmosis- use of pressure for osmosis
8. Cell disruption is an essential part of biotechnology and the
downstream processes related to the manufacturing of
biological products.
The disruption of cells is necessary for the extraction and
retrieval of the desired products, as cell disruption
significantly enhances the recovery of biological products.
10. Bead mill- The main principle requires a
jacketed grinding chamber with a rotating
shaft, running in its center.
Agitators are fitted with the shaft, and
provide kinetic energy to the small beads
that are present in the chamber. That makes
the beads collide with each other causing
disruption
11. Ultrasound- Ultrasonic disruption
is caused by ultrasonic vibrators
that produce a high frequency
sound with a wave density of
about 20 kHz/s.
A transducer then converts the
waves into mechanical
oscillations through a titanium
probe, which is immersed into
the cell suspension. Such a
method is used for both bacterial
and fungal cell disruption.
12. French press and high pressure
homogenizer- In a French press, or
high pressure homogenization, the
cell suspension is drawn through a
valve into a pump cylinder
Then it is forced under pressure of
up to 1500 bar, through a narrow
annular gap and discharge valve,
where the pressure drops to
atmospheric. Cell disruption is
achieved due to the sudden drop in
pressure upon the discharge,
causing the cells to explode.
13. Thermolysis- use of heat to disrupt the cell membrane.
Periplasmic proteins in G(-) bacteria are released when the
cells are heated up to 50ºC.
Cytoplasmic proteins can be released from E.coli within
10min at 90 ºC.
Freezing and thawing of a cell slurry can cause the cells to
burst due to the formation and melting of ice crystals.
14. Decompression- During explosive decompression, the cell
suspension is mixed with pressurized subcritical gas for a
specified time, depending on the cell type.
The gas enters the cell and expends on release, causing the
cell to burst. Gases like carbon dioxide can be used
15. Osmotic shocks- here
cells are first exposed to
either high or low salt
concentration.Then the
conditions are quickly
changed to opposite
conditions which leads to
osmotic pressure and cell
lysis.
16. In addition to physical and mechanical methods, several
chemical methods for cell disruption exist. These methods
rely on utilization of chemical substances or enzymes in
disruption process.
The mechanisms of actions are multiple, but the most widely
used methods act by destroying the cell wall by enzymes,
osmotic pressure, or by interfering or precipitating cell wall
proteins.
17. Detergents-
Detergents that are
used for disrupting
cells are divided
into anionic,
cationic and non-
ionic detergents.
The common thing
for all detergents is
that they directly
damage the cell
wall or membrane,
and this will lead to
release of
intracellular
content.
18. Solvents- Solvents which can be used for cell
lysis include for example some alcohols,
dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl ethyl ketone or
toluene.
These solvents extract cell wall’s lipid
components which leads to release of
intracellular components.
19. Enzymes- Use of
enzymes
depending on the
cell wall
composition
For example,
lysozyme is
commonly used
enzyme to digest
cell wall of gram
positive bacteria.
Lysozyme
hydrolyzes β-1-4-
glucosidic bonds in
the peptidoglycan
20. Liquid -liquid extraction (LLE) is the process
of separation of a liquid mixture of
components where liquid solvents are used
followed by dilution of one or more
components of the initial mixture.
This downstream process is significantly
useful in Bioprocess technology.
This is a unit process which requires the
knowledge of phase behavior and
physicochemical characterization of different
compounds.
21. In liquid-liquid extraction, components in the
fed material, consisting of liquid phases are
separated when third liquid also known as
solvent is added to the process.
By adding this new component which is
insoluble in the feed, a new phase is formed.
The component which is more important
during the extraction or which is the desired
component to be extracted during the
process is transferred to extract.
22.
23. The extraction is carried out in two ways of
mixing; countercurrent and co-current
mixing. The co-current flow is limited to one
stage per extraction, whereas, counter
current is controlled as multi stages per unit.
Depending on the density of the solvent to
the carrier liquid the counter current
extraction can be carried out on two ways
If the solvent is less dense than carrier liquid,
solvent is fed from the bottom.
The reverse phenomenon happens if the
solvent is denser than the carrier liquid.
24.
25. 1. FERMENTAION AND ALGAE BROTH
2. REMOVAL OF HIGH ORGANIC WASTES FROM
WASTEWATER
3. REMOVAL OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
4. PROTEIN SEPERATION AND PURIFICATION
5. ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION
6. FOOD INDUSTRY APPLICATION
26. PRECIPITATION
■ Formation of a solid in a solution during a
chemical reaction.
■ Solid formed is called the precipitate and the
liquid remaining above the solid is called the
supernate.
■ It is the most commonly used technique in
industry for the concentration of
macromolecules.
■ It can also be employed for the removal of
certain unwanted by-products.
■ Neutral salts, organic salts, alteration in
temperature and pH are used in precipitation.
27. ■ Precipitation of protein is widely used in downstream
processing in order to concentrate proteins
and purify them from various contaminants.
■ Protein precipitation can be – non-specific protein
precipitation
- protein specific
precipitation
Protein specific precipitation – e.g.- affinity precipitation
- ligand precipitation
28. AFFINITY PRECIPITATION
■ In affinity precipitation, the protein is
free in solution, rather than bound to an
insoluble support.
■ Ligand binding gives rise to the
precipitation of the protein from
solution, which is then followed by
centrifugation.
■ The pellet contains the protein of
interest and the ligand, whereas the
other components of the mixture remain
in the supernatant, allowing easy
separation.
29. METHODS OF PRECIPITATION
■ Salting out
■ Isoelectric precipitation
■ Precipitation with miscible solvents
■ Non-ionic hydrophilic polymers
Polymers such as dextrans and
polyethylene glycol
■ Flocculation by pyroelectrolytes
Alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, tannic acid
polyacrylic acid and phosphatases are used
■ Polyvalent metallic ions
Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ are used
■ Increase in temperature
■ Change in pH
30. SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION
■ the separation of cells from the culture broth,
removal of cell debris, collection of protein
precipitate, etc.
■ The term harvesting of microbial cells are used
for the separation of cells from the culture
medium.
■ Several methods used for solid-liquid
separation are –
flotation
flocculation
filtration
centrifugation
31. FLOTATION
■ When gas is introduced into the liquid broth, it
forms bubbles.
■ The cells and other solid particles get absorbed
on gas bubbles.
■ These bubbles rise to the foam layer which can
be collected and removed.
■ Certain substances called as collector
substances are used to facilitate stable foam
formation.
■ Collector substances used are like – long chain
fatty acids
- amines
32. FLOCCULATION
■ In flocculation, the cells or cell debris form large aggregates to settle
down for easy removal.
■ The process of flocculation depends on the nature of cells and the ionic
constituents of the medium.
■ Sometimes flocculating agents are also used to achieve appropriate
flocculation.
■ Some flocculating agents are – inorganic salts,
organic polyelectrolyte,
mineral hydrocolloid.
33. FILTRATION
■ Filtration is the most commonly used technique for separating the
biomass and culture filtrate.
■ The mixture goes through a filter which retains the particles according to
size while allows the passage of fluid through the filter.
■ The efficiency of filtration depends on many factors – size of the
organism,
viscosity of the
medium,
temperature.
■ Several filters are in use like – depth filter
absolute filter
rotary drum vacuum filter
membrane filter
35. CENTRIFUGATION
■ Separation by means of the accelerated gravitational
force achieved by a rapid rotation.
■ Relies on the density difference between the particles
and the surrounding medium.
■ Most effective when the particles to be separated are
large, the liquid viscosity is low and the density
difference between particles and fluid is great.
■ Batch centrifuge is common in the labs but the low
processing capacity limits its use in large scale.
■ Continuous centrifuges are common in large-scale
processing in which the deposited solids are removed
continuously or intermittently.
36. TUBULAR BOWL CENTRIFUGE
■ High speed
■ Length diameter ratio 4.8
■ 15000r.p.m.
■ Used widely in emulsion
■ Used in solid with small amount
■ Can be run in both batch or continuous mode
37. DISC CENTRIFUGE
■ Contain conical sheets of metal (discs) which
are stacked with clearances.
■ Disc size – 0.3mm
■ The discs rotate with the bowl to split the liquid
into thin layers.
■ The slurry is fed through a central tube.
■ The clarified fluid moves upward while the
solids settle at the lower surface.
38. MULTICHAMBER CENTRIFUGE
■ Modification of tubular bowl centrifuge.
■ Consist of several chambers in such a way that
feed flows in a zigzag fashion.
■ Particle size – 0.1 to 200 micrometre diameter.
■ Variation in centrifugal force in different
chambers.
■ Force is higher in the periphery chambers.
■ Smallest particle settle down in the outermost
chamber.
39. SCROLL CENTRIFUGE OR
DECANTER
■ Composed of a rotating horizontal bowl tapered at one end.
■ Used to concentrate fluid with high solid concentration.
■ Solids are deposited on the wall of the bowl.
40. CHROMATOGRAPHY
‘Chromatography’ is an analytical technique commonly used for separating a
mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that the
individual components can be thoroughly analyzed.
The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it
through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase.
Chromatography is used in downstream processing to effectively purify the
biological products (proteins, pharmaceuticals, diagnostic compounds and
research materials)
There are many types of chromatography e.g., liquid chromatography, gas
chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, but all
of these employ the same basic principles.
41. PRINCIPLE
Chromatography is based on the principle of separation of compounds
into different bands (color graphs) and then identification of those
bands.
The preferential separation is done due to differential affinities of
compounds towards stationary and mobile phase. After separation of
the compounds, they are identified by suitable detection methods.
The differences in affinities arise due to relative adsorption or
partition coefficient in between components towards both the phases.
42. CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
CHROMATOGRAPHY
GEL – FILTRATION ( size exclusion)
ION EXCHANGE
CHROMATOFOCUSSING
AFFINITY
HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION
IMMOBILIZED METAL ION-AFFINITY
PRINCIPLE
SIZE AND SHAPE
NET CHARGE
NET CHARGE
BIOLOGICAL AFFINITY AND MOLECULAR
RECOGNITION
POLARITY
METAL ION BINDING
43. APPLICATIONS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
The chromatographic technique is used for the separation of amino acids,
proteins & carbohydrates.
It is also used for the analysis of drugs,hormones,vitamins .
Helpful for the qualitative & quantitative analysis of complex mixtures.
The technique is also useful for the determination of molecular weight of
proteins
44. DRYING DEVICES
LYOPHILIZATION
A stabilizing process in which a
substance is first frozen and then the
quantity of the solvent is reduced, first
by sublimation (primary drying stage)
and then desorption (secondary drying
stage) to values that will no longer
support biological activity or chemical
reactions.
It is a drying process applicable to
manufacture of certain
pharmaceuticals and biologicals that
are thermolabile or otherwise unstable
in aqueous solutions for prolonged
storage periods, but that are stable in
the dry state.
45. PRINCIPLE:-
Lyophilization is based on a simple principle of physics called “SUBLIMATION”.
Sublimation is the process of transition of a substance from solid to the vapor
state without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Lyophilization is performed at temperature and pressure conditions below the
triple point, to enable sublimation of ice.
The material to be dried is first frozen and then subjected under a high vacuum
to heat (by conduction or radiation or by both) so that frozen liquid sublimes
leaving only solid ,dried components of the original liquid.
46. Equipment used for Lyophilization – LYOPHILIZER
A lyophilizer consists of a vacuum chamber containing product shelves which are
capable of cooling and heating containers and their contents.
A vacuum pump, a refrigeration unit, which is associated controls are
connected to the vacuum chamber.
47. How does it work
Fundamental process steps are:
1.Freezing: the product is frozen. This provides a necessary
condition for low temperature
2.Vacuum: after freezing, the product is placed under vacuum. This
enables the frozen solvent in the product to vaporize without passing
through liquid phase, a process known as SUBLIMATION.
3.Heat: Heat is applied to the frozen product to accelerate
sublimation.
4.Condensation: Low-temperature condenser plates remove the
vaporized solvent from the vacuum chamber by converting it back to a
solid. This completes the separation process. Resulting product has a
very large surface area thus promoting rapid dissolution of dried product.
49. FREEZING PRIMARY DRYING
STAGE
SECONDARY
DRYING STAGE
PACKING
• The product
must be frozen
to a low enough
temperature to
be completely
solidify and be
adequately pre-
frozen.
• Decrease the
shelf
temperature to
-50⁰c.
• Low temperature
and low
atmospheric
pressure are
maintained
• Formation of ice
crystals occurs.
• Heat is
introduced from
shelf to the
product under
graded control
by electrical
resistance coils
or circulating
silicone.
• The temperature
and pressure
should be below
the triple point
of water i.e.,
0.0098°C and
4.58mmHg.
• Easily removes
moisture up to
98% to 99%.
• The temperature
is raised to 50°C
– 60°C and
vacuum is
lowered about
50mmHg.
• Bound water is
removed.
• Rate of drying is
low.
• It takes about
10-20 hrs
• This process is
called
‘Isothermal
Desorption’ as
the bound water
is desorbed from
the product.
• After drying the
vacuum is
replaced by
filtered dry air
or nitrogen to
establish
atmospheric
pressure
• Vials and bottles
are sealed with
rubber closures
and aluminum
caps
• e.g., penicillin
can be freeze
dried directly in
ampules.
50. APPLICATIONS
PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Pharmaceutical companies often use freeze-drying to increase the shelf life of products,
such as vaccines and other injectables.
2. By removing the water from the material and sealing the material in a vial, the material
can be easily stored, shipped, and later reconstituted to its original form for injection.
FOOD INDUSTRY
1. Freeze-drying is used to preserve food and make it very lightweight.
2. The process has been popularized in the forms of freeze-dried ice cream, an example of
astronaut food.
TECHNOLOGICAL INDUSTRY
1. In chemical synthesis, products are often freeze- dried to make them more stable, or
easier to dissolve in water for subsequent use.
2. In bio- separations, freeze-drying can be used also as a late-stage purification procedure,
because it can effectively remove solvents.
51. SPRAY DRY TECHNOLOGY
Spray drying is used for drying
large volumes of liquids. In spray
drying, small droplets of liquid
containing the product are passed
through a nozzle directing it over a
stream of hot gas. The water
evaporates and the solid particles
are left behind.
It is a kind of continuous
atmospheric dryer which can be
used to dry materials such as fuel,
intermediates, soap powder, or
inorganic salts, etc.
52. HOW DOES IT WORK?
A spray dryer uses the spray method to transform the material into fog droplets
in order to be dispersed into the hot gas stream.
The material connects with the hot air in a co-current, countercurrent, or
mixed flow manner so that the water can evaporate quickly to achieve the
drying effect.
The spray dryer provides a large surface area for heat and mass transfer by
atomizing the liquid to small droplets. These are sprayed into a stream of hot
air, so that each droplet dries to a solid particle. The drying chamber
resembles the cyclone ensuring good circulation of air, to facilitate heat and
mass transfer, and that dried particles are separated by the centrifugal
53.
54. APPLICATIONS
Spray dryers are used for the drying of liquid materials like emulsion, suspension,
solution, slurries, thin pastes, etc.
Spray drying can be used to dry materials that are sensitive to heat or oxidation
without degrading them, even when high temperature air is employed.
The liquid feed is dispersed into droplets, which are dried in seconds because of
their high surface area and intimate contact with the drying gas.
The product is kept cool by the vaporization of the enveloping liquid, and the
dried product is kept from overheating by rapid removal from the drying zone.
The improvement in flow and reduction of air entrapment make the spray-dried
material suitable for use in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules.
56. DEFINITION
▪ Self-contained integrated device that is capable of providing
specific qualitative or semi-quantitative analytical information
using a biological recognition element which is in direct-spatial
contact with a transduction element. (IUPAC,1998)
▪ In simple words, Biosensors detect analytes of interest by
combining a biological component with a physiochemical detector
via electronic signals.
▪ They can be Nano Biosensors, Amperometric Biosensors, Blood
Glucose Biosensors, Quantum Mechanical- Based Biosensors etc.
▪ NOTE- Biosensors ≠ Bioanalytical system
56
59. WORKING PRINCIPLE
▪ Analytes diffuse from the solution to
the surface of the Biosensor.
▪ Analytes react specifically &
efficiently with the Biological
Component of the Biosensor.
▪ This reaction changes the
physiochemical properties of the
Transducer surface.
▪ This leads to a change in the
optical/electronic properties of the
Transducer Surface.
▪ The change in the optical/electronic
properties is measured/converted
into electrical signal, which is
detected.
59
63. Bioreceptor
▪ In a biosensor, the bioreceptor is designed to interact with the specific analyte of
interest to produce an effect measurable by the transducer.
▪ High selectivity for the analyte among a matrix of other chemical or biological
components is a key requirement of the Bioreceptor.
▪ While the type of biomolecule used can vary widely, biosensors can be classified
according to common types Bioreceptor interactions involving: antibody/antigen,
enzymes/ligands, nucleic acids/DNA, cellular structures/cells, or biomimetic materials.
63
64. Surface attachment of biological elements
▪ An important part in a biosensor is to attach the biological
elements (small molecules/protein/cells) to the surface of the
sensor.
▪ The simplest way is to functionalize the surface in order to coat it
with the biological elements.
▪ This can be done by polylysine, aminosilane, epoxysilane or
nitrocellulose in the case of silicon chips/silica glass.
Subsequently, the bound biological agent may be for example
fixed by Layer by layer deposition of alternatively charged polymer
coatings.
64
65. Biotransducer
▪ A Biotransducer is the recognition-transduction component of a
biosensor system. It consists of two intimately coupled parts; a bio-
recognition layer and a physicochemical transducer, which acting
together converts a biochemical signal to an electronic or optical
signal.
▪ As a result of the presence and biochemical action of the analyte
(target of interest), a physico-chemical change is produced within
the biorecognition layer that is measured by the physicochemical
transducer producing a signal that is proportionate to the
concentration of the analyte.
65
66. TYPES OF BIOSENSORS
▪ Biosensors can be classified by their Biotransducer type. The most
common types of Biotransducer used in biosensors are discussed
in the next slides :
66
68. 1. Calorimetric / Thermal Detection Biosensors.
▪ Uses Absorption / Production of Heat.
▪ Many enzyme catalyzed reactions are exothermic, generating heat which may be used
as a basis for measuring the rate of reaction and, hence, the analyte concentration.
This represents the most generally applicable type of biosensor.
▪ Temp. measured by Enzyme Thermistors - The temperature changes are usually
determined by means of thermistors at the entrance and exit of small packed bed
columns containing immobilized enzymes within a constant temperature environment
▪ Uses: Detection of:
(1) Pesticides . (2) Pathogenic Bacteria
68
69. 2. Optical Biosensors
▪ Colorimetric for color - Measures change in Light Adsorption.
▪ Photometric for Light Intensity - Detects the Photon output.
▪ Raman effect
69
70. 3. Resonant Biosensors
▪ An Acoustic Wave Transducer is coupled with Bioelement.
▪ Measures the change in Resonant Frequency.
70
71. 4. Piezoelectric Biosensor
▪ The principle of Piezoelectric Biosensor is used in sound vibrations, hence it is called
acoustic Biosensors. The basics of the Biosensors are formed by the piezoelectric
crystals and the characteristic frequencies are trembling with the crystals of positive
and negative charge. By using the electronic devices we can measure the certain
molecules on the crystal surface and alters the response frequencies using these
crystals we can attaché the inhibitors.
71
72. 5. Electrochemical Biosensors
▪ Electrochemical Biosensor is a simple device. It measures the
measurement of electronic current, ionic or by conductance
changes carried by bio-electrodes.
72
73. i. Conductimetric Biosensors
▪ Measures Electrical Conductance/Resistance of the solution.
▪ Conductance Measurements have relatively Low Sensitivity.
▪ Electrical Field is generated using sinusoidal(ac) voltage, which
helps in minimizing undesirable effects like:
i. Faradaic processes.
ii. Double layer charging &
iii. Concentration polarization
73
74. ii. Blood Glucose Biosensor
▪ The Blood glucose Biosensors are used widely throughout the world for diabetic
patients. It has a single use disposable electrodes with glucose oxide and derivatives
of a mediator (Ferrocene) and the shape of the blood glucose Biosensor looks like a
watch pen. With the help of hydrophilic mesh electrodes are converted.
74
75. iii. Potentiometric Sensors.
▪ Working Principle – When ramp voltage is applied to an electrode
in solution, a current flow occurs because of electrochemical
reactions.
▪ Measured Parameter – Oxidation / reduction Potential of an
Electrochemical run.
Amit Gothe 75
77. CRYSTALLIZATION
▪ Crystallization is a separation
and purification method widely
used for final purification of
components.
▪ Crystallization consists of two
stages: formation of nuclei and
growth of crystals.
▪ For crystallization to occur the
solution should be first
supersaturated.
Amit Gothe 77
78. NUCLEATION
▪ The first step of crystallization is formation of nucleation where
crystals are formed when solute molecules dispersed in the
solvent start to gather into clusters. And became stable under the
current operating condition .
▪ These stable structures together form a nuclei . It is at the stage of
nucleation that atoms arrange in periodic manner to form crystal
structure.
▪ There are two different nucleation formations – primary and
secondary.
Amit Gothe 78
79. Crystal growth
▪ The second step of crystallization is crystal growth where nucleus
size increases after the critical cluster size is achieved.
▪ It is the Growth of nuclei to the next stage .
▪ Crystal growth rate is affected by various physical factors, such as
surface tension of solution, pressure, temperature, relative crystal
velocity in the solution, Reynolds number and other factors
▪ Polymorphism : ability to crystallize with different crystal
structures
Amit Gothe 79
80. Crystallization processes
▪ Influencing factors : temperature and concentration
A) cooling crystallization
B) evaporative crystallization - Generating crystals by evaporating a
solution at constant temperature.Most of the industrial crystallizers
are evaporative.
▪ Example: sodium chloride and sucrose
Amit Gothe 80
81. Applications
▪ Crystallization is an important downstream processing method in
bioprocess technology and in all chemical industry.
▪ Downstream processing can contribute to a large portion of end
product price. Therefore crystallization has an advantage
compared to other solid liquid separation operations such as
distillation since crystallization is a rather energy efficient unit
operation.
▪ In addition the yielded product has very high purity level and
therefore wide scale of end use opportunities.
Amit Gothe 81