Introduction to Coastal Zone ManagementJerome Japok
Coastal zone management involves managing human activity in the coastal zone, which is defined as the area extending from the shoreline inland to the edge of the continental shelf seaward, to protect natural resources and human communities from coastal hazards. In Malaysia, issues with coastal zone management include the indiscriminate cutting of mangroves, overexploitation of fisheries, and poorly planned tourism and industrial development, as well as problems associated with sea level rise. Common issues faced in coastal zone management worldwide include degradation of watersheds, water pollution from industry and resorts, and heavy sedimentation affecting both fresh and coastal water quality.
This document discusses coastal zone management in India. It notes that India has over 8,100 km of coastline and that coastal zones are important ecologically and economically. The document then discusses threats to coastal zones like pollution, urbanization, and population growth. It outlines India's Coastal Regulation Zone notification which aims to protect coastal areas and categorizes different coastal zones. The notification prohibits or regulates certain activities in coastal areas. Overall, the document provides an overview of India's coastal zones and the legal framework around managing these important areas.
The document discusses coastal zone management and ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine environments. It provides definitions and perspectives on EBM, including that EBM aims to maintain healthy ecosystems that provide services while accounting for human uses. It gives examples of EBM including a Puget Sound case study that models the food web and evaluates tradeoffs of seagrass restoration. Challenges to implementing EBM are fragmented governance and entrenched interests while more research is needed on historical data integration and evaluating EBM efforts.
This document discusses coastal zone management and regulation in India. It provides background on the diversity of India's coastal ecosystems and hazards. It describes the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) framework and its evolution over time. The CRZ established development restrictions within 500 meters of the coast. However, committees identified failures of the top-down CRZ approach and lack of participation. The Swaminathan and MSS committees recommended shifting to an integrated coastal zone management approach led by local communities from the territorial waters limit inland. This would better address livelihoods, development pressures, and environmental conservation in a sustainable manner.
1. The coastal zone is the area where land and sea interact, making it dynamic but also vulnerable to natural disasters. Coastal zone management aims to balance environmental protection, economic activities, and human needs.
2. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) takes a coordinated, multi-disciplinary approach to managing the coastal zone in a sustainable manner. In India, ICZM focuses on reducing poverty, achieving development goals, and fostering sustainable livelihoods.
3. Key challenges to coastal zone management in India include unclear land use policies, widespread poverty, pollution, and potential impacts of climate change like sea level rise and increased storms. Initiatives are needed to improve governance, disseminate information, and
The coastal zone of Bangladesh extends over 47,150 square kilometers and includes 147 sub-districts across 19 districts, accounting for 32% of the country's total area and home to 26% of its population. The coastal zone is divided into four main morphological zones: 1) the Ganges Tidal Floodplain west, 2) the Ganges Tidal Floodplain east, 3) the Meghna Deltaic Zone, and 4) the Eastern Hill Region. The coastal zone faces numerous vulnerabilities like sea level rise, coastal erosion, cyclones, pollution, salinity intrusion, flooding, and diseases. Integrated coastal zone management and other measures are needed to address these challenges.
socio-economic impact and its assessment in coastal zoneRaja rajan
This document discusses socio-economic impact assessment in integrated coastal zone management. It describes assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas to various human activities through tools like socio-economic analysis and geographic information systems modeling. Several key human activities that impact coastal areas are described, including residence, fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, tourism, land use, and climate change. The document outlines a four-phase approach to conducting use and conflict analysis to identify suitable sites for coastal activities and inform management.
The document discusses coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has a complex coastline affected by natural hazards. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is presented as a dynamic, multidisciplinary process to promote sustainable management. Key components of ICZM in Bangladesh include a coastal zone policy, coastal development strategy, and priority investment program. Challenges to management include implementation difficulties, poverty, pollution, and climate change impacts. Improved governance, policies, information sharing, and sustained political support are seen as important initiatives needed for effective coastal zone management.
Introduction to Coastal Zone ManagementJerome Japok
Coastal zone management involves managing human activity in the coastal zone, which is defined as the area extending from the shoreline inland to the edge of the continental shelf seaward, to protect natural resources and human communities from coastal hazards. In Malaysia, issues with coastal zone management include the indiscriminate cutting of mangroves, overexploitation of fisheries, and poorly planned tourism and industrial development, as well as problems associated with sea level rise. Common issues faced in coastal zone management worldwide include degradation of watersheds, water pollution from industry and resorts, and heavy sedimentation affecting both fresh and coastal water quality.
This document discusses coastal zone management in India. It notes that India has over 8,100 km of coastline and that coastal zones are important ecologically and economically. The document then discusses threats to coastal zones like pollution, urbanization, and population growth. It outlines India's Coastal Regulation Zone notification which aims to protect coastal areas and categorizes different coastal zones. The notification prohibits or regulates certain activities in coastal areas. Overall, the document provides an overview of India's coastal zones and the legal framework around managing these important areas.
The document discusses coastal zone management and ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine environments. It provides definitions and perspectives on EBM, including that EBM aims to maintain healthy ecosystems that provide services while accounting for human uses. It gives examples of EBM including a Puget Sound case study that models the food web and evaluates tradeoffs of seagrass restoration. Challenges to implementing EBM are fragmented governance and entrenched interests while more research is needed on historical data integration and evaluating EBM efforts.
This document discusses coastal zone management and regulation in India. It provides background on the diversity of India's coastal ecosystems and hazards. It describes the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) framework and its evolution over time. The CRZ established development restrictions within 500 meters of the coast. However, committees identified failures of the top-down CRZ approach and lack of participation. The Swaminathan and MSS committees recommended shifting to an integrated coastal zone management approach led by local communities from the territorial waters limit inland. This would better address livelihoods, development pressures, and environmental conservation in a sustainable manner.
1. The coastal zone is the area where land and sea interact, making it dynamic but also vulnerable to natural disasters. Coastal zone management aims to balance environmental protection, economic activities, and human needs.
2. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) takes a coordinated, multi-disciplinary approach to managing the coastal zone in a sustainable manner. In India, ICZM focuses on reducing poverty, achieving development goals, and fostering sustainable livelihoods.
3. Key challenges to coastal zone management in India include unclear land use policies, widespread poverty, pollution, and potential impacts of climate change like sea level rise and increased storms. Initiatives are needed to improve governance, disseminate information, and
The coastal zone of Bangladesh extends over 47,150 square kilometers and includes 147 sub-districts across 19 districts, accounting for 32% of the country's total area and home to 26% of its population. The coastal zone is divided into four main morphological zones: 1) the Ganges Tidal Floodplain west, 2) the Ganges Tidal Floodplain east, 3) the Meghna Deltaic Zone, and 4) the Eastern Hill Region. The coastal zone faces numerous vulnerabilities like sea level rise, coastal erosion, cyclones, pollution, salinity intrusion, flooding, and diseases. Integrated coastal zone management and other measures are needed to address these challenges.
socio-economic impact and its assessment in coastal zoneRaja rajan
This document discusses socio-economic impact assessment in integrated coastal zone management. It describes assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas to various human activities through tools like socio-economic analysis and geographic information systems modeling. Several key human activities that impact coastal areas are described, including residence, fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, tourism, land use, and climate change. The document outlines a four-phase approach to conducting use and conflict analysis to identify suitable sites for coastal activities and inform management.
The document discusses coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has a complex coastline affected by natural hazards. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is presented as a dynamic, multidisciplinary process to promote sustainable management. Key components of ICZM in Bangladesh include a coastal zone policy, coastal development strategy, and priority investment program. Challenges to management include implementation difficulties, poverty, pollution, and climate change impacts. Improved governance, policies, information sharing, and sustained political support are seen as important initiatives needed for effective coastal zone management.
policies and legislation related to coastal zone management of bangladeshinjamamun
The document discusses legislations and policies related to coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It provides information on several key policies and strategies:
1. The Priority Investment Program (PIP) from 2004 outlines priority areas for investment such as disaster mitigation and environment protection.
2. The Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo) from 2005 aims to promote economic growth and livelihoods while reducing vulnerabilities of coastal communities.
3. The Coastal Development Strategy (CDS) from 2006 identifies strategic priorities such as water availability and natural resource management to guide implementation plans.
4. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes international guidelines for marine protected areas and resource exploitation.
This document provides an overview of integrated coastal zone management and the relevant international, federal, and state players and legislation involved. It discusses how coastal zone management aims to balance environmental, economic, health and human activities where land meets water. Integrated coastal zone management specifically promotes a sustainable and multidisciplinary approach to managing coastal areas. The document then outlines the various international organizations, US federal agencies and legislation, and Puerto Rico state agencies and laws involved in coastal zone planning and regulation.
The document discusses India's Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Act. It was notified in 1991 to regulate development activities near coastal areas and protect the coastal environment. The act defines Coastal Regulation Zones and categorizes them based on ecological sensitivity. CRZ-I covers most ecologically sensitive areas where development is heavily restricted. The notification aims to prevent uncontrolled coastal development and provide a legal framework for coastal protection. However, it only regulates a narrow shoreline area and does not consider links between aquatic and land areas. Overall, the act seeks to balance development and environmental conservation in coastal regions.
Coastal env. impact assessment md. yousuf gaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is used to assess development projects and maximize positive impacts while minimizing negative impacts on communities and the environment. The EIA guidelines aim to increase coastal tourism sector understanding of EIA, promote best practices, encourage compliance with EIA frameworks, and support sustainable coastal tourism development that protects environmental, social, and cultural assets. Coastal development for tourism has benefits but also risks such as damage to ecosystems, impacts on species, and pollution.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Bangladesh's coastal zone. It notes that 20% of Bangladesh's land and 30% of its cultivable land is located in coastal zones, which are home to 35 million people. Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, erosion, and salinity intrusion. The government has implemented policies like coastal zone management plans and funding mechanisms to build infrastructure and resilience. However, challenges remain around declining ecosystems, pollution, and adapting to issues like sea level rise and changing rainfall patterns.
The adverse impact of tourism on coral reefs an analysis based on hikkaduwa m...ImeshRamanayake
Tourism has both positive and negative impacts on the coral reefs in Hikkaduwa Marine National Park in Sri Lanka. While tourism generates income, activities like snorkeling, diving, and boating can damage corals through contact or pollution. The study recommends strengthening laws against collecting corals and enforcing responsible practices. It also suggests regulating boat numbers and fuel, and improving waste management from resorts to protect the fragile reefs while supporting sustainable tourism.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Conclusion (Part 4 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The document summarizes the key arguments in a debate about the value of beach nourishment projects. It states that while beach erosion has natural causes, human activities like ports and channels also contribute to erosion. Beach nourishment can help mitigate erosion caused by human structures. It also discusses the recreational, environmental, and economic benefits of beach nourishment projects, and argues that nourishment is more cost-effective over time than alternatives like retreating from eroding shorelines. The document concludes that beach nourishment is worth the investment due to these benefits.
Coastal Access in Nova Scotia (written by Peter Green - 13th Dec 2004)Trimaran Enthusiasts
Coastal Access - Understanding, Inventorying & Analyzing,
Case Study of the Eastern Chebucto Peninsula, HRM
Author: Peter Green (Dalhousie University, Halifax - Nova Scotia, Canada)
13th December 2004
Source: http://architectureandplanning.dal.ca (direct link: http://bit.ly/1ONSS3o )
Reef ecosystems have been in steady balance for millions of years but are now in decline due to climate change, bleaching, and overfishing. Climate change is stressing corals through warmer water temperatures, which causes them to lose their symbiotic algae and turn white. The oceans absorbing carbon dioxide from human activities is also making the water more acidic, inhibiting corals' ability to build skeletons. Overfishing disrupts the delicate food chain by removing key species. To remedy this, stronger fishing regulations and more protected areas are needed, while addressing the underlying causes of climate change.
The document discusses India's Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification and integrated coastal zone management. It defines the coastal zone and classifies it into four categories (CRZ-I, II, III, IV) based on environmental sensitivity. CRZ-I covers ecologically sensitive areas where construction is heavily restricted. The notification prohibits certain activities and regulates others in coastal areas to balance development with environmental protection. State coastal zone management authorities evaluate projects for clearance based on zonal classifications and coastal zone management plans.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Presentation - Measuring progress in implementing national adaptation policie...OECD Environment
1. The document discusses the UK Climate Change Act and the Third Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA3) published in June 2021.
2. CCRA3 identified 61 high priority risks and opportunities related to climate change impacts on nature, infrastructure, health, business, and international issues.
3. Adaptation policy in the UK is still lagging because the challenges are wide-ranging, complex, under-resourced, and have less clear goals compared to emissions reductions targets. Improving future adaptation programs will require addressing interdependencies, inequalities, and developing a long-term vision for a well-adapted UK.
Large Marine Ecosystems Assessment and Management Approach 2005-2010Iwl Pcu
Objectives: Recovery of depleted fish biomass and fisheries to promote greater food security, sustainable productivity, and socioeconomic benefits.
Reduction in pollution and eutrophication levels of coastal waters.
Restoration of degraded habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, and wetlands.
Development of an Indonesian Sea Grant Partnership ProgramOregon Sea Grant
Indonesia's Sea Partnership Program (SPP) provides a mechanism for addressing gaps in marine resource management at central and regional levels. SPP matches national strategic priorities with regional development issues through partnerships between regional universities, local governments, NGOs, and the private sector. The program was established in 2002 and had expanded to involve over 86 universities, 39 private institutions, and 77 NGOs across 33 provinces by 2010.
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:COASTAL REGULATORY ZONE
Lesson :CRZ
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
Sri Lanka has over 1,500 km of coastline containing diverse coastal habitats. Increasing population growth and development have degraded coastal environments through issues like coastal erosion, loss of habitats, pollution, and damage to cultural sites. Sri Lanka enacted the Coast Conservation Act in 1981 to regulate development and established the Coast Conservation Department. The Act and subsequent Coastal Zone Management Plan set targets to address key issues through management of erosion, habitats, pollution and special coastal areas while supporting sustainable development. Sri Lanka's coastal program is strengthened by its strong legal framework, leadership, political support and adaptive incremental approach.
This document summarizes coastal management issues in Sri Lanka. It discusses Sri Lanka's coastal policy framework and legislation. Some key issues facing Sri Lanka's coasts are coastal erosion, loss and degradation of coastal habitats like mangroves and coral reefs, and coastal pollution. Coastal erosion is a severe problem, with an estimated 175,000-285,000 square meters of coastal land lost each year. Major causes include natural processes and human activities like sand and coral mining. Rapid development has also degraded coastal ecosystems and archaeological sites.
policies and legislation related to coastal zone management of bangladeshinjamamun
The document discusses legislations and policies related to coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It provides information on several key policies and strategies:
1. The Priority Investment Program (PIP) from 2004 outlines priority areas for investment such as disaster mitigation and environment protection.
2. The Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo) from 2005 aims to promote economic growth and livelihoods while reducing vulnerabilities of coastal communities.
3. The Coastal Development Strategy (CDS) from 2006 identifies strategic priorities such as water availability and natural resource management to guide implementation plans.
4. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes international guidelines for marine protected areas and resource exploitation.
This document provides an overview of integrated coastal zone management and the relevant international, federal, and state players and legislation involved. It discusses how coastal zone management aims to balance environmental, economic, health and human activities where land meets water. Integrated coastal zone management specifically promotes a sustainable and multidisciplinary approach to managing coastal areas. The document then outlines the various international organizations, US federal agencies and legislation, and Puerto Rico state agencies and laws involved in coastal zone planning and regulation.
The document discusses India's Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Act. It was notified in 1991 to regulate development activities near coastal areas and protect the coastal environment. The act defines Coastal Regulation Zones and categorizes them based on ecological sensitivity. CRZ-I covers most ecologically sensitive areas where development is heavily restricted. The notification aims to prevent uncontrolled coastal development and provide a legal framework for coastal protection. However, it only regulates a narrow shoreline area and does not consider links between aquatic and land areas. Overall, the act seeks to balance development and environmental conservation in coastal regions.
Coastal env. impact assessment md. yousuf gaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is used to assess development projects and maximize positive impacts while minimizing negative impacts on communities and the environment. The EIA guidelines aim to increase coastal tourism sector understanding of EIA, promote best practices, encourage compliance with EIA frameworks, and support sustainable coastal tourism development that protects environmental, social, and cultural assets. Coastal development for tourism has benefits but also risks such as damage to ecosystems, impacts on species, and pollution.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Bangladesh's coastal zone. It notes that 20% of Bangladesh's land and 30% of its cultivable land is located in coastal zones, which are home to 35 million people. Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, erosion, and salinity intrusion. The government has implemented policies like coastal zone management plans and funding mechanisms to build infrastructure and resilience. However, challenges remain around declining ecosystems, pollution, and adapting to issues like sea level rise and changing rainfall patterns.
The adverse impact of tourism on coral reefs an analysis based on hikkaduwa m...ImeshRamanayake
Tourism has both positive and negative impacts on the coral reefs in Hikkaduwa Marine National Park in Sri Lanka. While tourism generates income, activities like snorkeling, diving, and boating can damage corals through contact or pollution. The study recommends strengthening laws against collecting corals and enforcing responsible practices. It also suggests regulating boat numbers and fuel, and improving waste management from resorts to protect the fragile reefs while supporting sustainable tourism.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Conclusion (Part 4 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The document summarizes the key arguments in a debate about the value of beach nourishment projects. It states that while beach erosion has natural causes, human activities like ports and channels also contribute to erosion. Beach nourishment can help mitigate erosion caused by human structures. It also discusses the recreational, environmental, and economic benefits of beach nourishment projects, and argues that nourishment is more cost-effective over time than alternatives like retreating from eroding shorelines. The document concludes that beach nourishment is worth the investment due to these benefits.
Coastal Access in Nova Scotia (written by Peter Green - 13th Dec 2004)Trimaran Enthusiasts
Coastal Access - Understanding, Inventorying & Analyzing,
Case Study of the Eastern Chebucto Peninsula, HRM
Author: Peter Green (Dalhousie University, Halifax - Nova Scotia, Canada)
13th December 2004
Source: http://architectureandplanning.dal.ca (direct link: http://bit.ly/1ONSS3o )
Reef ecosystems have been in steady balance for millions of years but are now in decline due to climate change, bleaching, and overfishing. Climate change is stressing corals through warmer water temperatures, which causes them to lose their symbiotic algae and turn white. The oceans absorbing carbon dioxide from human activities is also making the water more acidic, inhibiting corals' ability to build skeletons. Overfishing disrupts the delicate food chain by removing key species. To remedy this, stronger fishing regulations and more protected areas are needed, while addressing the underlying causes of climate change.
The document discusses India's Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification and integrated coastal zone management. It defines the coastal zone and classifies it into four categories (CRZ-I, II, III, IV) based on environmental sensitivity. CRZ-I covers ecologically sensitive areas where construction is heavily restricted. The notification prohibits certain activities and regulates others in coastal areas to balance development with environmental protection. State coastal zone management authorities evaluate projects for clearance based on zonal classifications and coastal zone management plans.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Presentation - Measuring progress in implementing national adaptation policie...OECD Environment
1. The document discusses the UK Climate Change Act and the Third Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA3) published in June 2021.
2. CCRA3 identified 61 high priority risks and opportunities related to climate change impacts on nature, infrastructure, health, business, and international issues.
3. Adaptation policy in the UK is still lagging because the challenges are wide-ranging, complex, under-resourced, and have less clear goals compared to emissions reductions targets. Improving future adaptation programs will require addressing interdependencies, inequalities, and developing a long-term vision for a well-adapted UK.
Large Marine Ecosystems Assessment and Management Approach 2005-2010Iwl Pcu
Objectives: Recovery of depleted fish biomass and fisheries to promote greater food security, sustainable productivity, and socioeconomic benefits.
Reduction in pollution and eutrophication levels of coastal waters.
Restoration of degraded habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, and wetlands.
Development of an Indonesian Sea Grant Partnership ProgramOregon Sea Grant
Indonesia's Sea Partnership Program (SPP) provides a mechanism for addressing gaps in marine resource management at central and regional levels. SPP matches national strategic priorities with regional development issues through partnerships between regional universities, local governments, NGOs, and the private sector. The program was established in 2002 and had expanded to involve over 86 universities, 39 private institutions, and 77 NGOs across 33 provinces by 2010.
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:COASTAL REGULATORY ZONE
Lesson :CRZ
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
Sri Lanka has over 1,500 km of coastline containing diverse coastal habitats. Increasing population growth and development have degraded coastal environments through issues like coastal erosion, loss of habitats, pollution, and damage to cultural sites. Sri Lanka enacted the Coast Conservation Act in 1981 to regulate development and established the Coast Conservation Department. The Act and subsequent Coastal Zone Management Plan set targets to address key issues through management of erosion, habitats, pollution and special coastal areas while supporting sustainable development. Sri Lanka's coastal program is strengthened by its strong legal framework, leadership, political support and adaptive incremental approach.
This document summarizes coastal management issues in Sri Lanka. It discusses Sri Lanka's coastal policy framework and legislation. Some key issues facing Sri Lanka's coasts are coastal erosion, loss and degradation of coastal habitats like mangroves and coral reefs, and coastal pollution. Coastal erosion is a severe problem, with an estimated 175,000-285,000 square meters of coastal land lost each year. Major causes include natural processes and human activities like sand and coral mining. Rapid development has also degraded coastal ecosystems and archaeological sites.
This document discusses using space technologies and earth observation to monitor coastal dynamics in Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka. It analyzes shoreline changes over different time periods using historical aerial photos and satellite imagery. Key findings include:
1. Sediment samples and satellite imagery show sediment moves north along the west coast from river mouths, accumulating in Kalpitiya.
2. Long-term shoreline analysis from 1956-2010 shows areas of both erosion and accretion over 55 years, with the largest land gains at Kandakuliya.
3. Short-term dynamics were examined using high-frequency satellite imagery, finding seasonal shoreline variation.
4. Results were shared with local stakeholders to inform coastal
Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Assessment of a Coastal Aquifer: North Coast...IJERA Editor
This document assesses the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer in the north coast of Mombasa, Kenya to seawater intrusion. It uses the GALDIT index overlay method with GIS to analyze six factors that influence seawater intrusion: groundwater occurrence, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater depth above sea level, distance from shore, existing status of seawater intrusion, and aquifer thickness. Vulnerability maps were created for the pre-rainy and peak rainy seasons. The results showed an increase in low vulnerability areas and slight increase in high vulnerability areas between seasons. The study provides insights to effectively manage groundwater resources in the area.
Assignment On Integrated Coastal Management Problem And ProspectKaren Benoit
The document discusses integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), specifically in Bangladesh. It begins by defining ICZM and its objectives of managing coastal areas sustainably to balance environmental, economic, social and other factors. It then provides details on Bangladesh's coastal zone, dividing it into three regions, and discusses why management is needed due to natural hazards and human impacts. The importance of coastal zones is outlined in terms of resources and productivity. The status of ICZM in Bangladesh covers managing coastal people, resources, economy and environment sustainably. Prospects and problems of coastal zone management are then summarized.
North Coastal Zone Management of the Adriatic Sea and the Measures Taken To P...iosrjce
The North Coast lies from the jaws of Buna to cape Rodon. This area includes 66.4km or ¼ of the
Adriatic coastline. The coastal zone management study provides recognition and protection of the environment
from the negative phenomena that appear under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the land
and assessment of coastal phenomena in the service of society at both national, regional and local levels. It
should be emphasized that the ocean level rise due to global climate warming is also reflected in the sea. But
what may become offensive in terms of land and in a not too distant future, may include an important area
which is favored by nearly flat surfaces sloping quite gradually. Also problematic are the siesmatic shifts in the
slow tectonic Velipoje area which is in the northern part of the field of Lezha, and less Mates coast. One of the
most serious shortcomings of the North Coast area is the environmental management or rather the lack of it. In
this paper we will try to address the problems of this area in the context of tourism and relevant measures for
better management and to protect it from the erosion phenomenon
Cultural Landscapes Preservation at the Interface Of Urban Planning and SprawlIEREK Press
From ancient times, the sea has played a key role in shaping and generating settlements and cities. Thehistoryof civilizations has been marked by the cultural development of human societiesalong coastlines.Accordingly,these territories are harbor of animportantcoastal heritage;that plays a pivotal rolein maintaining the link between the past and the future. In fact, while cities grow and their populations increase, their planning becomes a challenge for sustainable development.Through different forms and mechanisms, coastal sprawlis materialized, by the massive occupation of populations and industrial activities along coastlines. In this vein, coastlines endure many conflicts, which lead to the degradation of cultural and natural resources and may result in loss of cultural identity associated with the presence of cultural landscapes. The paper aims, to discuss planning approaches and challenges related to managing cultural and coastal landscapes, facing the impact of coastal sprawl. The paper is based on a landscape analysis; it interviews the urban, social, juridical and morphological frame.An understanding of urban sprawl throughthe lens of Annaba’s coastline is required for its implicationas a social support of the identity and the history of the city.The paper also examines how the coastalization affects the cultural heritage based on the monograph of one of the valuable French colonial constructions in Algeria. Lastly, the study demonstrates, some keyopportunities for advancing future adjustments, and coastal management approaches.For instance, new tools and more appropriate methodologies that combinethe preservation ofthe coastline and the preservationof the cultural heritage.
This document summarizes a study on shoreline erosion in Negombo, Sri Lanka. It examines the perceptions of coastal communities and different stakeholders on the management of erosion. Interviews were conducted with residents, hotel owners, and experts. Residents want government support to relocate, while hotel owners believe development is not the cause of erosion. Experts say changes are needed in perceptions, like retreat from the coast. The study aims to identify sustainability measures and knowledge gaps among coastal communities regarding shoreline erosion in Negombo. It finds a significant gap in knowledge of long term consequences and differing views among stakeholders.
Socio-ecological valuation of ecosystem services along the West Antarctic Pen...Jeff Bowman
The Palmer Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project is located along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), one of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet. Despite its remoteness the WAP supports a variety of social and economic activities, most notably in the fishing and tourism industries and in international scientific research. Because of the growing pressures imposed by these activities, the rapid rate of environmental change, relatively pristine nature of the environment, its trophic complexity, and rich scientific record, the WAP is an ideal place to explore the impact of climate change on marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the services and benefits they provide. Here we present a schema to conduct an initial assessment of WAP marine and terrestrial ecosystem services that will serve as a critical baseline for future studies, and that is broadly applicable to other LTER sites. We will combine social valuation and qualitative, expert-based modelling to identify relevant ecosystem services and to conduct an initial assessment and valuation of ecosystem service supply for the WAP region. The Palmer LTER team of investigators includes experts in topics ranging from physical oceanographic processes, to microbiology, to marine avian and mammal ecology. Through interviews and an online survey we will evaluate the views and perceptions of Antarctic ecosystem services and their changes among this group of experts. Our focus will be on biophysical ecosystem services, but we will include cultural ecosystem services and the impacts of changes on ecosystem functioning and ecosystem service supply in the expert elicitations. This qualitative, socio-ecological valuation will guide an expanded future assessment of WAP ecosystem services that include economic and socio-cultural realms of ecosystem service as perceived and valued by an expanded pool of experts and stakeholders.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) project. It discusses the importance of coastal zones for human habitation and the environment. Coastal zones are facing increasing threats and changes due to natural variability and human impacts. The LOICZ project aims to understand biogeochemical fluxes and human impacts in coastal zones to inform management. Over a decade, LOICZ research addressed key questions around carbon and nutrient fluxes, changes from sea level rise, and impacts from land use and climate change. Major findings on these topics are synthesized in the book.
The document outlines a framework for scientific cooperation between South Africa and Brazil focused on the South and Tropical Atlantic Ocean and Southern Oceans. It describes the importance of these ocean regions for climate change, socioeconomic development, and biodiversity. However, they remain understudied compared to other oceans. The framework establishes areas of collaborative research including climate variability and change, ecosystems processes, and living and non-living resources. It aims to guide scientific cooperation between countries in the region to better understand and sustainably manage these important ocean basins.
Coastal Erosion risk Analysis- Bhola District, Bangladesh_FinalMichael T
This document summarizes a coastal erosion risk analysis conducted in Bhola District, Bangladesh. The study area experiences significant coastal erosion due to factors like river discharge, strong tides, storms, and sea level rise. The objectives were to identify erosion hotspots and rank areas to prioritize disaster reduction plans. Data on land use, population, infrastructure, and hazards was collected and analyzed using GIS. Hazard, exposure, and risk maps were produced. The northern areas face higher erosion rates and risk due to greater exposure from population, development, and infrastructure. Adaptation strategies focused on resilience in northern areas and hazard mitigation in southern areas were recommended.
Political Ecology, Island Tourism Planning, and.pptxHazelPanado
This document summarizes a research paper on the political ecology of climate change adaptation on the tourist island of Boracay in the Philippines. It finds the island's political ecology, characterized by strained relationships among stakeholders, poses challenges for planning processes requiring cooperation. Climate change is expected to exacerbate these divisions. The paper applies a political ecology approach to understand factors like stakeholder perceptions that influence adaptive capacity. It reviews literature on topics like tourism development, political ecology, and urbanization as they relate to the case study. The research design section outlines use of NVivo software to analyze qualitative data from interviews with government, private sector, and NGO stakeholders on Boracay regarding climate adaptation efforts.
The document summarizes an undergraduate study that assessed the coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise along a 19 km stretch of coastline from Punta Dumalag to Sasa km 12 in Davao City, Philippines. Field studies were conducted to collect data on 13 physical parameters, which were used to calculate a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for sections of the coastline. CVI scores ranged from 14 to 95, categorizing vulnerability from very low to very high. Times Beach was found to have a very high CVI of 95, while areas like Punta Dumalag had a very low CVI of 14. Recommendations included further assessing vulnerability across the entire coastal area of Davao City
Disaster (SIDR) causes salinity intrusion in the south-western parts of Bangl...AbdullaAlAsif1
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American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
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A2110107
1. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Development (AJMRD)
Volume 2, Issue 11 (November- 2020), PP 01-07
ISSN: 2360-821X
www.ajmrd.com
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 1
Research Paper Open Access
Intensity of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka: The Case of South
Western Coastal Sector
A.G. Amarasinghe, (PhD, M.Phil. B.A. (sp), Certi. in Geology)
Senior Lecturer, Department of Geography,
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka,
ABSTRACT:- Coastal erosion has been a problem in Sri Lanka for long period of time. Sea Level rise and
reduction of supplying sediment load to coast intensified the shoreline erosion rate. Identifying the intensity of
shoreline erosion has become an urgent requirement in Sri Lanka to fulfil two reasons. First one is to make due
plans to combat coastal erosion. Second is to make aware general public and the respective authoritative
personality about the gravity of the problem of coastal erosion in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this paper is
to find quantitative figures on the intensity of shoreline erosion relating to South West Coastal Sector of Sri
Lanka (SWCS). SWCS is the one of most important coastal sectors in terms of geographical, socio-economic
and other points of views. Current study paid attention on secondary sources of data. This source of data
provides two types of information relating to this study. One is the collecting information on studies that paid
attention on coastal erosion. Second is to make comparison across studies. Primary data was collected by using
field observation and key informant interviews.
Studies show the short term erosion rate of the SWCS vary from 0.0- 3.0m/yr. Yet this figure may increase
significantly by 2050 up to 4.0-11.0 m/yr and the average would be 7.0m/yr. This situation in 2100 will be from
10.0 -34.0m/y and the average figure will be 17.0-24.0m/yr. Results of the current study urge relevant parties to
take immediate action to shift the existing cultural environment into suitable inland locations as soon as possible
while discouraging constructions in the South Western Coastal Zone in Sri Lanka.
Key Words: Intensity, Coastal Erosion, Shifting Cultural Environment.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sea erosion has been a problem from time immemorial in Sri Lanka. Yet, this problem attracts only
when it attacks human construction or livelihood (Dassanayake, 1928). This notion is not changed much even
after nearly a hundred years in this country. Contrary to this explanation, recession coast has caused to immerge
many other issues with several facets in the contemporary coastal zone of Sri Lanka (Bakker, 2018,
Senevirathne et all, 2017, Lakmali, 2016, Maddumabandara, 1989 and CCD, 1986). Large number of
complications relating to natural environment, socio-economic, cultural and political spheres particularly in the
coastal zone have been surfaced by the process of coastal erosion in many coastal segments of the country.
Intensity of such problems are significant in South, South West and Western coastal sector of the Island of Sri
Lanka (CCCRMD, 2018). The coastal zone of Sri Lanka has become an important geographical region in this
country in terms of environmental, socio-economic, cultural and many other aspects (Perera, 2017, Senevirathne
et all, 2017, Lakmali,2016). Therefore, respective authoritative personalities, institutions and general public in
these areas are working hard to control the intensity of coastal erosion which lead to create multi-faceted issues
in and around their own territory. Getting supports from general public and coastal zone users is important in
controlling shoreline erosion problem. In order to achieve this goal, it has become a mandatory requirement to
identify the intensity of the erosion process of the coast. The broad objective of this paper is set as to identify the
visible impacts of coastal erosion and find ways to socialize their gravity and intensity. Such initiation would be
very important even to general public to plan for the future.
Sri Lanka is relative to other countries is a small island country having a 65610Km2
total land area. The
island of Sri Lanka is situated southern tip of India and northern part of the Indian Ocean. Absolute location of
Sri Lanka is 50
541
and 90
521
North Latitudes and 790
391
and 810
531
East Longitudes. Approximately 1620km
long coastline including shoreline of bays and inlets but excluding lagoons is belong to this country (CCCRMD,
2018). People of the ancient world knew Sri Lanka as Ceylon, Heladiva and Serendib. The oldest world map
2. Intensity of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka: The Case of South Western Coastal Sector
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 2
drawn by Ptolemy (circa 150) had named Sri Lanka as “Taprobane”. Coastal zone is still a testimony the visit of
ancient voyagers to Sri Lanka (Senevirathne, 2017). These monuments are also about to wash away by the
process of intensified coastal erosion.
Sri Lanka had been considered as the stepping stone of the Indian Ocean which links Western world
with Eastern world through naval roots by ancient navigators (Cook, 1951). Since time immemorial, the coastal
zone of Island of Ceylon was so busy with several kind of human activities. As a result of the importance of
relative and absolute location as well as the serendipitous natural resources that concentrated into and around the
coastal zone, coastal zone of Sri Lanka has become a most attractive geographical destination for the people
belong to all social strata. Though, the Sri Lankan coastal region encompasses 24% of the country’s total land
area, 65% of the urbanized land area, 32% of the total population of the county, two third of the industrial
contribution to GDP and main roads and railways lies with in the coastal zone in Sri Lanka (CCD,1997 and
2006). Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from the DSDs of the coastal zone is significant when
compared to other all DSDs situated in Sri Lanka. According to the Nayananda (2007), contribution to the GDP
from coastal zone in 1994 is 44%. This is 9% increase from 1983. Among the all coastal sector, the highest
share to the GDP comes from the South Western (SW) coastal zone during last few centuries and this will
continue further in future too. These figures urge to protect coastal zone and to take immediate action to control
impacts that cause to jeopardize human activities. Coastal erosion in Sri Lanka has been already identifies as the
root and main problem that led to create an array of problems in the coastal zone (CCD, 1986).
Coastal zone is the key geographical region that helps to maintain many segments of the biological
chains. Breading places of many terrestrial and aquatic species of the marine and coastal wetlands sustain from
the coastal zone with divers geomorphologic and biological systems. Food generating sources for them are also
link with the coastal zone. Therefore, when the coastline is eroded, the fauna and flora species may get uprooted
and destroyed. The density of fauna and flora population would decrease gradually leading to reduction of bio-
diversity and bio- production. In order to protect this valuable geographical region, intensity of shoreline erosion
should be identified first. Then the due strategies should be taken to control it. The main objective of this paper
is to identify the later aspect.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Available printed and digital books, reports published by government or private authors, conference
proceedings and text books were referred to collect secondary data. Relevant scientists and coastal residents
were interviewed to collect primary data and information. Field observations method was employed to update
and to correct the available both qualitative and quantitative data gathered through questioner survey, case
studies and interviews.
Topographical and geological maps, aerial photographs and satellite images were used to get data and
information relevant to geographical data on the study area.
Study area
Intensity of shoreline erosion is high in SW coastal sector among others in Sri Lanka (Bakker, 2018,
Swan, 1965, CCD, 1986). On the other hand, this coastal zone is the most important geographical area in terms
of socio-economic, cultural and environmental point of views (CCCRMD, 2018). Accordingly, shoreline
belong to the SW coastal sector in Sri Lanka has been selected as the ground area of the current study.
Coastal Zone extends from Colombo to Galle is defined as the Southwestern coastal sector (CCD,1986,
Maddumabandara, 1989). Northern end of this coastal sector is Colombo Lighthouse and the Southern end
marks by the Matara - Galle district boundary. Coastal zones of three districts namely, Colombo, Kaluthara and
Galle of the Western Province comprised with the study area. The total length of the SW coastal sector is
155Kms. This is 10% out of total length of the Sri Lanka’s coastline. There were 14 districts and 67 divisional
secretariats covering the coastal region with maritime boundaries in Sri Lanka. South Western coastal sector
comprised with three districts and 13 DSDs (Figure 01).
Use of resources of the SW coast has been increasing since foreign traders came from Arab in ancient
times and particularly after occupation of Western rulers around 16th
century. This trend has again been
increasing after getting independence in 1948 from Western Rulers (CCD, 1990). Since then, the South Western
coastal zone has captured the attention of development planners, policy makers, environmentalists and
concerned authorities as well as researchers associated into many fields.
3. Intensity of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka: The Case of South Western Coastal Sector
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 3
Figure 01
More than 90% out of total length of the coast line of the study area is used for any kind of human
activities. Occupying foreign and local traders, residing foreign and local people along the South Western coast
have been increased after constructing the Southern railway track and main road which are situated close
proximity to and parallel to shoreline (Cook, 1952). Therefore, several stretches of shoreline belong to the
current study area have been identified as the highest pressure exerted into coastal zone by human in Sri Lanka.
Early 1980s, corral mining had identified as the main reason for coastal erosion of SW coast (Clark, 1996). But,
in 2013s the main reason for increasing erosion has changed into reduction of sediment supply and altering the
near shore wave climate by constructing structures along the coast. As the reducing sediment supply of the
shoreline and construction activities are high along the densely populated, high concentrated region by
industries, commercial centers and many other infrastructure facilities, the shoreline erosion rate is also high.
Because of this, the human intervention to protect coast from erosion through erecting dames are also high in
such areas.
It is apparent that the environmental degradation of the coast has been increasing due to over use of
coastal resources and artificial human intervention to control shoreline erosion. Growth of the economy of Sri
Lanka, high demand from tourism industry along with the impact of sea level rise have led to increase the use of
coastal resources and build shoreline protection walls. Accumulative result of these activities causes to increase
shoreline erosion owing to reduction of sediment supply (Swan, 1965, Maddumabandara, 1991). Among vast
array of problems, coastal erosion has become the disastrous phenomenon that has caused to create several other
problems mainly in the SW coastal Sector in Sri Lanka.
Data collection methods
Mainly three methods were employed to gather data for the current study as;
1. Literature Survey
2. Field survey
3. Case studies
Field survey was comprised with four types of data collecting methods. Questionnaire survey, informal
discussion with general public, interviews of community leaders and participatory observation method were also
used to gather data and information.
Stratified sampling method was employed to select ground locations to collect primary data. General
public of the coastal zone or coastal dwellers and coastal zone users as well as policy implementers were
selected with the help of random sampling method to collect data.
4. Intensity of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka: The Case of South Western Coastal Sector
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 4
Data Analysis techniques
Collected data was analyzed and presented with the help of basic statistical methods. Total, mean and average of
the numerical data series were used to draw graphs, maps and find patterns and trends.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Intensity of Shoreline erosion in South Western Coastal Sector
Shore line erosion or recession of land refers to loosing land due to shoreline erosion in this study.
Loosing land have been calculated in two ways as net erosion in meters per year (m2
/y) and net loss of land in
square meters per year (m2
/y). Intensity of coastal erosion varies both spatial and temporal dimensions (Kahavita
and Mylvaganum, 1953 and Swan, 1983).
All kinds of original sources of data produced by the authoritative institutes and researches were taken into
consideration in this study. According to the available literature, studies carried out to find intensity of shoreline
erosion can be categorised into to as,
1. National level studies
2. Local or spot level studies
National level comprehensive studies on shoreline erosion had been conducted from 1986 in Sri Lanka. Main
two such studies are
1. Paranathala, W.E. 1954, “Some thoughts on the Organization of Sea Erosion Studies and the
Development of Coast Protection Works in Ceylon”, Transaction for 1954, The Engineering
Association of Ceylon.
2. Master Plan –Coast Erosion Management- Vol. I and II (1986), conducted by the Coast Conservation
Department (CCD) & Danida- Danish Hydraulic Institute, New Secretariat, Maligawatta, Colombo
10.
3. Bakker, Paul J. J. 2018, Future Coastline Recession and Beach Loss in Sri Lanka- Master of Science
(MSc) graduation thesis, University of Twente. Available at
There are several many other studies on selected coastal sector, for a spot or small length of coast line in Sri
Lanka which provided shoreline erosion rates. For instances, following studies can be taken into this latter
category.
1. Maddumabandara-1992
2. Amarasinghe A.G. 2001
3. Coastal Zone Management Plan of Sri Lanka -2006
Quantitative figures on the intensity of the coastal erosion of the study area given by the above mentioned
sources are summarised in the following paragraphs.
Master Plan –Coast Erosion Management of Sri Lanka, published by the Coast Conservation Department in
1986 had been estimated as the net land erosion per year varies from 0.0 – 0.3 m/y. Net loss of land area in
varies from 0 -20000 m2
/y (Table 01).
A study conducted by the Amarasinghe A.G. (2001) in 1988 to cover South Western Monsoon period showed
that the intensity of erosion vary from 0.97- 2.35m/yr from place to place. Net erosion rate may be less or high
after operating North East Monsoon period at the same year.
Table 01 Intensity of Coastal Erosion and Accretion in South Western Coastal Sector in Sri Lanka
(Estimated figures of the Coast Conservation Department of Sri Lanka in 1986)
District
Coastline
in Km
Erosion
% of coast
Erosion
rate
m/yr
Accretion
% of coast
Accretion
rate
m/yr
Net
Erosion
m/yr
Net loss
1000m2
/yr
Colombo 40 40-50 0.0-0.1 N.A*. N.A. 0.0-0.1 0-5
Kaluthara 40 70-80 0.1-0.5 20-30 0.0-0.1 0.0-0.4 10-20
Galle 75 70-80 N.A. -0.3 0-10 0.0-0.1 0.2-0.3 10-20
(Source: CCD,1986), N.A*.- Not Available
5. Intensity of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka: The Case of South Western Coastal Sector
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 5
Coastal Zone Management Plan published by the Coast Conservation Department of Sri Lanka in 2006 reported
the annual rate of coast erosion of the highest eroding segment of the South Western Coastal sector varies from
0.0 -3.0 m/yr (Table 02).
Table 02 Overview of Critical Erosion Areas and Erosion Rates along the South
West Coast of Sri Lanka- (As in the Unpublished sources up to 2002)
Main Area Erosion rate- m/yr
Moratuwa- Koralawella Neutral
Wadduwa 0-2
Kalu Ganga- Payagala 1 -3
Beruwala -Bentota 1 -2
Hikkaduwa 0-2
Galle North 0-1
(Source: CZMP: 2006)
Paul Bakker (2018) has estimated the intensity of coastal erosion with paying attention many factors
that can influence to the process of erosion in South Western coastal sector. Impact of Sea Level Rise that
trigger with the climate change had been taken into consideration in his study. Bakker has forecasted the coastal
erosion rate particularly in the year 2050 and 2100 in meters for four scenario as in the Table 03.
Table 03 Average 2050 and 2100 coastline recession estimates for the
South Western Coastal Sector in Sri Lanka
2050 2100
Climate
Change
Scenario
Mean [m] Likely range
[m]
Mean [m] Likely range
[m]
RCP2.6 7 4:10 17 10 - 26
RCP4.5 7 4:11 22 11 - 33
RCP6.0 7 4:11 24 13 - 34
RCP8.5 7 4:11 24 13 - 34
(Source: Bakker, P., 2018)
These studies and figures shows that intensity of annual coastal erosion in South Western coastal sector
vary form 0.0- 7.0m/yr. When considering long term recession in some areas in the South West coast is much
higher. Old survey plans of the Kaluganga river mouth area shows that net loss of coast is 60m of land in the
period from 1934 to 1986 giving an annual loss of 1.15m (Maddumabandara, 1991).
IV. DISCUSSION
Information and data reported in the literature shows that the shoreline erosion in South West Coastal
sector is in serious level. Impact of shoreline recession is not only a loss of land. It paves the way to destroy
natural and physical characteristics of the shore along with livelihood and quality of the life in and around the
coastal zone. Such situation can lead to create critical issues as the coastal zone has become an important
geographical region in terms of economic, cultural, political, administrative and environmental aspects (CCD,
1987). Changing global climate at present poses a various ways to increase the impact of coastal erosion (IPCC,
2014). Meteorological events such as hurricanes, tropical cyclones, and sea level rise are particularly harsh on
coastal areas, often resulting in damages from high winds, storm surge, flooding, and shoreline erosion.
In generally, shoreline erosion spawns secondary hazards such as floods, intrusion of salt (brine) water
to fresh water source and damaging private and public properties. When taken into consideration these factors,
impacts of coastal erosion can be categorized broadly into four categories as follows,
1.Environmental Impacts
2.Economic Impacts
3.Social Impacts
Environmental Impacts of shoreline erosion
The disappearing the equilibrium of coastal environment is the main accumulative environmental
problem of shoreline erosion. This happens mainly from five processes and their cumulative effects. Five
6. Intensity of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka: The Case of South Western Coastal Sector
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 6
processes can be mentioned as changing morphological features, degradation of coastal aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems, the decline the quality of estuarine-dependent habitat and reduction of near shore water quality and
change its volume. These are also surfacing as the main environmental problems associated with the process of
increasing shoreline erosion in the South Western Coastal sector (Senevirathne, 2016). Apart from these issues
or negative impact, entire marine environment and the terrestrial environments of the adjacent coastal zones also
influenced in many ways to alter or destruct the balance of the wetland and other terrestrial environment.
Altering the existing relief features of the coastal zone is the main visible phenomenon of the shoreline erosion
process. Three significant impacts could be traced by the increasing shoreline erosion as follows,
1. Shifting shoreline land wards and inundation land area by the sea water
2. Increasing the slope angle of the near shore area
3. Accretion and moving shoreline seaward.
The first two phenomenon had influenced to wash away the surface soil, vegetation cover along with habitable
environment of the land and aquatic animals. Recession of land has made changes of the coastal biosphere in
losing bio-diversity and bio-production. The intensity and the rate of change of these two phenomenon regulate
from several factors. Main such factors are listed in the Table 04 below. All these impacts cannot be measured.
Factors that regulate the intensity of the shoreline erosion process and the rate of horizontal movement of
the shoreline Table 04.
Main Factor that
cause to change
Description ( situation that help to erode coastline)
Rock type & structure
If the bed rock is not out cropped in the shore and the fractures and cleavages are
more of the available boulders and wave action is high.
Sediment budget Supply of sediment does not equal to demand, or receiving does not equal to loss.
Relief features of the
shore
The coastline is not made up with parallel mountain or high relief features
Relief features of the
continental self
Slope of the continental self is high. Near shore area of the sea is not shallow.
Wave direction Waves hit the shore with an angle not equal to 900
Wave height and
intensity
Wave height is high. High wave action continues throughout seasons or so.
Vegetation cover There is not thick vegetation cover that helps to protect shore from wave action.
Human activities Removing sediments, clearing vegetation and construction that influence to alter
wave action is significant.
Sea Level Sea level is rising. Change of sea level daily is also significant.
Shoreline erosion had paved the way to loss bio- diversity of coastal environments such as wetlands,
coral reefs, sea grasses beds and biological environment of the shoreline, estuaries and adjoining water bodies of
the coast. The decline of estuarine-dependent fish and shellfish populations and their associated fisheries,
declining near shore water quality and had changed the volume, quality, and pulsing of freshwater inflows to
estuaries. These are the direct environmental impacts of shoreline erosion. Therefore, coastal zone dwellers
explained the coastal ecosystems are more valuable per unit area than other marine or terrestrial ecosystems.
Visible and measurable impacts of shoreline erosion are losing land. Reduction of biodiversity and bio
production is visible yet difficult to measure exactly. Yet this study found the intensity and gravity of these two
aspects. Concise discussions over these two matters are as in the following paragraphs.
V. CONCLUSION
According to the results of the studies carried out by the CCD in 1986 and 2006, Bakker in 2018, it can
be concluded that the South Western Coastal sector in Sri Lanka is a recession shoreline. This situation would
continue even up to year 2100.
Erosion rate of the shoreline may be vary from time to time. According to the calculation of CCD in
1986 and 2006 the intensity of shoreline erosion vary from 0.0 -3.0m/yr. This figure will increase up to 7m/yr in
2050 and 22m/yr in 2100 (Bakker, 2018). This shows that the intensity of shoreline erosion in short term is
small compared to long term.
7. Intensity of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka: The Case of South Western Coastal Sector
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 7
Shoreline erosion can totally destroy the natural and physical characteristics of the shore. It is obvious
that such situations lead to create critical issues as the coastal zone has become an important geographical region
in terms of economic, cultural, political, administrative and environmental aspects (CCD, 1987). Changing
global climate poses a various ways to increase the impact of coastal erosion (Bakker, 2018). Meteorological
events such as hurricanes, tropical cyclones, and sea level rise are particularly harsh on coastal areas, often
resulting in damages from high winds, storm surge, flooding, and shoreline erosion.
The disappearing the equilibrium of coastal environment through changing morphological features,
degradation of coastal aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, the decline the quality of estuarine-dependent habitat
and reduction of near shore water quality and change its volume have been identified as the main environmental
impacts of the process of increasing shoreline erosion. This is significant in the South Western Coastal sector.
Apart from these issues or negative impact, entire marine environment, terrestrial natural ecosystems and socio-
economic cultural environments of the near shore and adjacent coastal zones also influenced in many ways to
alter or destruct their equilibriums.
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