The present article analyze how the environment is treated in
UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. For the theoretical development of this research, a
bibliography review process was made, acquiring the bibliographical references and applicable legislations to the subject to compare the similarities and differences between the member countries of UNASUR. The analysis begins with the Constitutive Treaty of UNASUR, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process. Then, it is studied the environmental legislation of each country that are part of UNASUR. It is concluded that the Union recognizes that preservation of the environment as fundamental for the very maintenance of life and to achieve the development of its member states, highlighting the environmental debate as
a premise for the South American policies processes of the Union itself.
The Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the environmentIsabela Espíndola
In the last decades the impacts of humankind in the environment have been increasingly significant, transcending borders and reaching several populations, which contributed to its recognition as a fundamental human right by the United Nations, arguing that the preservation and conservation of this environment is intrinsic for the very safety of mankind and others species. Since then the States and other international actors have been pressured to adopt measures to include environmental issues in their agendas and discussions. It is important to note that this growing concern for the environment is recent and many of the first international agreements did not have this environmental variable. This is also applied for the first regional integration processes, which often gave greater weight to economic issues. It is worth noting that the recent intensification of regional integration processes has triggered movements of political and strategic nature of various orders and directions, and among it is included the environmental issues. Within this context, this article aims to analyze how the environment is treated in UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. In this sense, the analysis begins with the UNASURs Constitutive Treaty, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process.
From Territorial Peoples toward a Global Agreementalianzabosques
Global proposal for the 2014 UN Climate Summit by indigenous peoples that hold influence over 85% of the World’s Tropical Forests Amazon Basin, Mesoamerica, Congo Basin, Pacific and Southeast Asia
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LA PLATA BASIN STATES - NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR WATER GO...Isabela Espíndola
Prepared for delivery at the 2019 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Boston, USA, May 24 - May 27, 2019
The La Plata Basin stands out in South America for its natural resources, territorial extension, water volume and economic representativeness for the population of the five countries that share it. However, despite the existence of a transboundary agreement and international models for shared water management, this international basin faces challenges in its management. In this way, the present work performs a comparative analysis of the national legislations of each of the five countries, verifying their similarities in terms of water governance. The analyzes are made based on consultations and comparisons in the constitutions and water policies of each country, whether for surface water, groundwater or even treatment and water quality. Going through questions of geography, geopolitics, environment, law and international relations, it is believed that the similarity between such national frameworks facilitates the management of this natural resource shared by the States. However, it has been found that the legislation of the La Plata Basin states is asymmetric, from the recognition of water as a fundamental human right to the treatment that groundwater receives in each territory. It is concluded that this aspect impacts on water governance, hindering the relationship between countries for the harmonization of water policies.
resource use conflicts and biodiversity conservation in jozani ecosystem, zan...IJEAB
Resource Conflicts are the major challenge to the responsible Institutions in the management and conservation of biodiversity in Zanzibar due to the existence of multiple and interactive reasons that lead to conflicts. This paper intends to reveal the less known current status of resource conflicts in the management of biodiversity in Jozani ecosystem, Zanzibar. The study employed descriptive survey research design of the causal comparative research design to collect data from 280 respondents which constitute the study population. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean, frequency, standard deviation and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. The outcome of the study showed that there is significant relationship existed between resource conflicts and the management of biodiversity conservation in Jozani ecosystem. The study has implications for environmental policy makers. The study concludes by asserting that unemployment, poverty and scarcity of environmental resources are the major causes of conflict, therefore the call is directed to policy makers to strengthen efforts on resolving conflicts by establishing overall strategies such as establishment of participatory community-based approaches to natural resource management, conflict resolution capacity building measures among the stakeholders, amendment of Laws and expansion of employment to reduce direct relying on using natural resource assets for livelihood.
The Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the environmentIsabela Espíndola
In the last decades the impacts of humankind in the environment have been increasingly significant, transcending borders and reaching several populations, which contributed to its recognition as a fundamental human right by the United Nations, arguing that the preservation and conservation of this environment is intrinsic for the very safety of mankind and others species. Since then the States and other international actors have been pressured to adopt measures to include environmental issues in their agendas and discussions. It is important to note that this growing concern for the environment is recent and many of the first international agreements did not have this environmental variable. This is also applied for the first regional integration processes, which often gave greater weight to economic issues. It is worth noting that the recent intensification of regional integration processes has triggered movements of political and strategic nature of various orders and directions, and among it is included the environmental issues. Within this context, this article aims to analyze how the environment is treated in UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. In this sense, the analysis begins with the UNASURs Constitutive Treaty, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process.
From Territorial Peoples toward a Global Agreementalianzabosques
Global proposal for the 2014 UN Climate Summit by indigenous peoples that hold influence over 85% of the World’s Tropical Forests Amazon Basin, Mesoamerica, Congo Basin, Pacific and Southeast Asia
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LA PLATA BASIN STATES - NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR WATER GO...Isabela Espíndola
Prepared for delivery at the 2019 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Boston, USA, May 24 - May 27, 2019
The La Plata Basin stands out in South America for its natural resources, territorial extension, water volume and economic representativeness for the population of the five countries that share it. However, despite the existence of a transboundary agreement and international models for shared water management, this international basin faces challenges in its management. In this way, the present work performs a comparative analysis of the national legislations of each of the five countries, verifying their similarities in terms of water governance. The analyzes are made based on consultations and comparisons in the constitutions and water policies of each country, whether for surface water, groundwater or even treatment and water quality. Going through questions of geography, geopolitics, environment, law and international relations, it is believed that the similarity between such national frameworks facilitates the management of this natural resource shared by the States. However, it has been found that the legislation of the La Plata Basin states is asymmetric, from the recognition of water as a fundamental human right to the treatment that groundwater receives in each territory. It is concluded that this aspect impacts on water governance, hindering the relationship between countries for the harmonization of water policies.
resource use conflicts and biodiversity conservation in jozani ecosystem, zan...IJEAB
Resource Conflicts are the major challenge to the responsible Institutions in the management and conservation of biodiversity in Zanzibar due to the existence of multiple and interactive reasons that lead to conflicts. This paper intends to reveal the less known current status of resource conflicts in the management of biodiversity in Jozani ecosystem, Zanzibar. The study employed descriptive survey research design of the causal comparative research design to collect data from 280 respondents which constitute the study population. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean, frequency, standard deviation and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. The outcome of the study showed that there is significant relationship existed between resource conflicts and the management of biodiversity conservation in Jozani ecosystem. The study has implications for environmental policy makers. The study concludes by asserting that unemployment, poverty and scarcity of environmental resources are the major causes of conflict, therefore the call is directed to policy makers to strengthen efforts on resolving conflicts by establishing overall strategies such as establishment of participatory community-based approaches to natural resource management, conflict resolution capacity building measures among the stakeholders, amendment of Laws and expansion of employment to reduce direct relying on using natural resource assets for livelihood.
The Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the environmentIsabela Espíndola
In the last decades the impacts of humankind in the environment have been increasingly significant, transcending borders and reaching several populations, which contributed to its recognition as a fundamental human right by the United Nations, arguing that the preservation and conservation of this environment is intrinsic for the very safety of mankind and others species. Since then the States and other international actors have been pressured to adopt measures to include environmental issues in their agendas and discussions. It is important to note that this growing concern for the environment is recent and many of the first international agreements did not have this environmental variable. This is also applied for the first regional integration processes, which often gave greater weight to economic issues. It is worth noting that the recent intensification of regional integration processes has triggered movements of political and strategic nature of various orders and directions, and among it is included the environmental issues. Within this context, this article aims to analyze how the environment is treated in UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. In this sense, the analysis begins with the UNASURs Constitutive Treaty, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process.
New Study: Mediterranean countries fall short of achieving region's vision of sustainable development. Food and cities offer opportunities to manage resources more sustainably.
The Civil Aviation, Climate Change Reduction and Legal Aspects of Forest Fire...IOSRJAC
This article describes general review such as introduction and historical background; legal ground such as Indonesian Constitution of 1945, Act Number 6 Year 1994, Act Number 23 Year 1997, Act Number 17 Year 2004, Act Number 25 Year 2004, Act Number 1 Year 2009, Act Number 32 Year 2009 and Presidential Regulation Number 46 Year 2008; action to be taken to reduce climate change in the international as well as national level such as membership of UNFCCC, commits to support ICAO’s recommendation, environmental measure project (EMP), cooperation with IATA and other agencies, discussion with Switzerland related to climate change, such as the policy approach to climate change, socialization and coordination of a national action plan, eco-friendly airport, alternative fuel for aircraft operation , sustainable air transport and aviation alternative fuels, the emission trading scheme; establishment of national committee on climate change , aviation biofuels and renewable energy at the airport; and two kinds of legal aspect such as liability regime and responsibility regime related to dispute arrangement to achieve sustainability development.
State of the States Report: A new perspective on the wealth of our nationKatelin Breck
The report, “State of the States: A New Perspective on the Wealth of Our Nation,” details the Ecological Footprint and resource availability of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Created in collaboration with Earth Economics in Tacoma, Washington, the report finds that resource consumption and availability varies dramatically state by state.
Ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
The presentation by Dr. Abigael Otinga (University of Eldoret) outlines the concept of “ecosystem services” and particularly their relevance not only for biodiversity conservation but also for ensuring sustainable production of healthy and abundant crops. The presentation was given at a national training workshops for stakeholders involved in the revision of the Kenya NBSAP that was held at ICRAF in Nairobi, 25-26 May 2016. More information on the event are available at: www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/417489/ .
What is CBNRM?
Key assumptions of CBNRM
Aim of CBNRM
Focus of CBNRM
Benefits of CBNRM: Financial&Non-financial
The cost to communities of CBNRM
Participation in CBNRM
Issues of CBNRM
Strategies to improve CBNRM
Case study: Macubeni&Nqabara, Eastern cape
Opportunities of CBNRM in Mongolia
Global environmental problems have surfaced in recent years in the midst of a general upgrading of economic standards in advanced countries. This has been paralleled by rapid growth of poverty, population, and urbanization in less developed countries, and resulted in broadening mutually dependent international relationships. International efforts concerning environmental conservation relate to global warming, protection of the ozone layer, acid deposition, forests, wildlife, marine environment, desertification, and pollution problems in developing countries.
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This study was carried out in Virunga national park (ViNP) of the Demographic Republic of Congo. The study had as objective to contribute to the sustainable management of the Virunga national park. The study area was made up of four (4) administrative territories (Masis, Goma, Nyiragonga and Rutshur); these territories are found in the North KivProvence of the democratize Republic of Congo.Data was collected through the administration of 394 structured questionnaires to household heads residing around the peripheries of the Virunga national park. The data was imputed into a Microsoft excel sheet 2016 and was analysis using an SPSS version 21 statistical package. The results revealed that majority of respondents were youths 86% with ages below 61years. On the question; on the collaboration between local population and park management, the results showed that 76.4% of respondents had no form of collaboration with park management. The results also revealed that majority of respondents do not participate in the management of the ViNP. The presence park governance is highly contested by the local communities and should be revise to incorporate the concerns of the local population. To revive the lost trust and improve the relationship between the local populations living around the park and the management of the park; locals populations should participate in the management of the national park; benefit from park resources should be share and alternative income activities be created to prevent youths from relying on the park resources as a livelihood source.
The Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the environmentIsabela Espíndola
In the last decades the impacts of humankind in the environment have been increasingly significant, transcending borders and reaching several populations, which contributed to its recognition as a fundamental human right by the United Nations, arguing that the preservation and conservation of this environment is intrinsic for the very safety of mankind and others species. Since then the States and other international actors have been pressured to adopt measures to include environmental issues in their agendas and discussions. It is important to note that this growing concern for the environment is recent and many of the first international agreements did not have this environmental variable. This is also applied for the first regional integration processes, which often gave greater weight to economic issues. It is worth noting that the recent intensification of regional integration processes has triggered movements of political and strategic nature of various orders and directions, and among it is included the environmental issues. Within this context, this article aims to analyze how the environment is treated in UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. In this sense, the analysis begins with the UNASURs Constitutive Treaty, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process.
New Study: Mediterranean countries fall short of achieving region's vision of sustainable development. Food and cities offer opportunities to manage resources more sustainably.
The Civil Aviation, Climate Change Reduction and Legal Aspects of Forest Fire...IOSRJAC
This article describes general review such as introduction and historical background; legal ground such as Indonesian Constitution of 1945, Act Number 6 Year 1994, Act Number 23 Year 1997, Act Number 17 Year 2004, Act Number 25 Year 2004, Act Number 1 Year 2009, Act Number 32 Year 2009 and Presidential Regulation Number 46 Year 2008; action to be taken to reduce climate change in the international as well as national level such as membership of UNFCCC, commits to support ICAO’s recommendation, environmental measure project (EMP), cooperation with IATA and other agencies, discussion with Switzerland related to climate change, such as the policy approach to climate change, socialization and coordination of a national action plan, eco-friendly airport, alternative fuel for aircraft operation , sustainable air transport and aviation alternative fuels, the emission trading scheme; establishment of national committee on climate change , aviation biofuels and renewable energy at the airport; and two kinds of legal aspect such as liability regime and responsibility regime related to dispute arrangement to achieve sustainability development.
State of the States Report: A new perspective on the wealth of our nationKatelin Breck
The report, “State of the States: A New Perspective on the Wealth of Our Nation,” details the Ecological Footprint and resource availability of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Created in collaboration with Earth Economics in Tacoma, Washington, the report finds that resource consumption and availability varies dramatically state by state.
Ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
The presentation by Dr. Abigael Otinga (University of Eldoret) outlines the concept of “ecosystem services” and particularly their relevance not only for biodiversity conservation but also for ensuring sustainable production of healthy and abundant crops. The presentation was given at a national training workshops for stakeholders involved in the revision of the Kenya NBSAP that was held at ICRAF in Nairobi, 25-26 May 2016. More information on the event are available at: www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/417489/ .
What is CBNRM?
Key assumptions of CBNRM
Aim of CBNRM
Focus of CBNRM
Benefits of CBNRM: Financial&Non-financial
The cost to communities of CBNRM
Participation in CBNRM
Issues of CBNRM
Strategies to improve CBNRM
Case study: Macubeni&Nqabara, Eastern cape
Opportunities of CBNRM in Mongolia
Global environmental problems have surfaced in recent years in the midst of a general upgrading of economic standards in advanced countries. This has been paralleled by rapid growth of poverty, population, and urbanization in less developed countries, and resulted in broadening mutually dependent international relationships. International efforts concerning environmental conservation relate to global warming, protection of the ozone layer, acid deposition, forests, wildlife, marine environment, desertification, and pollution problems in developing countries.
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This study was carried out in Virunga national park (ViNP) of the Demographic Republic of Congo. The study had as objective to contribute to the sustainable management of the Virunga national park. The study area was made up of four (4) administrative territories (Masis, Goma, Nyiragonga and Rutshur); these territories are found in the North KivProvence of the democratize Republic of Congo.Data was collected through the administration of 394 structured questionnaires to household heads residing around the peripheries of the Virunga national park. The data was imputed into a Microsoft excel sheet 2016 and was analysis using an SPSS version 21 statistical package. The results revealed that majority of respondents were youths 86% with ages below 61years. On the question; on the collaboration between local population and park management, the results showed that 76.4% of respondents had no form of collaboration with park management. The results also revealed that majority of respondents do not participate in the management of the ViNP. The presence park governance is highly contested by the local communities and should be revise to incorporate the concerns of the local population. To revive the lost trust and improve the relationship between the local populations living around the park and the management of the park; locals populations should participate in the management of the national park; benefit from park resources should be share and alternative income activities be created to prevent youths from relying on the park resources as a livelihood source.
Legal regimes for environmental protection: governance for transboundary natu...Isabela Espíndola
Nature does not respect political boundaries. Rivers flows into different states, oceans are shared between nations, wildlife spreads into various territories. These are just some examples that demonstrates that natural resources can be shared across international borders. As these resources flows into different states, they are subject to distinct legislations and regimes. Also, they can be under divergent interests. Sometimes, these law, policies and institutions are incompatible, causing significant impacts in the governance of transboundary natural resources (TNR). These differences not only affect countries abilities to manage TNR, but their abilities to promote coordination and cooperation, and to assure a safe, clean, health and sustainable environment to their population. Considering this, this paper focus on transboundary natural resources governance, aiming to answer the following question: (1) What are the challenges and opportunities to improve TNR governance considering the states existing legal frameworks. To answer this question, the La Plata Basin is taken as a study case to present its management and protection of the environment. The La Plata Basin is an international river basin located in South America, being shared between Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. Covering more than 3.1 million km², the Basin is famous not only for its water quantity, but also for others natural resources reserves that straddle two or more jurisdictions. The methodology used is data collection through the research and analysis of legal norms related to environmental legislation, aiming at the legal basis related to the theme.
Scotland as a hydro-nation: global perspective: challenges and opportunities - by Professor Patricia Wouters, IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science under the auspices of UNESCO, University of Dundee, Scotland.
Food systems and natural resources-2016 Food Security and Climate change im...New Food Innovation Ltd
"We are what we eat, they say . Our Existence and, therefore, any of aspirations we might have as a society depend on the availability of , and access to, food. At the same time , our food depends on the state of natural resources .The Food we grow, harvest and trade , transport , store , sell and consumer is therefore one of the essential connecting threads between culture and wellbeing, their health and that of the planet
IntroductionWelcome to the year 2050. Where there are no more .docxvrickens
Introduction
Welcome to the year 2050. Where there are no more ice caps remaining in the arctic, 35 million people have been affected by flooding this year alone, 2 million people displaced by weather and climate-linked disasters and deforestation has left us with little to no trees left to provide vital oxygen for us. “Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across the world” (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change can be defined as the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human resources that have been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the “average weather” (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth.
Climate change is a bigger issue that is linked to many other smaller aspects in our world. In this paper, I will explore climate change and its various aspects. I will also elaborate on these sub aspects in greater detail.
Renewable Energy Sources & Climate Mitigation
analysis of renewable energy technologies and their current and potential role in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate Change & Financial Crisis
Gender Responsiveness To Climate Change
Climate Change and Public Health
Securing Water Supplies
Climate Change Induced Challenges On Deforestation
Effects on Wildlife
How Urbanization Is Affecting Climate Change
Ocean Life and Climate Change
How Do we fix this?: Effective Response to Climate Change
Introduction
Welcome to the year 2050. Where there are no more ice caps remaining in the arctic, 35 million people have been affected by flooding this year alone, 2 million people displaced by weather and climate-linked disasters and deforestation has left us with little to no trees left to provide vital oxygen for us. “Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across the world” (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change can be defined as the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human resources that have been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the “average weather” (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth.
Climate change is a bigger issue that is linked to many other smaller aspects in our world. In this paper, I will explore climate change and its various aspects. I will also elaborate on these sub aspects in greater detail.
Renewable Energy Sources & Climate Mitigation
analysis of renewable energy technologies and their current and potential role in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate Change & Financial Crisis
Gender Responsiveness To Climate Change
Climate Change and Public Health
Securing Water Supplies
Climate Change Induced Challenges On Deforesta ...
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
Similar to The Environmental Protection in South-American Integration Process (20)
Palestra realizada no dia 04/08/2020 durante o Seminário do Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais/UESC.
Tema da palestra: Saneamento Básico e Saúde Pública
Socio, economic and environmental impacts of mariana and brumadinho lessons t...Isabela Espíndola
KCL Brazil Week 2020 - Environmental disasters in Brazil: from Mariana to Brumadinho
This will be followed by a panel discussion on the recent environmental disasters in Brazil, such as the ruptures of dams in Mariana and Brumadinho. The discussion will also explore the damages caused by prior disasters, as well as the risks of future calamites of a similar nature. This includes analysing the social, political and economic aspects of the disasters, the unfolding of the collapses, Brazil's environmental protection policies and the struggle for accountability abroad.
Panel members include:
Tainá de Luccas (director and producer)
Cristina Serra (journalist and author)
Tom Goodhead (barrister)
Isabela Espindola (visiting PhD researcher)
Vinicius de Carvalho (chair, King's College London)
Felipe Tirado (moderator, PhD candidate)
Then join us for a reception and performance from music group, Regional do Grafton.
THE LA PLATA BASIN AND ITS TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT UNDER THE PAE AGENDA Isabela Espíndola
The La Plata River basin (LPRB) is located in South America and covers parts of five countries, with an area of more than 3 million km². The transboundary basin is essential not just for economics means, but for the social and political development of the region. Nevertheless, the hydrological richness of this basin does not make it free of tensions and vulnerabilities, which run through environmental, social and economic problems. Since 2001, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, the five riparian states that constitute the Intergovernmental Coordinating Committee of the La Plata Basin (CIC), sharing the LPRB waters, decided to incorporate technical capacities to address some of the main transboundary water issues that the LPRB faces. They establish a Strategic Action Program (PAE) as a guide for the shared management, where water resources, surface and groundwater, plays a key role in the decision-making processes. Besides taking into consideration the relationship between surface and groundwater, PAE also includes its links to land use and climate change presenting an integrated approach and a common vision of the basin. In this paper we discuss how PAE presents the current LPRB’s transboundary water issues, seeking to identify the common problems, their main causes and how CIC is going to address them. To achieve this objective, firstly, the LPRB is presented, making use of visual tools and other relevant data, such as economic, cultural and environmental. Second, PAE’s development process is explained, showing how the main challenges at the basin were identified, preliminary proposals for management were outlined and actions aimed at solving or mitigating the problems were identified.
A “IV Jornada de Gestão e Análise Ambiental” foi realizado no período de 7 a 10 de junho de 2016 na Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). O evento é promovido bienalmente pelo Curso de Bacharelado em Gestão e Análise Ambiental e pelo Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, do Departamento de Ciências Ambientais da
UFSCar. A Jornada tem como objetivo propiciar discussões, debates, troca de experiências, compreensão de casos e atualizações sobre novas tecnologias aplicadas na área ambiental.
Transboundary waters and water conflicts - current perspectives for the manag...Isabela Espíndola
Water is a natural resource of great importance to all living beings, acquiring social, economic and political relevance to the global society. Though, its quantitative distribution is not homogeneous and the maintenance of its quality to meet the different demands has been compromised by the uses and inefficiency of water management systems. In the case of transboundary waters, the problem is even greater, since they require exclusive legal treatment, since they are located in two or more countries, with consequences for all those who share it, as is the case in South America, the area privileged in terms of water availability. In this context, this article takes as a case study the La Plata Basin, one of the main South American river basins, to discuss its management and to analyze some of the conflicts that have occurred related to the use of water resources. To fulfill the proposed objectives, the work approach is multidisciplinary, permeating concepts of geography, international relations, law, geopolitics and environment.
Transboundary water issues on the contemporary International Relations betwee...Isabela Espíndola
Water is a valuable natural resource, being considered a major source for the maintenance of social and political stability. In this paper we discuss how water influences on contemporary international relations between States, taking as an example the La Plata River basin (LPRB) countries. Located in South America and covering parts of five countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay), the LPRB has an area of more than 3 million km², essential not just for economics means, but for the social and political development of the region. This transboundary basin is considered to be one of the most important water reservoirs in the world and has been the scene of conflicts since the beginning of the colonization period, influencing even in the present international relations. The objective of this paper is, firstly, to present how water issues interact with international relations, especially due to cooperation and conflict processes. Second, to present the LPRB and discuss the states international relations based on their legislations, transboundary issues and cooperation processes. This work will contribute to water management, especially regarding transboundary water, showing that water is a powerful force and play a major role in the international relations, being able to affect countries and societies.
Management of transboundary water resources in South AmericaIsabela Espíndola
Tsukuba global science week 2018
Worshop CiC - Isabela Battistello Espindola presentation
Management of transboundary water resources in South America - CIC La Plata Basin
Primeira aula da disciplina de atualidades do Cursinho FGV. Aula sobre a importância das nossas escolhas, principalmente em termos de fazermos o que gostamos.
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importante, mas para coibir os assassinatos femininos é
fundamental conhecer suas características e, assim,
implementar ações efetivas de prevenção. Historicamente, o caminho entre a morte de uma mulher e uma eventual condenação do autor pela Justiça é longo.
RELATÓRIO INDIVIDUAL SINTÉTICO DE TREINAMENTO TÉCNICOIsabela Espíndola
Este documento é o relatório individual sintético da bolsista Isabela Battistello Espíndola referente a uma bolsa de Treinamento Técnico nível III (processo número 2016/05898-3), dentro do período de noves meses, de 01 de maio de 2016 a 31 de janeiro de 2017, sob a coordenação do Prof. Dr. Celso Maran de Oliveira. O Treinamento Técnico foi realizado em apoio ao projeto de pesquisa “DEMOCRACIA REPRESENTATIVA EM QUESTÃO: PARTICIPAÇÃO POPULAR NO PROCESSO LEGISLATIVO DE REVISÃO DO PLANO DIRETOR DE SÃO CARLOS - SP” (processo número 2015/16633-8), financiado pela FAPESP.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
The Environmental Protection in South-American Integration Process
1. BY: ISABELA ESPÍNDOLA, PHD. STUDENT AT USP -
BRAZIL
A UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN
NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION IN
SOUTH-AMERICAN
INTEGRATION
PROCESS
OCTOBER 2017
2. For the theoretical development of this research, a bibliography review process was made,
acquiring the bibliographical references and applicable legislations to the subject to compare the
similarities and differences between the member countries of UNASUR.
The analysis begins with the Constitutive Treaty of UNASUR, the principal legal system within the
Union, to see how the environment is considered in this re-gional integration process.
Then, it is studied the environmental legislation of each country that are part of UNASUR.
MAIN OBJECTIVE
To analyze how the environment (and its protection) is
treated in UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration
projects in South America.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
3. KEY QUESTIONS
W h y s t u d y U N A S U R ?
W h y s t u d y e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n ?
W h y s t u d y e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a t
U N A S U R ?
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
4. Is integrated by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam,
Uruguay, Chile and Venezuela.
The combined population of the bloc was estimated at 412.3 million in 2015, which is 65% of Latin
America's population and 5.6% of the world's population.
UNASUR is one of the world's most urbanized regions and in it are six of Latin America's and the
Caribbean's city with more than 4 million inhabitants.
WHY STUDY UNASUR?
UNASUR presents itself as an important space for the
resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a
supranational institution to integrate the countries of the
region.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
5. WHY STUDY UNASUR?
According to Simões (2011), besides
being a privileged space for the
concerns of its members, the Union is a
reference to political discussions,
economic, social, cultural and even
environmental, representing a new
phase of regional integration in the
South American region.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
6. This is based on the recognition that environmental damages have increased mainly due to the
intensification of technological development, agricultural expansion, industrialization and
population increase, putting the protection of the human being at risk.
This growing concern has enabled the development of mechanisms to regulate the environment,
resulting in the signing of agreements, protocols and other documents that also affirm that the
environment is linked to all aspects of life, impacting on all sectors of society.
WHY STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?
This issue has become more present in most international
discussions forums, especially after the decade of 1970-
1980 with the Stockholm Conference in 1972 and the
release of Brundtland report in 1987 (Lorenzetti; Carrion,
2012).
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
9. The conflicts over natural resources in the South American region are mainly related to the
exploitation of these resources, being largely related to those classified as non-renewable.
This directly affects the development of the countries of South America, affecting the quality of
life of the communities and directly affecting the environment, which is increasingly suffering
from the spread of these conflicts. .
WHY STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AT UNASUR?
Senhoras et al. (2009) points out that the South American
region, focus of this study, strategically places itself in the
international geopolitics of natural resources, and can
become true arenas of wars due to its richness of
biodiversity and natural resources.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
10. WHY STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AT UNASUR?
It is true that there is a great debate about
the environment, especially regarding to the
natural resources available in UNASUR, given
that these are considered indispensable tools
for the successful realization of the
development of the region, as well as their
access is an indispensable mean to guarantee
all the fundamental rights of the South
American population.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
11. WHY STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AT UNASUR?
The discussion about natural resources should
be a priority in the public policy agenda of
UNASUR countries, since the region has a
large part of the world reserve (Simões, 2011)
and that the simple absence of policies that
regulate the sustainability of resource
exploitation might entail a communal tragedy
for the population of the Member States of
the Union.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
12. WHY STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AT UNASUR?
UNASUR faces a lot of difficulties and
problems related to the environment.
According to the European Commission for
Development and Cooperation (EuropeAid,
2011) and the Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, 2014)
UNASUR member countries face serious
environmental problems such as biodiversity
loss, soil degradation, conflicts, among
others.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
13. There is a need for the UNASUR countries to couple up environmental issues to other topics of
interest to UNASUR, such as security, telecommunications, intellectual property, among others.
There is an entire international context that asks for new positions of the States, one that
includes the environment in the institutional and legal framework of each coun-try.
WHY STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AT UNASUR?
Many of these problems are common, so this panorama of
increasing environmental impacts demonstrates that at a
time of building and consolidating the South American
integration, conserving natural environmental heritage
should be a guiding principle.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
14. “Affirming their determination to build a South American identity and citizenship and to develop an
integrated regional space in the political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, energy and
infrastructure dimensions, for the strengthening of Latin America and Caribbean unity” (UNASUL,
2008, p.7).
“Convinced that the South American integration and South American unity are necessary to
promote the sustainable development and wellbeing of our peoples” (UNASUL, 2008, p.7).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UNASUR and its Constitutive Treaty
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
15. The next mention of the environment is presented in the second objective of the Treaty, which
elucidates that the Union is anxious to build an integration space that prioritizes the environment.
Another antecedent related to the environment, its pro-tection and development is exposed in the
specific objectives of the Constitutive Treaty.
Based on these mentions, it can be inferred that since the Constitutive Treaty of UNASUR, the
member states consider that the environment is a fundamental condition to accelerate and expand
the integration processes of the region, as well as the achievement of regional development.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UNASUR and its Constitutive Treaty
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
16. However, it does not discipline the preservation of the environment in a specific way, since it does
not establish the necessary paths to follow in order to preserve the environment, nor the
environmental legal rules that ensure the conditions to safeguard the environmental domain.
Since it does not stablish common legal standards for environmental preservation, it can be
concluded that the Treaty does not prioritize the environment, but the Treaty considers the
preservation of the environment as fundamental to the integration process.
In this way, the environment is presented as a concern both related to its preservation and to a
more effective use of the environmental assets found in the region. Díaz (2015) also presents this
possibility, because for the author the inclusion of environmental issues within UNASUR may have
been influenced by commercial and economic requirements.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UNASUR and its Constitutive Treaty
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
17. All countries that are part of UNASUR introduced the protection of the environment in their
respective Constitutions, demonstrating that it is an indispensable factor for the integration
processes that occur or may occur in the South American continent (Diaz, 2015).
They also have their respective laws and regulations regarding environmental protection.
The Brazilian environmental legislation, for example, is considered "one of the most advanced in
the world" (Junior, 2013, p. 155), while Ecuador was the first country to guarantee constitutional
rights to nature (Castro et al., 2011).
For Moraes and Júnior (2013), Ecuador and Bolivia serve as perfect examples of the recognition of
the environment as a common and unprotected patrimony.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UNASUR and its members
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
18. It is important to remember that in the last fifty years all UNASUR member countries have
promulgated new Constitutions or reformed existing ones, including specif-ic chapters for the
environment.
The existence of environmental laws and policies within each UNASUR member country reflects
that the countries environmental patrimony has been raised to a matter of national interest,
necessary for the protection of human dignity and a condition for guaranteeing socio-economic
development.
There is still a lack of common public policies for UNASUR countries that aims to protect, preserve
and use the resources in South America, as the one that exist to regulate and price products or
services from these shared environments (CAMPOS, 2005).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UNASUR and its members
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
19. Castro et al. (2011) defend that the absence of an integrated program between States, shows the
lack of multidisciplinary dialogue, as well as the difficulty to reduce the discrepancy between
knowledge and its application.
To Ventura e Baraldi (2008 apud COSTA, 2010) the Union commits a mistake for not clarifying how
its institutions will work according to what is planned, as well as for not explaining how all of the
objective listed in the Constitutive Treaty will be achieved.
For Castro et al. (2011) and Campos (2015), the South American region needs a multidisciplinary,
inclusive and adaptive environmental program, aimed at the development of true environmental
governance between countries.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Some consequences regarding the lack of common laws
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
20. The Constitutive Treaty consider the environmental preservation as central to the integration
process.
Therefore, the environment is presented as a concern connected to its preservation and related to
a more efficient use of the natural resources found in the region.
It is really hard to know for sure the reasons behind the inclusion of the environmental as
something essential to achieve the integration and development objectives of the member states.
Regardless of the reasons, UNASUR was responsible for changes regarding the environmental in its
members, specially with the increase of projects related to cross-border resources.
Though, it is still imperative that the States begin to exercise their obligation to guar-antee the
best living conditions for their population, involving all the necessary actors to reach consensus
and to establish the necessary agreements.
CONCLUSION
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH-AMERICAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: A
UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS (UNASUR) PERSPECTIVE
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REFERENCES
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