This ppt covers: Central dogma, discoverer of central dogma, Reason why its called central dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein, functions of protein, Types of RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Exceptions of central dogma, Reverse transcription , prions, genetic code, mutation with types and causes

2. CONTENT
Central dogma
Discoverer of central dogma
Reason why its called “Central Dogma”
DNA
RNA
Proteins
Functions of proteins
Types of RNA
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
Exceptions to central dogma
Reverse transcription
Reason of reverse transcription as
exception to central dogma
Process of reverse transcription
Prions
Prions as exception to central dogma
Genetic code
Mutation
Types of mutations
Causes of mutation
References

3. CENTRAL DOGMA??
Central dogma is basically
the flow of information in
the cell starting at DNA,
which replicates to form
more DNA. Information is
then ‘transcribed” into RNA,
and then it is “translated”
into protein.

4. DICOVERER OF CENTRAL DOGMA
Francis Crick
1958

5. REASON WHY CRICK CALLED IT
CENTRAL DOGMA
Francis Crick stated;
"I called this idea the central dogma, for two
reasons, I suspect. I had already used the obvious
word hypothesis in the sequence hypothesis, and
in addition I wanted to suggest that this new
assumption was more central and more
powerful."

6. DNA
Deoxyribo
nucleic
acid
Location
Nucleus and
Mitochondria
Double-helix
structure Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine and
Thiamine
Carry
genetic
information

8. RNARibonucleic
acid
Helps in
Protein synthesis
Single
stranded
Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine and Uracil
Location
Cytoplasm

10. TYPES OF RNA

12. PROTEINS
Polymers of
amino acid
Macro-
molecules
Abundant
substance

13. FUNCTIONS OF
PROTEIN

14. DNA REPLICATION
“It is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell
division”
PURPOSE:
To produce two identical copies of a DNA molecule
Essential for cell division during growth or repair of damaged
tissues

15. STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION

16. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Production of proteins.
• Consists of two processes —
transcription and translation.
• These two processes are summed up by
the central dogma of molecular
biology: DNA → RNA → Protein.
• During transcription, DNA is used as a
template to make a molecule of
messenger RNA (mRNA).
• The molecule of mRNA then leaves the
nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm, where translation occurs
and then the genetic code in mRNA is
read and used to make a protein.

17. TRANSCRIPTION
 Process by which the
information in a strand of
DNA is copied into a new
molecule of messenger
RNA (mRNA).
 Occurs: nucleus
 Transcription is carried out
by:
 An enzyme RNA
polymerase
 Accessory proteins
transcription factors
PROCESS

18. TRANSLATION Process by which the genetic code
contained within mRNA is
decoded to produce a specific
sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain.
 Occurs : ribosomes
 Carried out by:
 Enzymes:
• Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase &
Peptidyl transferase
 Factors:
• Elongation factors
• Initiation factor
• Translocase elongation factor
• Release factor PROCESS

19. EXCEPTIONS TO
CENTRAL DOGMA
Reverse
Transcription
Prion disease

20. REVERSE
TRANSCRIPTION
Conversion of RNA
template into its
complementary DNA
strand
Reverse
transcriptase

21. Discovery of Retroviruses
Transcription of RNA into
DNA by Reverse transcriptase
Primitive virus species that don’t
have developed DNA use only
RNA → proteins
Reverse
transcription as
an exception to
central dogma
(REASON):

22. PROCESS OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION

23. PRIONS
• Prions: Misfolded proteins
with the ability to transmit
their misfolded shape onto
normal variants of the same
protein.
• They characterize several
fatal and transmissible
neurodegenerative diseases
in humans and many other
animals.

24. PRION AS AN EXCEPTION TO
CENTRAL DOGMA
Prion agent is a self-replicating
protein and this does not fit with
our modern understanding of
proteins. "A self-replicating
protein" is a major violation of the
"Central Dogma", which says that
only nucleic acids can "self-
replicate". These proteins actually
directly replicate themselves by
making conformational changes in
other proteins.

25. GENETIC
CODE
Genetic information carried by living
cell in a codon
64
codons
TERM:
George Gamow
CODON: Set of 3
Nitrogenous bases
Code for 20
Amino acids
1 Start codon
AUG
3 Stop codons
UAA, UGA,
UAG

27. MUTATION
Change in nucleotide-sequence
of DNA
OCCUR
Somatic cells and Gametes
Individual with it=Mutant
Factor causing it=Mutagen

28. MUTATION
TYPES
GENE
MUTATION
POINT
MUTATION
SILENT
MISSENSE
NONSENSE
CHROMOSOME
MUTATION
ADDITION
DELETION
CHROMOSOME
MUTATION
DELETION
DUPLICATION
INVERSION
TRANSLOCATION

29. CAUSES
OF
MUTATION

30. REFERENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/jackomar/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-22678177
• https://www.slideshare.net/RISHAVDROLIA/central-dogma-65865947
• https://www.slideshare.net/ijazulhaqrana/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-130904436
• https://www.slideshare.net/AnilBatta/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-30829674
• https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-enzyme-used-in-translation
• https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/transcription-dna-transcription-
87/#:~:text=Transcription%20is%20the%20process%20by,as%20a%20reference%2C%20or%20template.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/reverse-
transcription#:~:text=Reverse%20transcription%20is%20the%20enzyme,a%20template%20for%20PCR%20amplification.&t
ext=RNA%20template%3A%20RNA%20can%20be,variety%20of%20biological%20sample%20types.
• https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/dna-
translation/#:~:text=Translation%20is%20a%20process%20by,%3A%20initiation%2C%20elongation%20and%20termination.
• https://www.google.com/search?q=mutation+causes&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK824PK824&sxsrf=ALeKk014jS3LIh9GVewa8iKn
EnE6EbxYSA:1606645090929&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwik2rKvw6ftAhW0QkEAHZgGA_4Q_AUo
AXoECAYQAw&biw=1280&bih=577
• https://www.google.com/search?q=genetic+code+slideshare&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj1-KSYxKftAhVgDGMBHXhTAbUQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=genetic+code+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgJMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBD
MgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCABQgwpYgwpgsRtoAHAAeACAAccBiAHHAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAE
B&sclient=img&ei=PnbDX_XhNuCYjLsP-KaFqAs&bih=577&biw=1280&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK824PK824#imgrc=QoxMcaNrSS7luM