DNA & Heredity-I
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DNA contains genes that determine traits by regulating protein production. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA and protein. During gene expression, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated to synthesize proteins based on the genetic code where three-nucleotide combinations on mRNA code for specific amino acids. Together, this process explains how hereditary information encoded in DNA is used to produce traits and why individuals may resemble their biological parents and relatives.
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Bacterial genetics 1 .by Sumia Alfitoury
al-salam alykom ..
this lecture starts with basic definitions in genetic , also talk about DNA & RNA ( structures , types , similarities and differences ) .
it talks about bacterial DNA ( chromosome structure / plamids structure and functions / transponon types )
later , discusses about central dogma / gene expression starting from genetic code/codons , then DNA replication , trancription and finally translation
prepared by Sumia Abdalsalam Alfitoury / Libya
Introduction to DNA structure
The document discusses DNA structure and packaging. It explains that DNA is made up of nucleotides that bond together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA exists as a double helix structure that is regularly coiled, allowing it to be tightly packaged. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further packaged into higher-order structures to allow the genome to fit inside cells.
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This document discusses DNA recombination, which is the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information. There are two main types of recombination: homologous recombination, which occurs between similar or identical DNA sequences, and non-homologous recombination, which does not require sequence similarity. Homologous recombination is important for DNA repair and genetic diversity through generating new combinations of genes during meiosis. It is extensively studied in E. coli and involves many proteins like RecBCD and RecA. The Holliday model is commonly used to explain homologous recombination through the formation of Holliday junctions. Site-specific and gene conversion are other types of homologous recombination, while transposition involves non-hom
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The document discusses DNA as the molecule that holds the genetic code, describing its double helix structure with complementary nucleotide base pairs bonded together. It explains that Watson, Crick, and Wilkins discovered the DNA structure using X-ray diffraction and that the four nucleotides are the molecular units that make up DNA and contain the code for genes. The process of DNA replication is also summarized, where both DNA strands serve as templates and enzymes like DNA helicase, polymerase, and ligase work to unwind, add nucleotides, and connect new strands.
Molecular genetics
This document provides a summary of a biology textbook chapter on DNA, genes, and genetic engineering. It discusses:
- The structure of DNA as a double helix made of nucleotides with complementary base pairing.
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- Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be transferred between organisms using vectors like plasmids. The process of inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria to produce insulin is described.
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This document summarizes rolling circle replication and the replication of M13 bacteriophage. Rolling circle replication involves the nicking of one strand of circular DNA by an initiator protein. DNA polymerase then uses the unnicked strand as a template to synthesize multiple copies of the DNA in a continuous head-to-tail series. These linear copies can then be converted to circular DNA molecules through additional processing. Replication of M13 bacteriophage involves its single-stranded DNA entering an E. coli cell and being converted to double-stranded replicative form DNA. A phage protein then nicks the viral DNA to allow replication and production of progeny phage genomes and assembly of new viral particles.
Samary of molecular cloning .
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental techniques used to produce recombinant DNA and multiply genes. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments which can be combined to form recombinant DNA molecules containing added genes. These recombinant plasmids are inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The introduced gene can then produce its protein product in large quantities. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify specific DNA sequences using primers and multiple reaction cycles. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size and is used to analyze PCR products and restriction enzyme digests.
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Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides held together by phosphate bridges that serve as the genetic material of organisms. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus and functions to store and transmit genetic information through its double helix structure. It is made of deoxyribonucleotides and follows Chargaff's rules of equal base pairing. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and certain cellular functions. Both nucleic acids maintain hereditary traits and cellular functions through their roles in gene expression and protein production.
Recommended
Bacterial genetics 1 .by Sumia Alfitoury
al-salam alykom ..
this lecture starts with basic definitions in genetic , also talk about DNA & RNA ( structures , types , similarities and differences ) .
it talks about bacterial DNA ( chromosome structure / plamids structure and functions / transponon types )
later , discusses about central dogma / gene expression starting from genetic code/codons , then DNA replication , trancription and finally translation
prepared by Sumia Abdalsalam Alfitoury / Libya
Introduction to DNA structure
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Molecular genetics
This document provides a summary of a biology textbook chapter on DNA, genes, and genetic engineering. It discusses:
- The structure of DNA as a double helix made of nucleotides with complementary base pairing.
- Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated by ribosomes into polypeptides.
- Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be transferred between organisms using vectors like plasmids. The process of inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria to produce insulin is described.
Rolling circle model and m13 bacteriophage replication
This document summarizes rolling circle replication and the replication of M13 bacteriophage. Rolling circle replication involves the nicking of one strand of circular DNA by an initiator protein. DNA polymerase then uses the unnicked strand as a template to synthesize multiple copies of the DNA in a continuous head-to-tail series. These linear copies can then be converted to circular DNA molecules through additional processing. Replication of M13 bacteriophage involves its single-stranded DNA entering an E. coli cell and being converted to double-stranded replicative form DNA. A phage protein then nicks the viral DNA to allow replication and production of progeny phage genomes and assembly of new viral particles.
Samary of molecular cloning .
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental techniques used to produce recombinant DNA and multiply genes. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments which can be combined to form recombinant DNA molecules containing added genes. These recombinant plasmids are inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The introduced gene can then produce its protein product in large quantities. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify specific DNA sequences using primers and multiple reaction cycles. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size and is used to analyze PCR products and restriction enzyme digests.
NA-02: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides held together by phosphate bridges that serve as the genetic material of organisms. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus and functions to store and transmit genetic information through its double helix structure. It is made of deoxyribonucleotides and follows Chargaff's rules of equal base pairing. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and certain cellular functions. Both nucleic acids maintain hereditary traits and cellular functions through their roles in gene expression and protein production.
Dna
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
Structure of DNA for medical school
The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
This document provides an overview of nucleotides and nucleic acids, including:
1. It describes the basic structure of nucleotides and the major purine and pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.
2. It explains how phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotides to form the backbone of nucleic acids and allows for the double helical structure of DNA and RNA.
3. It discusses how the complementary base pairing of A-T and C-G drives the formation of DNA double helices and how this double helical structure can take on different conformations.
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This document provides an overview of genetics, DNA, and heredity. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, traits, and mutations. It describes the structure and shape of DNA, including the double helix structure and nitrogenous base pairs. The document explains how DNA is replicated and how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through sexual and asexual reproduction. It also discusses how DNA directs protein production and how mutations can occur and affect organisms.
Mitochondrial vs Plastid DNA
- Mitochondrial DNA is small, double-stranded, and circular. It is maternally inherited and contains 37 genes essential for mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial DNA evolves faster than nuclear DNA due to less efficient replication and repair.
- Mitochondrial DNA is used in forensics when evidence is degraded or limited to things like hair, bones, or teeth. It can also be used to establish individuals as suspects or for missing persons cases.
- Plastid DNA is also maternally inherited, circular DNA found in chloroplasts. It contains around 100 genes essential for photosynthesis and is maternally inherited like mitochondrial DNA. Cytoplasmic male sterility in plants can result from mutations
Gene cloning
The document summarizes the basic steps in gene cloning: 1) Isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, 2) Cleavage of the DNA using restriction enzymes, 3) Ligation of the DNA fragments, 4) Transformation of host cells via electroporation or other methods, 5) Selection of transformed cells using antibiotics, and 6) Amplification of the recombinant DNA by cell division and plasmid replication. The goal is to make identical copies of a gene by inserting it into a cloning vector for propagation in a host organism.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
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DNA is made up of two antiparallel chains of nucleotides that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up between the two strands in a complementary fashion, with adenine always pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. This precise sequence of bases varies between individuals and carries genetic information.
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This document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It provides an overview of DNA and its functions including storing genetic information, self-duplication, and expressing genetic messages. It then describes the Watson and Crick model of DNA structure. The document proceeds to define DNA sequencing as determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA section. It outlines early chemical methods like Maxam-Gilbert sequencing and the still common Sanger method using chain termination. Finally, it introduces some modern next-generation sequencing technologies like Illumina and Pyrosequencing.
DNA and Forces stabilizes dna structure
In this presentation explanation of DNA structure,forms of DNA including their structure, and brief explanation of forces that stablizes the DNA
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This lecture discusses genome organization and structure. It covers genome sizes and the C-value paradox, DNA hybridization techniques, Cot curves and their use in determining genome complexity and repetitive sequences. The lecture also addresses different types of repeated sequences, including satellites, transposons, retrotransposons and SINEs. Introns, exons, and split gene structures are explained. Genome structures like linear, circular and segmented genomes as well as features like centromeres, telomeres, and heterochromatin/euchromatin are introduced. The distribution of exons across species and characteristics to consider when writing a gene finding program are also summarized.
Unit 3 recombination
explains about molecular mechanism of recombination and types of recombination. it is as per B.Sc Biotechnology, Calicut University sylabus.
Rolling Circle Replication ppt
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
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The document summarizes the organization of the human genome. It describes that the genome includes nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and repetitive DNA sequences. Nuclear DNA contains the majority of the genome and is found within the cell nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is found within mitochondria and accounts for a smaller portion of the genome. Repetitive DNA sequences include tandem repeats like satellite DNA and microsatellites, as well as interspersed repeats such as transposable elements.
Types of recombinase
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF RECOMBINASES
Cre Recombinase,
Hin Recombinase,
Tre recombinase,
Rec A Recombinase,
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Life science grade 12
slides to share if your interested in learning more about life science and please feel free to ague where is neccesary
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This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of DNA. It describes DNA as a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The basic structure of DNA involves two anti-parallel strands coiled around each other to form the familiar double helix structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs and base stacking interactions. DNA exists in various structural forms and undergoes compaction in the cell, ultimately forming chromatin through association with histone proteins. The primary function of DNA is to serve as the template for its own replication and transcription into RNA to direct protein synthesis.
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INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
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I)DIRECT REPAIR SYSTEM,
II)BASE EXCISION REPAIR,
III)NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR,
IV)MISMATCH REPAIR,
V)RECOMBINATION REPAIR,
DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR UNDERLIE HUMAN DISEASE
DNA RECOMBINATION
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF DNA RECOMBINATION
TYPES OF RECOMBINATION
I) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
MODELS FOR HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION:-
I)HOLLIDAY MODEL,
II)MESSELSON AND RADDING MODEL,
III)DOUBLE STRAND BREAK MODEL,
GENE CONVERSION
II) NON-HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION,
i) SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION,
ii)TRANSPOSITIONAL RECOMBINATION.,
Dna recombination mechanisms new
DNA recombination mechanisms are involved in DNA repair, replication, gene expression and chromosome segregation. Recombination involves the breakage and joining of DNA strands. There are three main classes of recombination: homologous recombination between similar DNA sequences, site-specific recombination occurring at particular DNA sequences, and DNA transposition where segments of DNA move to new locations. Recombination is mediated by enzymes and involves steps like strand exchange, branch migration and resolution of Holliday junction structures to produce recombinant DNA products.
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Dna
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
Structure of DNA for medical school
The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
This document provides an overview of nucleotides and nucleic acids, including:
1. It describes the basic structure of nucleotides and the major purine and pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.
2. It explains how phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotides to form the backbone of nucleic acids and allows for the double helical structure of DNA and RNA.
3. It discusses how the complementary base pairing of A-T and C-G drives the formation of DNA double helices and how this double helical structure can take on different conformations.
Dna
This document provides an overview of genetics, DNA, and heredity. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, traits, and mutations. It describes the structure and shape of DNA, including the double helix structure and nitrogenous base pairs. The document explains how DNA is replicated and how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through sexual and asexual reproduction. It also discusses how DNA directs protein production and how mutations can occur and affect organisms.
Mitochondrial vs Plastid DNA
- Mitochondrial DNA is small, double-stranded, and circular. It is maternally inherited and contains 37 genes essential for mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial DNA evolves faster than nuclear DNA due to less efficient replication and repair.
- Mitochondrial DNA is used in forensics when evidence is degraded or limited to things like hair, bones, or teeth. It can also be used to establish individuals as suspects or for missing persons cases.
- Plastid DNA is also maternally inherited, circular DNA found in chloroplasts. It contains around 100 genes essential for photosynthesis and is maternally inherited like mitochondrial DNA. Cytoplasmic male sterility in plants can result from mutations
Gene cloning
The document summarizes the basic steps in gene cloning: 1) Isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, 2) Cleavage of the DNA using restriction enzymes, 3) Ligation of the DNA fragments, 4) Transformation of host cells via electroporation or other methods, 5) Selection of transformed cells using antibiotics, and 6) Amplification of the recombinant DNA by cell division and plasmid replication. The goal is to make identical copies of a gene by inserting it into a cloning vector for propagation in a host organism.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
132
DNA is made up of two antiparallel chains of nucleotides that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up between the two strands in a complementary fashion, with adenine always pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. This precise sequence of bases varies between individuals and carries genetic information.
Sequencing
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It provides an overview of DNA and its functions including storing genetic information, self-duplication, and expressing genetic messages. It then describes the Watson and Crick model of DNA structure. The document proceeds to define DNA sequencing as determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA section. It outlines early chemical methods like Maxam-Gilbert sequencing and the still common Sanger method using chain termination. Finally, it introduces some modern next-generation sequencing technologies like Illumina and Pyrosequencing.
DNA and Forces stabilizes dna structure
In this presentation explanation of DNA structure,forms of DNA including their structure, and brief explanation of forces that stablizes the DNA
Biotech 2011-07-finding-orf-etc
This lecture discusses genome organization and structure. It covers genome sizes and the C-value paradox, DNA hybridization techniques, Cot curves and their use in determining genome complexity and repetitive sequences. The lecture also addresses different types of repeated sequences, including satellites, transposons, retrotransposons and SINEs. Introns, exons, and split gene structures are explained. Genome structures like linear, circular and segmented genomes as well as features like centromeres, telomeres, and heterochromatin/euchromatin are introduced. The distribution of exons across species and characteristics to consider when writing a gene finding program are also summarized.
Unit 3 recombination
explains about molecular mechanism of recombination and types of recombination. it is as per B.Sc Biotechnology, Calicut University sylabus.
Rolling Circle Replication ppt
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
Human genome
The document summarizes the organization of the human genome. It describes that the genome includes nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and repetitive DNA sequences. Nuclear DNA contains the majority of the genome and is found within the cell nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is found within mitochondria and accounts for a smaller portion of the genome. Repetitive DNA sequences include tandem repeats like satellite DNA and microsatellites, as well as interspersed repeats such as transposable elements.
Types of recombinase
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF RECOMBINASES
Cre Recombinase,
Hin Recombinase,
Tre recombinase,
Rec A Recombinase,
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Life science grade 12
slides to share if your interested in learning more about life science and please feel free to ague where is neccesary
DNA structure, Functions and properties
This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of DNA. It describes DNA as a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The basic structure of DNA involves two anti-parallel strands coiled around each other to form the familiar double helix structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs and base stacking interactions. DNA exists in various structural forms and undergoes compaction in the cell, ultimately forming chromatin through association with histone proteins. The primary function of DNA is to serve as the template for its own replication and transcription into RNA to direct protein synthesis.
Dna Modifying Enzymes by Arijit Pani
DNA modifying enzymes include nucleases, ligases, polymerases, phosphatases and other enzymes that modify DNA structure and sequence. Nucleases such as exonucleases and endonucleases cleave phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids. Ligases join nucleic acid molecules by forming phosphodiester bonds. Polymerases such as DNA polymerase synthesize new DNA strands using existing strands as templates. These enzymes are essential for processes like DNA replication, repair and recombination.
DNA repair and recombination
DNA
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES
DNA REPAIR
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DNA REPAIR
I)DIRECT REPAIR SYSTEM,
II)BASE EXCISION REPAIR,
III)NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR,
IV)MISMATCH REPAIR,
V)RECOMBINATION REPAIR,
DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR UNDERLIE HUMAN DISEASE
DNA RECOMBINATION
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF DNA RECOMBINATION
TYPES OF RECOMBINATION
I) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
MODELS FOR HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION:-
I)HOLLIDAY MODEL,
II)MESSELSON AND RADDING MODEL,
III)DOUBLE STRAND BREAK MODEL,
GENE CONVERSION
II) NON-HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION,
i) SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION,
ii)TRANSPOSITIONAL RECOMBINATION.,
Dna recombination mechanisms new
DNA recombination mechanisms are involved in DNA repair, replication, gene expression and chromosome segregation. Recombination involves the breakage and joining of DNA strands. There are three main classes of recombination: homologous recombination between similar DNA sequences, site-specific recombination occurring at particular DNA sequences, and DNA transposition where segments of DNA move to new locations. Recombination is mediated by enzymes and involves steps like strand exchange, branch migration and resolution of Holliday junction structures to produce recombinant DNA products.
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lect-1-Basics-of-Molecular-Biology.ppt
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It is replicated for cell division. During transcription, DNA is read to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome to link together into polypeptide chains. RNA and proteins are essential for carrying out the genetic instructions in DNA and allowing life at the molecular level.
lect-1-Basics-of-Molecular-Biology.ppt
The document provides information on the basics of molecular biology. It discusses the key components involved which are DNA, RNA, and proteins. It explains what each of these components are, their structures and functions. It describes some important molecular biology techniques like DNA replication, transcription, translation, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and macromolecule blotting and probing which are used to study and manipulate these molecular components. The document also provides a brief overview of genomes and why genome analysis is important.
Nucleic acid chemistry and structure
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA are long polymers made up of nucleotides containing a nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate. DNA exists as a double helix with base pairing between strands. RNA can form complex secondary structures and is involved in protein synthesis.
Bacterial genetics 1 .Alfitoury.S.A
al-salam alykom ..
this lecture starts with basic definitions in genetic , also talk about DNA & RNA ( structures , types , similarities and differences ) .
it talks about bacterial DNA ( chromosome structure / plamids structure and functions / transponon types )
later , discusses about central dogma / gene expression starting from genetic code/codons , then DNA replication , trancription and finally translation
prepared by Sumia Abdalsalam Alfitoury / Libya
Basics of Molecular Biology
Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.
NUCLEOTIDES,NUCLEIC ACID AND HEREDITY.ppt
This document discusses nucleotides, nucleic acids, and heredity. It begins by explaining that cells contain thousands of proteins and chromosomes carry hereditary information in genes made of DNA and histone proteins. The document then discusses that DNA carries genetic information in genes and each gene controls one protein. It describes the basic components and structures of nucleic acids DNA and RNA, including nucleotides, bases, nucleosides, and primary and secondary structures. It explains how DNA replicates and is amplified through PCR. The roles of different RNA types and protein synthesis are covered. The document concludes by discussing DNA repair through the base excision repair pathway.
BACTERIAL GENETICS 2021.pptx
This document provides an overview of bacterial genetics. It begins with definitions of key terms like genotype, phenotype, genome. It then describes the organization of the bacterial chromosome and extrachromosomal genetic elements like plasmids and phages. The structures of DNA and RNA are explained. The processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the genetic code are summarized. Finally, the document discusses genetic changes in bacteria through spontaneous and induced mutations, including mechanisms like base substitutions, deletions/additions, and transposition.
Nucleoproteins - Biochemistry
Nucleoproteins are composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The two main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA is located in the cell nucleus and contains the cell's genetic information. It has a double-helix structure formed from two intertwined strands containing deoxyribonucleotides. RNA is mainly found in the cytoplasm and comes in three types: tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA. tRNA transports amino acids during protein synthesis. rRNA is a component of ribosomes, which assemble amino acids using information from mRNA transcripts of DNA genes. Nucleic acids play essential roles in storing and expressing genetic information, and synthesizing proteins.
Gene expression---(Biochem)
Gene expression involves two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA with the help of RNA polymerase. Translation then uses the mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA. Though genes code for traits, there is not a simple one-to-one relationship due to various regulatory factors.
Genes and Proteins Combined
DNA contains the genetic code and is made of nucleotides that pair together in a double helix structure. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and copies DNA into mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes and uses mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins based on the genetic code of three nucleotide codons. Mutations in the genetic code can cause changes in proteins that result in genetic disorders or diseases.
Dna notes
DNA contains genetic instructions that control protein production and traits. It is made up of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C). The bases bond together in a double helix structure according to base pairing rules, with A bonding only with T and G only with C. RNA is a single-stranded copy of DNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Messenger RNA is translated into proteins using tRNA and ribosomes according to the genetic code stored in DNA's base sequence.
gene expression.ppt
Gene expression involves two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA with the help of RNA polymerase. Translation then uses the mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA. The genetic code uses three-letter codons in DNA and mRNA to specify each amino acid. However, the relationship between genes and traits is complex as multiple factors influence gene expression.
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Nutritional diseases of poultry
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Species and speciation
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Human impacts, Conservation
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DNA & Heredity-II
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Respiration and photosynthesis
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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among stars.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
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3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
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DNA & Heredity-I
- 1. DNA & Heredity Also known as... Why you look like your mum
- 2. Genetics: The science of heredity • Transmission genetics • Molecular genetics • Evolutionary genetics • Population genetics • Quantitative genetics
- 3. DNA double-helix: Two nucleotide polymers wrapped around each other
- 4. Chromosome condensing from single DNA molecule Chromosomes generally composed hundreds of different genes Genes: segments of DNA that control protein production & traits Examples: gene for red hair, gene for enzyme lactase
- 5. 1. Transcription making mRNA DNA serves as template 2. Translation making protein mRNA serves as template Genes affect traits by regulating protein synthesis
- 6. RNA indicates the amino acid sequence of a protein • 3 base combinations known as codons • each codon “codes” for a specific amino acid
- 7. The Genetic Code RNA codes for amino acids Ser = serine, Val = valine, etc.
Editor's Notes
- Many different kinds of genetics! Deals with the transmission (!) of traits or genes from generation to generation Example: red-green color blindness Deals with the structure and function of genes (gene = DNA sequence coding for RNA/protein) Population genetics deals with genetic exchange among populations (at coding and noncoding loci) Quantitative genetics deals with trait variation within and among populations (usually complex traits)
- DNA: 2 nucleotide polymers wrapped around each other in a “double-helix” RNA: a single strand of nucleotides Monomer = a nucleotide (consists of a phosphate, sugar and one of 4 nucleotide bases) Strands are held together by hydrogen bonding, Complementary base pairing=AT and CG These strands, of course, contain the information for protein production = GENES! And are packed up into chromosomes within the eukaryotic nucleus
- DNA is packed into chromosomes Note: chromosomes form only for cell division
- an important feature of the genetic code: nearly universal for all forms of life (prokaryotic & eukaryotic) e.g., the codon UCU codes for serine in you and bacteria also note code is redundant: more than one codon/amino acid BUT NOT AMBIGUOUS! Meaning that there are multiple codons for a given amino acid, but any given codon will never code for more than one aa Stop = signal to stop translation, formation of a polypeptide chain
- Chromosomes condense during cell division and can be ordered and counted = a karyotype. Within an individual and within a species, virtually all cells have same karyotype Here is human karyotype- 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes = pair of chromosomes with same sequence of genes, one of each pair from mom & other dad e.g., if gene for eye color is in a sp band on chromosome one, gene for eye color is in same band on other of pair of chromosome one = locus You can have different forms of the gene at these two locations however! = alleles one from Mom & other from Dad! We are diploid organisms because for every chromosome – we have a full set from each parent One pair isn’t entirely homologous = sex chromosomes (notice reduced Y), Remaining chromosomes are autosomes