Unit v ch9 dna
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The document discusses DNA as the molecule that holds the genetic code, describing its double helix structure with complementary nucleotide base pairs bonded together. It explains that Watson, Crick, and Wilkins discovered the DNA structure using X-ray diffraction and that the four nucleotides are the molecular units that make up DNA and contain the code for genes. The process of DNA replication is also summarized, where both DNA strands serve as templates and enzymes like DNA helicase, polymerase, and ligase work to unwind, add nucleotides, and connect new strands.
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A complete PPT on DNA
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
Dna double helix (2 class)
The document summarizes the key discoveries around DNA structure. It describes that in the 1950s, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins performed x-ray crystallography experiments on DNA which provided data that allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to develop their 1953 double helix model of DNA structure. Their model proposed that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other, with nucleotides on the inside of the helix linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. This structure explained how DNA can store and replicate genetic information.
FORMS OF DNA
At this time; reading, listening or writing the word DNA doesn’t amaze us, we know that it is deoxyribonucleic acid. But it was not always like this. There was a time when it was a mystery; many of the scientists, researcher and workers spent their whole life in searching out what is DNA.
M. Meselson and F. Stahl experiment
Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment using E. coli bacteria and isotopes of nitrogen to test theories of DNA replication. They grew bacteria in a medium containing a heavy isotope of nitrogen, then transferred them to a light isotope medium. When they analyzed the DNA bands produced after centrifugation, they found bands corresponding to the predicted patterns of semi-conservative replication. By heating samples, they confirmed that each strand of replicated DNA contained either all heavy or all light nucleotides. This provided definitive evidence supporting the Watson-Crick model of semi-conservative DNA replication.
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
This document provides an overview of nucleotides and nucleic acids, including:
1. It describes the basic structure of nucleotides and the major purine and pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.
2. It explains how phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotides to form the backbone of nucleic acids and allows for the double helical structure of DNA and RNA.
3. It discusses how the complementary base pairing of A-T and C-G drives the formation of DNA double helices and how this double helical structure can take on different conformations.
Dna 9th grade
The document discusses several key facts about DNA:
- DNA can store vast amounts of information in a very small space within cells. The DNA in a single human could stretch to the sun and back over 600,000 times.
- While DNA is 99.9% identical between all humans, the 0.1% difference results in our unique characteristics. This difference amounts to around 3 million nucleotides.
- DNA is a highly efficient storage system, able to hold 25 gigabytes of data per inch. This shows DNA is more advanced than computer storage technologies.
- DNA replication allows DNA to make copies of itself in a semi-conservative process where the original strands remain intact and act as templates for new strands.
Genetics 2
Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
Genetics 2
Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
Recommended
A complete PPT on DNA
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
Dna double helix (2 class)
The document summarizes the key discoveries around DNA structure. It describes that in the 1950s, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins performed x-ray crystallography experiments on DNA which provided data that allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to develop their 1953 double helix model of DNA structure. Their model proposed that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other, with nucleotides on the inside of the helix linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. This structure explained how DNA can store and replicate genetic information.
FORMS OF DNA
At this time; reading, listening or writing the word DNA doesn’t amaze us, we know that it is deoxyribonucleic acid. But it was not always like this. There was a time when it was a mystery; many of the scientists, researcher and workers spent their whole life in searching out what is DNA.
M. Meselson and F. Stahl experiment
Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment using E. coli bacteria and isotopes of nitrogen to test theories of DNA replication. They grew bacteria in a medium containing a heavy isotope of nitrogen, then transferred them to a light isotope medium. When they analyzed the DNA bands produced after centrifugation, they found bands corresponding to the predicted patterns of semi-conservative replication. By heating samples, they confirmed that each strand of replicated DNA contained either all heavy or all light nucleotides. This provided definitive evidence supporting the Watson-Crick model of semi-conservative DNA replication.
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
This document provides an overview of nucleotides and nucleic acids, including:
1. It describes the basic structure of nucleotides and the major purine and pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.
2. It explains how phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotides to form the backbone of nucleic acids and allows for the double helical structure of DNA and RNA.
3. It discusses how the complementary base pairing of A-T and C-G drives the formation of DNA double helices and how this double helical structure can take on different conformations.
Dna 9th grade
The document discusses several key facts about DNA:
- DNA can store vast amounts of information in a very small space within cells. The DNA in a single human could stretch to the sun and back over 600,000 times.
- While DNA is 99.9% identical between all humans, the 0.1% difference results in our unique characteristics. This difference amounts to around 3 million nucleotides.
- DNA is a highly efficient storage system, able to hold 25 gigabytes of data per inch. This shows DNA is more advanced than computer storage technologies.
- DNA replication allows DNA to make copies of itself in a semi-conservative process where the original strands remain intact and act as templates for new strands.
Genetics 2
Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
Genetics 2
Genes are segments of DNA that carry hereditary information determining traits. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's research using X-ray diffraction that showed DNA's spiral staircase structure. DNA contains the genetic material passed down from parents and is composed of nucleic acids including nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. RNA also contains nucleic acids but has different types that serve various functions in protein synthesis and cell processes. Mutations in DNA can be beneficial or detrimental and cause changes in genetic sequences.
Genetics 2 2
The document discusses the key components and structures of DNA and RNA. It describes DNA as containing the genetic material that is inherited and determines traits, and that it has a double helix structure. RNA is composed of different types that have various functions and is involved in protein synthesis. The double helix model of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick based on prior research by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray diffraction methods.
DNA and Forces stabilizes dna structure
In this presentation explanation of DNA structure,forms of DNA including their structure, and brief explanation of forces that stablizes the DNA
DNA Double Helix Structure
This presentation discusses the structure of DNA. It defines DNA as the molecule containing genetic instructions for development, life and reproduction. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base groups. The bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine form the genetic code by their order. Nucleotides bond to form two strands coiled in a double helix structure, with bases pairing between strands. DNA is tightly coiled to fit into chromosomes, which contain the DNA molecule within cell nuclei. The double helix structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin, revealing how DNA can carry biological information.
Structure of dna
The document summarizes Watson and Crick's 1953 discovery of the structure of DNA. It describes their double helix model, including that DNA is made of two antiparallel strands coiled around each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A-T and C-G). It also mentions the key roles of DNA in storing and transmitting genetic information by replication and transcription.
Watson and crick model of dna
The document summarizes the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure. It describes that in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick suggested the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure. Their model included that DNA is made of two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains with bases pairing between the chains via hydrogen bonds. A pairs with T and G pairs with C. The model also explained DNA's regular structure and matched Chargaff's rules on base composition. This groundbreaking discovery explained DNA's role in heredity and won Watson, Crick, and colleagues the Nobel Prize.
3.3 7.1 Dna Structure
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA exists as a double helix containing two anti-parallel strands bound together via hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. RNA is single-stranded and contains the base uracil instead of thymine. DNA stores genetic information in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while RNA aids in protein synthesis and has various functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A brief understanding of dna synthesis
DNA Synthesis: Bio-Synthesis world’s leading Supplier providing commercial Synthetic DNA, custom DNA synthesis services and developer of new technologies for unmodified DNA synthesis.
Introduction to DNA structure
The document discusses DNA structure and packaging. It explains that DNA is made up of nucleotides that bond together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA exists as a double helix structure that is regularly coiled, allowing it to be tightly packaged. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further packaged into higher-order structures to allow the genome to fit inside cells.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
Watson and crick model of dna
Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA structure in 1953 as a double helix with two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis. Each strand consists of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups with purine or pyrimidine bases stacked inside. Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. Their model explained experimental X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules of base equivalence. The discovery revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity.
watson and crick model of DNA(molecular biology)
The document summarizes the Watson and Crick model of DNA, which proposed in 1953 that DNA consists of two helical strands coiled around a common axis to form a double helix. Each strand contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with nitrogenous base pairs connecting the strands via hydrogen bonds. Adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. The structure explained DNA's ability to replicate itself accurately during cell division. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images provided key evidence for the double helix structure, though she did not receive full credit at the time due to sexism in the field.
NA-02: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides held together by phosphate bridges that serve as the genetic material of organisms. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus and functions to store and transmit genetic information through its double helix structure. It is made of deoxyribonucleotides and follows Chargaff's rules of equal base pairing. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and certain cellular functions. Both nucleic acids maintain hereditary traits and cellular functions through their roles in gene expression and protein production.
Dna
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
Life science grade 12
slides to share if your interested in learning more about life science and please feel free to ague where is neccesary
DNA structure, Functions and properties
This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of DNA. It describes DNA as a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The basic structure of DNA involves two anti-parallel strands coiled around each other to form the familiar double helix structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs and base stacking interactions. DNA exists in various structural forms and undergoes compaction in the cell, ultimately forming chromatin through association with histone proteins. The primary function of DNA is to serve as the template for its own replication and transcription into RNA to direct protein synthesis.
DNA CHEMISTRY
DNA consists of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds to form two anti-parallel strands that coil together in a double helix structure. The strands are held together through hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. DNA provides the genetic template for its own replication and transcription into RNA, allowing for the maintenance and expression of the genome.
DNA & Heredity-I
DNA contains genes that determine traits by regulating protein production. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA and protein. During gene expression, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated to synthesize proteins based on the genetic code where three-nucleotide combinations on mRNA code for specific amino acids. Together, this process explains how hereditary information encoded in DNA is used to produce traits and why individuals may resemble their biological parents and relatives.
7.1 dna structure
DNA is a double helix structure composed of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which help package DNA into chromosomes and regulate gene expression. Eukaryotic DNA contains regions of highly repetitive sequences as well as genes that can be split into introns and exons.
DNA structure
The document discusses the structure of DNA. It describes DNA as a double-stranded polymer made of deoxyribonucleotides. The structure takes a double helix shape with the strands running in opposite directions. Each strand is composed of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. The strands are held together by bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA exists in different conformations including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which differ in their helical structures and base orientations.
DNA PROFILING
DNA profiling is a technique used by scientists to distinguish individuals using DNA samples. It involves breaking down cells to extract DNA, amplifying small DNA samples, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis to produce a fluorescent image of bands, and analyzing the pattern of fragment distribution.
Discovering DNA Timeline
Frederick Griffith discovered in 1928 that heat-killed bacteria contained a transforming factor that could change harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria. Oswald Avery and colleagues in 1944 determined that this transforming factor was DNA. Rosalind Franklin's x-ray crystallography work in 1952 provided evidence that DNA has a helical structure, which James Watson and Francis Crick used to propose their double helix model of DNA structure in 1953.
DNA History & Structure
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments in the 1800s and 1900s. Key figures like Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff contributed to determining DNA's double helix structure and the rules of base pairing between A-T and G-C. The structure forms a spiral with the bases on the inside and a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases.
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DNA and Forces stabilizes dna structure
In this presentation explanation of DNA structure,forms of DNA including their structure, and brief explanation of forces that stablizes the DNA
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This presentation discusses the structure of DNA. It defines DNA as the molecule containing genetic instructions for development, life and reproduction. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base groups. The bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine form the genetic code by their order. Nucleotides bond to form two strands coiled in a double helix structure, with bases pairing between strands. DNA is tightly coiled to fit into chromosomes, which contain the DNA molecule within cell nuclei. The double helix structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin, revealing how DNA can carry biological information.
Structure of dna
The document summarizes Watson and Crick's 1953 discovery of the structure of DNA. It describes their double helix model, including that DNA is made of two antiparallel strands coiled around each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A-T and C-G). It also mentions the key roles of DNA in storing and transmitting genetic information by replication and transcription.
Watson and crick model of dna
The document summarizes the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure. It describes that in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick suggested the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure. Their model included that DNA is made of two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains with bases pairing between the chains via hydrogen bonds. A pairs with T and G pairs with C. The model also explained DNA's regular structure and matched Chargaff's rules on base composition. This groundbreaking discovery explained DNA's role in heredity and won Watson, Crick, and colleagues the Nobel Prize.
3.3 7.1 Dna Structure
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA exists as a double helix containing two anti-parallel strands bound together via hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. RNA is single-stranded and contains the base uracil instead of thymine. DNA stores genetic information in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while RNA aids in protein synthesis and has various functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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The document discusses DNA structure and packaging. It explains that DNA is made up of nucleotides that bond together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA exists as a double helix structure that is regularly coiled, allowing it to be tightly packaged. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further packaged into higher-order structures to allow the genome to fit inside cells.
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Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
Watson and crick model of dna
Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA structure in 1953 as a double helix with two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis. Each strand consists of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups with purine or pyrimidine bases stacked inside. Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. Their model explained experimental X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules of base equivalence. The discovery revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity.
watson and crick model of DNA(molecular biology)
The document summarizes the Watson and Crick model of DNA, which proposed in 1953 that DNA consists of two helical strands coiled around a common axis to form a double helix. Each strand contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with nitrogenous base pairs connecting the strands via hydrogen bonds. Adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. The structure explained DNA's ability to replicate itself accurately during cell division. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images provided key evidence for the double helix structure, though she did not receive full credit at the time due to sexism in the field.
NA-02: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides held together by phosphate bridges that serve as the genetic material of organisms. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus and functions to store and transmit genetic information through its double helix structure. It is made of deoxyribonucleotides and follows Chargaff's rules of equal base pairing. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and certain cellular functions. Both nucleic acids maintain hereditary traits and cellular functions through their roles in gene expression and protein production.
Dna
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
Life science grade 12
slides to share if your interested in learning more about life science and please feel free to ague where is neccesary
DNA structure, Functions and properties
This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of DNA. It describes DNA as a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The basic structure of DNA involves two anti-parallel strands coiled around each other to form the familiar double helix structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs and base stacking interactions. DNA exists in various structural forms and undergoes compaction in the cell, ultimately forming chromatin through association with histone proteins. The primary function of DNA is to serve as the template for its own replication and transcription into RNA to direct protein synthesis.
DNA CHEMISTRY
DNA consists of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds to form two anti-parallel strands that coil together in a double helix structure. The strands are held together through hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. DNA provides the genetic template for its own replication and transcription into RNA, allowing for the maintenance and expression of the genome.
DNA & Heredity-I
DNA contains genes that determine traits by regulating protein production. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA and protein. During gene expression, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated to synthesize proteins based on the genetic code where three-nucleotide combinations on mRNA code for specific amino acids. Together, this process explains how hereditary information encoded in DNA is used to produce traits and why individuals may resemble their biological parents and relatives.
7.1 dna structure
DNA is a double helix structure composed of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which help package DNA into chromosomes and regulate gene expression. Eukaryotic DNA contains regions of highly repetitive sequences as well as genes that can be split into introns and exons.
DNA structure
The document discusses the structure of DNA. It describes DNA as a double-stranded polymer made of deoxyribonucleotides. The structure takes a double helix shape with the strands running in opposite directions. Each strand is composed of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. The strands are held together by bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA exists in different conformations including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which differ in their helical structures and base orientations.
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DNA profiling is a technique used by scientists to distinguish individuals using DNA samples. It involves breaking down cells to extract DNA, amplifying small DNA samples, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis to produce a fluorescent image of bands, and analyzing the pattern of fragment distribution.
Discovering DNA Timeline
Frederick Griffith discovered in 1928 that heat-killed bacteria contained a transforming factor that could change harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria. Oswald Avery and colleagues in 1944 determined that this transforming factor was DNA. Rosalind Franklin's x-ray crystallography work in 1952 provided evidence that DNA has a helical structure, which James Watson and Francis Crick used to propose their double helix model of DNA structure in 1953.
DNA History & Structure
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments in the 1800s and 1900s. Key figures like Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff contributed to determining DNA's double helix structure and the rules of base pairing between A-T and G-C. The structure forms a spiral with the bases on the inside and a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases.
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Johann Friedrich Miescher first characterized DNA in 1869 after extracting it from cell nuclei where he called the substance "nuclein". Through the late 19th century, scientists determined DNA's components include sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous organic bases. In the early 20th century, models proposed DNA as made of repeating tetranucleotide units. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images and the work of Chargaff supported that DNA had a regular structure. Watson and Crick then used this evidence to propose their famous double helix model of DNA structure in 1953, with two intertwined strands held together by base pairing. This established DNA as the genetic material and explained its ability to self-replicate and
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The document summarizes key concepts about DNA structure and function. It describes that DNA is composed of nucleotides containing bases that pair in a double helix structure. It was discovered that DNA contains the genetic material and replicates in a semi-conservative manner according to the Watson-Crick model. Mutations in DNA can result in changes to genes that are inherited.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the structure and function of DNA and genes. It describes experiments that showed DNA is the genetic material, including Griffith's transformation experiment and the Hershey-Chase experiment. It explains that DNA is made of nucleotides, has a double helix structure, and replicates semiconservatively. The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is summarized, including transcription, RNA processing, the genetic code, translation, and protein synthesis.
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The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base molecules. The bases on each strand are complementary, with A pairing with T and G pairing with C. DNA replication involves the unwinding of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one newly synthesized strand, in a semi-conservative process that precisely copies the DNA.
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1. Experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material, carrying hereditary information from parents to offspring.
2. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with nucleotides containing complementary bases (A-T and G-C) that bond the two strands together.
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Dna replication and importance of its inhibition pdf
A research topic submitted by some students of the first year in Al-Azhar Pharmacy in Assiut in 2020 in the subject of cell biology under the supervision of Dr. Omar Mohafez holds a PhD in biochemistry and is a professor at the same college.
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DNA is made up of two antiparallel chains of nucleotides that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up between the two strands in a complementary fashion, with adenine always pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. This precise sequence of bases varies between individuals and carries genetic information.
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This document provides an overview of molecular biology and DNA replication. It defines molecular biology as the branch of biology dealing with macromolecules essential to life like nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides with a pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base. DNA contains the genetic instructions and is replicated before cell division in a semi-conservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. DNA replication involves enzymes like DNA polymerase and helicase and occurs through initiation, elongation and termination steps to produce two identical copies of DNA.
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DNA replication stating the enzymes that are involved
DNA replication stating the enzymes that are involved
Dna replication and importance of its inhibition pdf
Dna replication and importance of its inhibition pdf
Unit v ch9 dna
- 1. Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 9 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity and holds the Genetic Code
- 2. Watson & Crick Wilkins Franklin Scientists who discovered structure of DNA 1953 X-ray diffraction
- 3. The 4 Nucleotides of DNA Nitrogen base order is the code for genes Purines Pyrimidines
- 4. Watson-Crick model of DNA Double Helix Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogen base pairs Covalent bonds between phosphates & deoxyribose sugars
- 5. DNA Replication in Nucleus Both strands of helix used as template http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =AGUuX4PGlCc is Semiconservative
- 6. DNA Helicase: unwinds DNA by breaking H bonds between bases DNA polymerase: adds loose complementary nucleotides to growing strands DNA ligase: connects short strands together Proofreading/Repair enzymes: from 1/10,000 to 1/billion mistakes
- 7. Mutation: permanent change in DNA base sequence Mutation in gamete is inherited
- 8. Werner Syndrome Mutation in DNA replication enzyme Causes errors/mutations to accumulate rapidly
- 9. Ancient DNA – 100 million year old Biting Midge preserved in amber
Editor's Notes
- Biology: Life on Earth (Audesirk) DNA: Molecule of Heredity
- Figure :10-9 Title: Barr bodies Caption: The black spot on the upper right side of the nucleus is an inactivated X chromosome called a Barr body, usually found only in the cells of female mammals.
- Insects (such as this biting midge) some 100 million years old have been found almost perfectly preserved in amber, which dehydrates them. Recent research has dashed hopes of finding intact DNA from these insects, from their stomach contents, or from the bones of fossilized dinosaurs.