The document presents two clinical cases distinguishing between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS). It outlines the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and management of each condition, highlighting the differences in patient presentations and mortality rates. The first case is indicative of DKA in a 60-year-old man, while the second case suggests HHS in a 25-year-old woman.

1. DKA vs HHS by suraya salleh

2. CASE A A 60 year old unconscious man was brought to ED by his family, presented with 3 weeks history of loss of appetite and increase in frequency of urination. Son noted that patient has been very weak until they have to help him with his daily life activity. On examination, patient looked cachexic and profound dehydration noted. Patient was also found to be hypotensive and tachycardic. Blood sugar is 38. DIAGNOSIS ?

3. CASE B A 25 year old lady presented with 2 day history of nausea and vomiting. She also has been feeling unwell, thirsty, weak and noticed that she frequently had to go to the toilet to urinate. Her blood sugar is 24. On examination, her breath smell sweet, she is tachycardic and dehydrated. She also has a productive cough with crepitations on the left lower base. Her pH is 7.30 DIAGNOSIS ?

4. Which one is HHS? Which one is DKA?

5. DKA vs HHS Common Type 1 Precipitated by infection Ketoacidosis Short prodromal sympts Mortality 5-10% Age 20-29 Uncommon Type 2 More severe illness Not ketoacidotic Longer prodromal sympts Mortality 40-60% Age 57-70

6. DKA vs HHS Kussmaul respiration Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain (occasionally) Fatigue Thirsty Sweet smelly breath (acetone) Confusion, drowsiness Hypotension Tachycardia Usually presented dehyrated and stupor or coma. Unconscious LOA and polyuria (several weeks) Profound dehyration Hypotension (later) Tachycardia CLINICAL FEATURES

7. DKA vs HHS Hyperglycemia : Blood glucose > 14 mmol/L Acidosis : pH < 7.3, HCO 3 <15 mmol/L Ketonaemia or ketonuria Plasma glucose level of > 33 mmol/L Arterial pH > 7.3, serum bicarbonate > 15 mmol/L Absence of severe ketonaemia or ketonuria Serum total osmolality >330 mmol/L Diagnostic Criteria

8. DKA vs HHS Full Blood Count (FBC) Blood Urea Serum Electrolyte (BUSE) Dextrose stick Urine dipstick / Urinalysis Full Blood Count (FBC) Urea and electrolytes - raised d/t dehydration, with urea incr disproportionately to creatinine ABG  pH decr, HCO3 decr, PCO2 incr urinalysis Investigations

9. DKA vs HHS Managed in monitored area. Supplemental high-flow oxygen Monitor : ECG, Pulse oximetry, blood levels of glucose, ketones , potassium and acid base balance 1-2hrs. Managed in monitored area. Supplemental high-flow oxygen Monitor : ECG, Pulse oximetry, blood levels of glucose and potassium 1-2hrs. MANAGEMENT

10. DKA vs HHS Circulatory support : IV NS 1L per hr initially (basic), switch to IV Dextrose saline as glucose level drops (<15mmol/L). (Total fluid loss~4-6L) maintain BSL 8-12 mmol/L Urinary catheter to monitor urine output Circulatory support : (Total fluid loss~6-10L) half of the estimated water deficits will need to be replace during the first 12 hours. maintain BSL 14-16mmol/L Urinary catheter to monitor urine output MANAGEMENT

11. Do you know how to differentiate DKA and HHS now??

12. Referrence : Clinical Medicine Kumar and Clark SARAWAK Handbook of Medical Emergencies 2 nd edition

13. THANK YOU