Dividends are a portion of a company's earnings distributed to shareholders, decided by the board of directors, and can be classified into several types: cash, stock, property, scrip, and liquidating dividends. Cash dividends are the most common, while stock dividends involve issuing more shares; property dividends involve distributing physical assets. The board determines the distribution timing, and key dates include declaration, record, and payment dates.

1. DIVIDENDS
AND ITS TYPES
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2. DIVIDENDS AND ITS TYPES
• Dividend is a portion of the company's earnings to be
distributed to its shareholders, based on board of
directors' decision.
• Dividends are quoted as Dividend Per Share (DPS) or
dividend yield.
• Most companies having stable and secure growth offer
dividends when their share prices become stagnant.
• However several companies do not offer dividends as all
profits are reinvested to ensure faster, better-than-
average growth.

3. Continued..
• The board of directors decides the
percentage of the profit to be
distributed as dividends.
• Dividends are issued quarterly or
annually.
• Dividends are declared by the board of
directors each time they are paid.
• There are three important Dividend
Related dates.
• Declaration date, date of record and
payment date.

4. CASH DIVIDEND
• The Cash dividend is by far the most common of the
dividend types used.
• On the date of declaration, the board of
directors resolves to pay a certain dividend amount in
cash.
• It is paid to those investors holding the company's stock
on a specific date.

5. CASH DIVIDEND
• The date of record is the date on
which dividends are assigned to
the holders of the company's
stock.
• On the date of payment, the
company issues dividend
payments.

6. STOCK DIVIDEND
• A Stock dividend is the issuance by a company of its
common stock.
• It is issued to its common shareholders without any
consideration.
• If the company issues less than 25 percent of the total
number of previously outstanding shares, you treat the
transaction as a stock dividend.
• If the transaction is for a greater proportion of the
previously outstanding shares, then treat the transaction
as a "stock split"

7. STOCK DIVIDEND
• To record a stock dividend, transfer from retained
earnings to the capital stock
• And additional paid-in capital accounts an amount equal
to the fair value of the additional shares issued.
• The fair value of the additional shares issued is based on
their fair market value when the dividend is declared.

8. PROPERTY DIVIDEND
• A company may issue a non-monetary dividend to
investors, rather than making a cash or stock payment.
• You record this distribution at the fair market value of
the assets distributed.
• Since the fair market value is likely to vary somewhat
from the book value of the assets, the company will
likely record the variance as a gain or loss.

9. SCRIP DIVIDEND
• A company may not have sufficient funds to issue
dividends in the near future.
• So, instead it issues a scrip dividend, which is
essentially a promissory note (which may or may
not include interest.
• It is paid to the shareholders at a later date. This
dividend creates a note payable.

10. LIQUIDATING DIVIDEND
• When the board of directors wishes to return the capital
originally contributed by shareholders as a dividend, it is
called a liquidating dividend.
• And it may be a precursor to shutting down the business.
• The accounting for a liquidating dividend is similar to the
entries for a cash dividend.
• Except that the funds are considered to come from the
additional paid-in capital account.