Diseases of male genital system
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The document discusses common conditions affecting the male genital tract, including the penis, testes, epididymis, and prostate. It outlines congenital defects, inflammatory conditions, vascular diseases, and tumors that can occur in these organs. For the testes specifically, it mentions cryptorchidism, atrophy, infections including mumps and STDs, torsion, and germ cell and non-germ cell tumors. For the prostate, it discusses inflammations, benign enlargement including hyperplasia, and malignant tumors.
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Undescended testes is one of the most common problems in pediatric surgery clinics. It occurs when one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. Left untreated, it can lead to testicular atrophy and infertility. The standard treatment is orchidopexy surgery to bring the testes into the scrotum. Early surgery is recommended before age 6 months to prevent damage to the testes. For intra-abdominal undescended testes, options include open orchidopexy, laparoscopic-assisted surgery, or microvascular transplantation of the testes into the scrotum. Prompt surgical treatment is aimed at reducing risks of infertility and testicular cancer.
Diseases of female genital tract
The document describes images from a pathology lab showing abnormal tissue from the female genital tract. The images show grayish nodular tissue with enlarged fish eggs and chorionic villi that have undergone hydrophilic degeneration. Additional images show enlarged chorionic villi, syncytiotrophoblast proliferation, hair shafts and a protruding tooth emerging from the wall of a cyst lined with ectodermal stratified squamous epithelium, sweat glands and a hair follicle.
Congenital abnormalities by Erum Khowaja
Congenital abnormalities can affect many body systems and organs. They have various causes including chromosomal abnormalities, single gene defects, mitochondrial disorders, and environmental factors. Some examples of congenital abnormalities discussed in the document are gastroschisis, an abdominal wall defect where intestines protrude through the umbilicus, and exomphalos where abdominal contents protrude through a weakness in the abdominal wall near the umbilical cord. Atresias are congenital obstructions that can occur in different parts of the GI tract. Hirschsprung's disease is a blockage of the large intestine due to improper muscle movement. Malrotation and meconium ileus are examples of congenital abnormalities of the intestines.
female genital tract infection
The document discusses infections of the female genital tract caused by various etiological agents including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. It describes key microscopic and cytological features of infections caused by organisms like Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Infections of the female genital tract present with symptoms like abnormal vaginal discharge and can be diagnosed by examining cellular changes on microscopy and cultures.
Austin Andrology
Austin Andrology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Andrology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all the areas of Andrology. Austin Andrology accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of andrology.
Chapter26.
The document summarizes diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes the structure and functions of the urinary tract and normal microbiota. It then discusses various urinary tract infections (UTIs) like cystitis and pyelonephritis caused by E. coli. It also covers sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like gonorrhea caused by N. gonorrhoeae, syphilis caused by T. pallidum, and nongonococcal urethritis. It briefly discusses viral diseases like genital herpes and genital warts, as well as fungal infection candidiasis and the protozoan STD trichomoniasis.
Alternative medicine - what every IVF specialist needs to know
The document discusses the relationship between conventional/Western medicine and alternative/complementary medicine (CAM). It argues that doctors should keep an open mind about CAM and acknowledge that many patients use alternative therapies. Alternative medicine can help patients feel a sense of control and empowerment. The document also notes that CAM treatments like acupuncture, Chinese herbs, and yoga may help address stress and fertility issues through various mechanisms. Overall, it advocates for an integrative approach that combines conventional medicine with CAM in a patient-centered way.
Presentation of reproductive
This document discusses several gynecological conditions:
1. Dysmenorrhea (period cramps) which can be primary (related to normal menstruation) or secondary (caused by underlying conditions). It describes causes, symptoms, and treatments like NSAIDs and surgery.
2. Amenorrhea which is the absence of periods and can be primary or secondary. Causes include pregnancy, breastfeeding, genetics, and hormonal imbalances.
3. Menorrhagia which is excessive bleeding during periods. It lists various medical conditions that can cause it and describes symptoms and treatment options.
4. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) which are physical and emotional symptoms
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Common Disorders Of Male Female Reproductive Systems Ppt Sept 2006
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The document discusses diseases and conditions that can affect the male genital tract, including the penis, testes, epididymis, and prostate. For the testes and epididymis, conditions mentioned include congenital issues like cryptorchidism, regressive conditions like atrophy, inflammatory diseases caused by various pathogens, vascular diseases like torsion, and both benign and malignant tumors including germ cell and non-germ cell types. For the prostate, inflammations, benign enlargement such as BPH, and malignant tumors are covered. Various histologic features of different tumor types are also summarized.
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The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
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The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
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The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the chorion and amnion. The chorion is the outer membrane that is attached to the placenta and uterine wall. The amnion lines the chorion and encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrition for the fetus, and aids in temperature regulation and movement. It is composed primarily of water, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The amniotic fluid circulates continuously, with production from the fetal membranes, fetal urine and transudation from maternal and fetal blood.
Physiology of reproduction
The document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from fertilization through early pregnancy development. It describes how sperm mature and are capacitated in the female reproductive tract. Upon ovulation, sperm meet and fertilize the ovum in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the uterine lining and develop into a placenta to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother's blood. Major developmental milestones in early pregnancy include chorion, amnion and decidua formation.
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This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy over three trimesters. In the first trimester, common symptoms include missed periods, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. Signs include enlarged, soft breasts and uterus, and a softer, purplish cervix. Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or blood. Ultrasounds can visualize the gestational sac after 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, symptoms decrease while the abdomen enlarges and fetal movement is felt. Signs include skin changes and palpable fetal parts. The third trimester confirms pregnancy through palpation of fetal parts and auscultation of the fetal heart.
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
Postpartum mood disorders
The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
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Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
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This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
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The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The female pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The true pelvis is further divided into the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. The document describes the boundaries and diameters of each region including the anatomical transverse diameter of 13cm at the inlet. It also discusses the pelvic planes and axes, and the Caldwell-Moloy classification of pelvic types including the gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
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Diseases of male genital system
- 14. Seminoma (look for germ cells and lymphs ) www.freelivedoctor.com
- 15. Embryonal Carcinoma, Formerly called “adeno”carcinoma, so look for “glands” and AFP!!!) www.freelivedoctor.com
- 16. CHORIOCARCINOMA look for “trophoblast”, and HCG!! www.freelivedoctor.com
- 17. YOLK SAC TUMOR, aka “endodermal sinus tumor” Schiller-Duvall Body www.freelivedoctor.com
- 18. TERATOMA MALIGNANT TERATOMA TERATOCARCINOMA neural tissue retina muscle bundles islands of cartilage clusters of squamous epithelium structures reminiscent of thyroid gland bronchial or bronchiolar epithelium bits of intestinal wall or brain substance www.freelivedoctor.com
- 22. CZ = CENTRAL TZ = TRANSITIONAL PZ = PERIPHAL www.freelivedoctor.com
- 31. NUCLEOLI, NUCLEOLI, NUCLEOLI www.freelivedoctor.com
Editor's Notes
- Testicular atrophy, ghosting or fibrosis of tubules, NO spermatogenesis, INCREASED interstitial cells of Leydig.
- Often, Inflammations in the testicle ALSO involve the epididymis, and vice versa. Commonly urinart tract gram negatives infect BOTH. However, 1) Mumps and TB are the most common agents of primarily orchitis, and 2) CHLAMIDIA and TORSION are the most common causes of primarily epididymitis.
- Infarcted testicle and epididymis due to “torsion”
- Most testicular teratomas are malignant. Most ovarian teratomas are benign (e.g., dermoid cyst)
- Wheras, most germ cell tumors are regarded as benign, most sex cord (NON germ cell) tumors are regarded as benign.
- CZ is nearest the urethra, PZ is nearest the capsule. TZ is between the two.
- Granulomatous prostatitis
- Glandular hyperplasia, note ABSENCE of nucleoli.
- PIN (Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia) is the grey zone between BENIGN and MALIGNANT prostate glands. The can be LOW grade PIN, or HIGH grade PIN.
- NUCLEOLI separate benign from malignant prostate glands!!!
- Even if, theoretically, the prostate gland cells looked 100%, if they surround nerve spaces, they are malignant. Why?
- TIP: Multiple bone metastases in males is usually carcinoma of the prostate.
- Know this correct order of biologic behavior.
- A Gleason’s final SCORE is the SUM of the predominant pattern (1-5) and the secondary pattern (1-5). So a Gleason GRADE ranges from 1-5, and a Gleason SCORE ranges from 2-10