This document discusses several gynecological conditions:
1. Dysmenorrhea (period cramps) which can be primary (related to normal menstruation) or secondary (caused by underlying conditions). It describes causes, symptoms, and treatments like NSAIDs and surgery.
2. Amenorrhea which is the absence of periods and can be primary or secondary. Causes include pregnancy, breastfeeding, genetics, and hormonal imbalances.
3. Menorrhagia which is excessive bleeding during periods. It lists various medical conditions that can cause it and describes symptoms and treatment options.
4. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) which are physical and emotional symptoms
dysmenorrhea ,dysmenorrhea definition, types of dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain , pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea, management of primary dysmenorrhea, management of secondary dysmenorrhea, treatment of dysmenorrhea.
DYSMENORRHOEA
Definition
Cramps or painful menstruation
Sharp, intermittent pain or dull aching pain, in the pelvis or lower abdomen
Classified as -
Primary dysmenorrhoea
Secondary dysmenorrhoea
dysmenorrhea ,dysmenorrhea definition, types of dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain , pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea, management of primary dysmenorrhea, management of secondary dysmenorrhea, treatment of dysmenorrhea.
DYSMENORRHOEA
Definition
Cramps or painful menstruation
Sharp, intermittent pain or dull aching pain, in the pelvis or lower abdomen
Classified as -
Primary dysmenorrhoea
Secondary dysmenorrhoea
causes ,aetiology of pain during menstrual cycle and treatment.
causes and treatment for anxiety before menstrual cycle
non pharmacological treatment of anxiety before periods
different gynaecological problems
pscycological aspects of the dysmenorrhoea
pharmacological management of dysmenorrhoea
The rapid change in our external environment is causing seismic shifts in our cultural, emotional, psychological and biological health. The toxic effects of this unnatural pace of change in our lifestyle is causing adverse effects especially on the health of women. We see its manifestation in the rising rates of gynecological disorders causing either premature death or infertility issues in women. Through this initiative, Future School of Hospital Management is sharing insights to create awareness amongst women. This is a message to all the women, who give birth and nurture our future generations…Take care of yourselves because your lives are precious.
Ishipta Ghosh
(Student)
Future School Of Hospital Management.
Dysmenorrhea and related disorders by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee n...alka mukherjee
Dysmenorrhea is a common symptom secondary to various gynecological disorders, but it is also represented in most women as a primary form of disease. Pain associated with dysmenorrhea is caused by hypersecretion of prostaglandins and an increased uterine contractility. The primary dysmenorrhea is quite frequent in young women and remains with a good prognosis, even though it is associated with low quality of life. The secondary forms of dysmenorrhea are associated with endometriosis and adenomyosis and may represent the key symptom. The diagnosis is suspected on the basis of the clinical history and the physical examination and can be confirmed by ultrasound, which is very useful to exclude some secondary causes of dysmenorrhea, such as endometriosis and adenomyosis. The treatment options include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alone or combined with oral contraceptives or progestins.
causes ,aetiology of pain during menstrual cycle and treatment.
causes and treatment for anxiety before menstrual cycle
non pharmacological treatment of anxiety before periods
different gynaecological problems
pscycological aspects of the dysmenorrhoea
pharmacological management of dysmenorrhoea
The rapid change in our external environment is causing seismic shifts in our cultural, emotional, psychological and biological health. The toxic effects of this unnatural pace of change in our lifestyle is causing adverse effects especially on the health of women. We see its manifestation in the rising rates of gynecological disorders causing either premature death or infertility issues in women. Through this initiative, Future School of Hospital Management is sharing insights to create awareness amongst women. This is a message to all the women, who give birth and nurture our future generations…Take care of yourselves because your lives are precious.
Ishipta Ghosh
(Student)
Future School Of Hospital Management.
Dysmenorrhea and related disorders by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee n...alka mukherjee
Dysmenorrhea is a common symptom secondary to various gynecological disorders, but it is also represented in most women as a primary form of disease. Pain associated with dysmenorrhea is caused by hypersecretion of prostaglandins and an increased uterine contractility. The primary dysmenorrhea is quite frequent in young women and remains with a good prognosis, even though it is associated with low quality of life. The secondary forms of dysmenorrhea are associated with endometriosis and adenomyosis and may represent the key symptom. The diagnosis is suspected on the basis of the clinical history and the physical examination and can be confirmed by ultrasound, which is very useful to exclude some secondary causes of dysmenorrhea, such as endometriosis and adenomyosis. The treatment options include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alone or combined with oral contraceptives or progestins.
Global Medical Cures™ | Women's Health - REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Caring for your reproductive health, understanding reproduction and gynecological disorders, and understanding you birth control options.
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Is Intensifying Dysmenorrhea a Sign of Endometrial Concerns.pptxFFragrant
Women should pay more attention to intensifying dysmenorrhea. For some condtions, like endometriosis, adenomyosis, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a nice option.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. DYSMENORRHEA(Period Cramps,
Menstrual Cramps)
is painful cramps felt before or during
menstruation; the pain is sometimes so
severe as to interfere with daily activities.
Pain is adequately controlled with drugs that
block prostaglandin formation.
can be literally translated as "difficult
monthly flow." Although it's normal for most
women to have mild abdominal cramps on
the first day or two of their period, about 10%
of women experience severe pain.
4. Primary Dismenorhea
is menstrual pain that's not a symptom of an
underlying gynecologic disorder but is related to
the normal process of menstruation.
is the most common type of dysmenorrhea,
affecting more than 50% of women, and quite
severe in about 15%.
is more likely to affect girls during adolescence.
Fortunately for many women, the problem eases
as they mature, particularly after a pregnancy.
Although it may be painful and sometimes
debilitating for brief periods of time, it is not
harmful.
5. Secondary dysmenorrhea
is menstrual pain that is generally
related to some kind of gynecologic
disorder. Most of these disorders can
be easily treated with medications or
surgery.
Secondary dysmenorrheal is more
likely to affect women during
adulthood.
6. Causes of Dysmenorrhea
is thought to be caused by excessive levels of prostaglandins, hormones that
make your uterus contract during menstruation and childbirth.
Its pain probably results from contractions of your uterus that occur when
the blood supply to its lining (endometrium) is reduced.
Usually, the pain will happen only during menstrual cycles in which an egg is
released. The pain may progressively become worse as endometrial tissue
shed during a menstrual period passes through the cervix, particularly when
the cervical canal is narrow.
Other factors that may make the pain of primary dysmenorrhea even worse
include a uterus that tilts backward (retroverted uterus)
instead of forward, lack of exercise, and psychological or social stress.
7. Secondary dysmenorrhea may be caused by a number of
conditions, including:
fibroids - benign tumors that develop within the uterine wall or are
attached to it
adenomyosis - the tissue that lines the uterus (called the endometrium)
begins to grow within its muscular walls
a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
endometriosis - fragments of the endometrial lining that are found on
other pelvic organs
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is primarily an infection of the
fallopian tubes, but can also affect the ovaries, uterus, and cervix
an ovarian cyst or tumour
the use of an intrauterine device (IUD), a birth control method
8. Symptoms and Complications
of Dysmenorrhea
The main symptom of dysmenorrhea is pain.
It occurs in your lower abdomen during menstruation and may also be
felt in your hips, lower back, or thighs.
Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
lightheadedness, or general achiness.
For most women, the pain usually starts shortly before or during their
menstrual period, peaks after 24 hours, and subsides after 2 to 3 days.
Sometimes clots or pieces of bloody tissue from the lining of the uterus
are expelled from the uterus, causing pain
Dysmenorrhea pain may be spasmodic (sharp pelvic cramps at the start
of menstrual flow) or congestive (deep, dull ache). The symptoms of
secondary dysmenorrhea often start sooner in the menstrual cycle than
those of primary dysmenorrhea, and usually last longer.
9. Treating and Preventing
Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea is usually treated by
medication such as an analgesic medication. Many
women find relief with nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen,
naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid* (ASA).
Treatment for secondary dysmenorrhea will vary
with the underlying cause. Surgery can be done to
remove fibroids or to widen the cervical canal if it is
too narrow.
If treatment isn't successful and the pain is extreme,
you may consider surgery that severs the nerves to
the uterus. While this can help, complications may
arise due to injury to nearby organs.
10. non-medicinal treatments for the pain of
dysmenorrhea include:
lying on your back, supporting your knees with a
pillow
holding a heating pad or hot water bottle on
your abdomen or lower back
taking a warm bath
gently massaging your abdomen
doing mild exercises like stretching, walking, or
biking - exercise may improve blood flow and
reduce pelvic pain
getting plenty of rest and avoiding stressful
situations as your period approaches
13. Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
is normal during pregnancy and for a variable
time after delivery. If the mother is breast-
feeding her baby, as much as six months may
pass before return of menstruation; earlier
return of menstruation is not abnormal and is
to be expected if the mother is not producing
milk.
Pregnancy is the most common cause
of amenorrhea during the reproductive years.
14. There are two types of amenorrhea: primary and
secondary.
Primary amenorrhea typically denotes the lack of
occurrence of the first menstrual period by 16 years
of age. Women who have been menstruating
regularly and whose periods then stop for at least
three months are considered to have secondary
amenorrhea.
Secondary amenorrhea may also be caused by
anxiety or other emotional strain, excessive
exercise, eating disorders, or obesity. Women with
body fat of less than 15% often experience
amenorrhea. Hormonal imbalances may also
contribute to amenorrhea. Tumors of the pituitary
gland are a rare cause of amenorrhea.
15. Causes amenorrhea
There are several possible reasons for primary
amenorrhea,
including disorders of the ovaries,
genetic defects,
or an infection contracted while still in the womb or
shortly after birth
another extremely rare cause of amenorrhea and
abnormal growth of hair.
can result because of an abnormality in the
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, anatomical
abnormalities of the genital tract, or functional
causes..
16. Symptoms amenorrhea
Primary or secondary amenorrhea (respectively) is considered to be
present when a girl has:
not developed menstrual periods by age 16; or
a woman who has previously had a menstrual cycle stops having
menstrual periods for three cycles in a row, or for a time period of six
months or more and is not pregnant.
, hormonal imbalance or male hormone excess can include
irregular menstrual periods,
unwanted hair growth,
deepening of the voice,
acne.
18. Treatment List for Amenorrhea
Treat the underlying cause
Avoid excessive exercise in case of eating
disorders
Dopamine agonists
Gonadotrophin therapy
Hormone replacement therapy
Surgery for hypothalamic and pituitary
tumours
Refer to dietician
See an endocrinologist
19. Menorrhagia
excessive loss of blood during
menstruation
20. Causes Menorrhagia
Hormonal imbalance Changes in birth
Trauma to the uterine control pills
Uterine fibroids Cancer
Endometrial polyps Menopause
Ovarian cysts Pelvic inflammatory
disease
Dysfunction of the
ovaries Thyroid problems
Adenomyosis Endometriosis
Intrauterine device Lupus
Miscarriage Liver disease
Ectopic pregnancy Kidney disease
21. Symptoms of Menorrhagia
Menstrual flow that soaks through one or more sanitary pads or
tampons every hour for several consecutive hours
The need to use double sanitary protection to control your
menstrual flow
The need to change sanitary protection during the night
Menstrual period that lasts longer than seven days
Menstrual flow that includes large blood clots
Heavy menstrual flow that interferes with your regular lifestyle
Constant pain in the lower abdomen during menstrual period
Irregular menstrual periods
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
22. Can Menorrhagia be Treated?
Yes. Treatment options will depend on the
cause of menorrhagia, the severity of
menorrhagia and the overall health of the
patient.
Some common treatments include iron
supplements, oral contraceptives, ibuprofen,
and progesterone.
If medication therapy is not successful,
surgery may be needed.
23.
24. Pre-menstrual syndrome
(also called PMT or premenstrual tension) is a
collection of physical and emotional
symptoms related to a woman's menstrual
cycle.
25. Causes
The exact causes of PMS are not fully
understood., measurements of sex hormone levels are
within normal levels. In twin studies, the concordance of
PMS is twice as high in monozygotic twins as in dizygotic
twins, suggesting the possibility of some genetic
component.
Current thinking suspects that central-nervous-system
neurotransmitter interactions with sex hormones are
affected.It is thought to be linked to activity of serotonin (a
neurotransmitter) in the brain
In one study of 71 women with PMS ,elevated levels of
serum pseudocholinesterase were found. This enzyme is
considered a possible marker for trait-anxiety.
26. Symptoms
irritability, tension, and dysphoria
(unhappiness).
Common emotional and non-specific
symptoms include stress, anxiety, difficulty in
falling asleep (insomnia), headache, fatigue,
mood swings, increased emotional
sensitivity, and changes in libido.
bloating, abdominal cramps, constipation,
swelling or tenderness in the breasts, cyclic
acne, and joint or muscle pain.
27. Treatments
Thyroid test. Because thyroid disease is common in women
of childbearing age, and some of the symptoms of PMS --
such as weight gain -- are similar to symptoms of thyroid
disease, your doctor may do a test to evaluate how well
your thyroid is functioning. This can help to rule out a
thyroid problem as a cause of your symptoms.
PMS symptoms diary. Your doctor may ask you to keep a
diary of your PMS symptoms for two or three consecutive
months, when they occur, and how long they last. By doing
this, you can see if your symptoms correspond to certain
times in your monthly cycle. While your symptoms may
vary from month to month, a trend likely will appear after
tracking your symptoms for a few months.
28.
29. Vaginitis
Vaginitis refers to any type of inflammation
or infection of the vagina.
Some forms of vaginitis are due to sexually-
transmitted diseases (STDs).
30. 3 kinds of vaginitis
A. Yeast infections
B. Bacterial vaginosis
C. Trichomoniasis
31. A.
Candida or "yeast" infections -Yeast infections of
the vagina are probably the most familiar form
of vaginitis. They occur when too much of the
fungus Candida grows in the vagina.
Yeast infections produce a thick, white discharge
from the vagina that can look like cottage
cheese. The discharge can be watery and often
has no smell. Yeast infections usually cause the
vagina and vulva (the area outside the vagina) to
become itchy and red.
32. B.
Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal
infection in women of reproductive age. It is
caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that are
usually present in the vagina.
Bacterial vaginosis will often cause a thin, milky
vaginal discharge that may have a "fishy" odor.
Many women with bacterial vaginosis have no
symptoms and only discover they have it during
a routine gynecologic exam.
33. C.
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted
disease that is caused by a single-cell
parasite. It can cause vaginal itching, burning,
and soreness of the vagina and vulva, as well
as burning during urination. Many women
with trichomoniasis do not develop any
symptoms.
34. symptoms of vaginitis
itching, irritation,
or abnormal vaginal discharge.
burning,
itching,
discomfort,
pain with urination or sexual intercourse,
and vaginal discharge.
35. Treatments for vaginitis
Yeast infections are usually treated with an anti-yeast cream or
suppository placed inside the vagina. A health care provider can
write a prescription for most yeast infection treatments.
Although you can also buy medicine to treat yeast infections over-
the-counter, it is a good idea to see a health care provider the first
time you have symptoms of a yeast infection.
Bacterial vaginosis is treated with an antibiotic that gets rid of
the "bad" bacteria and leaves the "good" bacteria. There is no over-
the-counter treatment for bacterial vaginosis, so it is important to
see your health care provider for a prescription.
Trichomoniasis and Chlamydia are both treated by antibiotics.
Neither genital herpes nor HPV can be cured, but both can be
controlled with the help of your health care provider and
medications.
Non-infectious vaginitis can be treated by stopping the use of the
product that caused the allergic reaction or irritation. Your health
care provider may also be able to provide medicated cream to help
reduce the symptoms until the reaction goes away.
36. Sexually transmitted forms of vaginitis need to be
treated by a health care provider right away. It is
important to avoid sexual contact until you have been
treated to prevent spreading the infection. A woman's
sexual partner(s) will need treatment as well.
It is important to remember that each type of vaginitis
has a different treatment. Therefore it is very
important to see a health care provider to be sure you
are using the right treatment for your condition.
Also, some kinds of vaginitis have no symptoms so it is
important to have regular gynecologic exams.
37. Prevention
Doctors are not exactly sure why bacterial vaginitis develops. Because it
occurs more commonly in people who are sexually active, bacterial vaginitis
is considered by some to be sexually transmitted. However, bacterial
vaginitis also occurs in people who either are not sexually active or have
been in long-term relationships with just one person.
In some women, bacterial vaginitis continues to return after treatment.
Scientists don't understand why this happens. In some cases, treating the
male sex partner or routine use of condoms may help to prevent this, but
these interventions don't always help.
Having bacterial vaginitis may make it easier for you to be infected with HIV
if your sexual partner has HIV. If you already have HIV, then bacterial
vaginitis may increase the chance that you will spread HIV to your sexual
partner.
39. Ectopic pregnancy
embedding of fertilised egg outside of the
womb - usually in the fallopian tube
A molar differs from an ectopic in that it is
usually a mass of tissue derived from an egg
with incomplete genetic information that
grows in the uterus in a grape-like mass that
can cause symptoms to those of pregnancy.
The major health risk of ectopic pregnancy is
rupture leading to internal bleeding
40. signs and symptoms
abdominal pain,
the absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), and
vaginal bleeding or intermittent bleeding
(spottinOther)
symptoms of pregnancy (for example, nausea and breast
discomfort, etc.) may also be present in ectopic
pregnancy. Weakness, dizziness, and a sense of passing
out upon standing can (also termed near-syncope) be
signs of serious internal bleeding and low blood pressure.
43. Breast Cancer
is a malignant tumor (a collection of cancer
cells) arising from the cells of the breast.
Although breast cancer predominantly occurs
in women it can also affect men. This article
deals with breast cancer in women.
There are many types of breast cancer that
differ in their capability of spreading
(metastasize) to other body tissues.
44. Inflammatory breast cancer: This cancer makes the skin of the breast
appear red and feel warm (giving it the appearance of an infection).
These changes are due to the blockage of lymph vessels by cancer cells.
Triple-negative breast cancers: This is a subtype of invasive cancer with
cells that lack estrogen and progesterone receptors and have no excess
of a specific protein (HER2) on their surface. It tends to appear more
often in younger women and African-American women.
Paget's disease of the nipple: This cancer starts in the ducts of the
breast and spreads to the nipple and the area surrounding the nipple. It
usually presents with crusting and redness around the nipple.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma: These cancers have both glandular and
cystic features. They tend not to spread aggressively and have a good
prognosis.
45. Causes
M enstruation: Women who started breast cancer.
their menstrual cycle at a younger Breastfeeding for one and a half to
age (before 12) or went through two years might slightly lower the risk
menopause later (after 55) have a of breast cancer.
slightly increased risk.
Being overweight or obese
Breast tissue: Women with dense increases the risk of breast cancer.
breast tissue (as documented by
mammogram) have a higher risk of Use of oral contraceptives in the
breast cancer. last 10 years increases the risk of
breast cancer.
Race: White women have a higher
risk of developing breast cancer, but Using combined hormone therapy
African-American women tend to after menopause increases the risk of
have more aggressive tumors when breast cancer.
they do develop breast cancer. Alcohol use increases the risk of
Exposure to previous chest breast cancer, and this seems to be
radiation or use of diethylstilbestrol proportional to the amount of alcohol
increases the risk of breast cancer. used.
Having no children or the first child Exercise seems to lower the risk of
after age 30 increases the risk of breast cancer.
49. Fibromyoma
a benign tumour composed of fibrous and
muscle tissue found in the womb
50. Causes
No clear cause of uterine fibroids is known.
Research indicates that fibroids may be
influenced by estrogen and progesterone, but
hormones are not the cause of fibroids. Fibroids
are diagnosed in black women two to three
times more often than in white women.
hormone replacement therapy for menopause
oral contraceptives, or birth control pills
pregnancy
51. Signs and symptoms
heavy or painful periods, abdominal
discomfort or bloating, painful defecation,
back ache, urinary frequency or retention,
and in some cases, infertility.[4] There may
also be pain during intercourse, depending on
the location of the fibroid. During pregnancy
they may be the cause of miscarriage,
bleeding, premature labor, or interference
with the position of the fetus.
52. Treatment
medication to control symptoms
medication aimed at shrinking tumours
ultrasound fibroid destruction
various surgically aided methods to reduce
blood supply of fibroids
myomectomy or radio frequency ablation
hysterectomy
treatment for infection and anemia
embolization
53. An enucleated uterine
large subserosal fibroid submucosal fibroid in
leiomyoma – external
hysteroscopy
surface on left, cut
surface on right.
Treatment of an intramural fibroid by
After treatment of an intramural fibroid
laparoscopic surgery
55. Causes
The cause of endometriosis is unknown. One
theory is that the endometrial tissue is deposited
in unusual locations by the backing up of
menstrual flow into the Fallopian tubes and the
pelvic and abdominal cavity during menstruation
(termed retrograde menstruation).
The cause of retrograde menstruation is not
clearly understood. But retrograde menstruation
cannot be the sole cause of endometriosis
56. Symtoms
lower abdominal pain,
diarrhea and/or constipation,
low back pain,
irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding, or
blood in the urine.
57. Treatments
Endometriosis can be treated with
medications and/or surgery. The goals of
endometriosis treatment may include pain
relief and/or enhancement of fertility.
58.
59. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
an increasingly common condition in women
in which there are multiple, enlarged follicles
of the ovary, together with high levels of
testosterone (male hormone). A cause of
infertility and also linked with Diabetes Type
II.
60. Causes
number of both genetic (inherited) as well as environmental factors. Women with PCOS often
have a mother or sister with the condition, and researchers are examining the role that genetics or
gene mutations might play in its development. The ovaries of women with PCOS frequently
contain a number of small cysts, hence the name poly=many cystic ovarian syndrome. A similar
number of cysts may occur in women without PCOS. Therefore, the cysts themselves do not seem
to be the cause of the problem.
A malfunction of the body's blood sugar control system (insulin system) is frequent in women with
PCOS, who often have insulin resistance and elevated blood insulin levels, and researchers believe
that these abnormalities may be related to the development of PCOS. It is also known that the
ovaries of women with PCOS produce excess amounts of male hormones known as androgens.
This excessive production of male hormones may be a result of or related to the abnormalities in
insulin production.
Another hormonal abnormality in women with PCOS is excessive production of the hormone LH,
which is involved in stimulating the ovaries to produce hormones and is released from the
pituitary gland in the brain.
Other possible contributing factors in the development of PCOS may include a low level of chronic
inflammation in the body and fetal exposure to male hormones.
61. Symptoms
obesity and weight
gain, skin discolorations,
elevated insulin levels high cholesterol levels,
and insulin resistance
elevated blood
oily skin, pressure, and
dandruff, multiple, small cysts in
the ovaries.
infertility,
62. Treatment
Ultrasound
omputed tomography (CT scan) and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also can
detect cysts.
CT scans require X-rays and sometimes
injected dyes, which can be associated with
some degree of complications in certain
patients.
63.
64. Papanicolaou
Cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the
second most common cause of cancer-
related deaths among women worldwide.
The best way to detect cervical cancer is by
having regular Papanicolaou tests, or Pap
smears. (Pap is a shortened version of the
name of the doctor who developed the
screening test.) A Pap smear is a microscopic
examination of cells taken from the uterine
cervix.
65. Causes
abnormal changes in the cervical tissue.
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is
the cause of almost all cervical cancers.
Other known risk factors for cervical cancer
include early sexual contact, multiple sexual
partners, cigarette smoking, HIV infection
and a weakened immune system, and taking
oral contraceptives (birth control pills).
66. Symptoms
Cervical cancer does not usually cause pain,
although it may in very advanced stages.
The most common symptom is abnormal
vaginal bleeding. This is any bleeding from
the vagina other than during menstruation.
Abnormal vaginal discharge also may occur
with cervical cancer.
67. Treatment
This is usually a step-by-step
process, involving the removal of cells or
tissue to diagnose cancer and to find out how
far it has invaded.
If the deepest cells removed by biopsy were
normal, no further treatment may be needed.
If the deepest cells removed by biopsy were
cancerous or precancerous, this means the
cancer has invaded farther than the biopsy.