This is an Embedded version of the presentation. This Presentation is Updated with some new graphics and interiors,it will help everyone to understand the lesson "Why do we fall ill".

1. A slight presentation on:-
Made By : Shahid Khan

3. Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being.
The conditions necessary for good health are :-
i) Good physical and social environment.
ii) Good economic conditions.
iii) Social equality and harmony.
Good physical and social environment includes clean
surroundings, good sanitation, proper garbage disposal and clean
drinking water .
Good economic conditions includes job opportunities for all for
earning to have nutritious food and to lead a healthy life.
Social equality and harmony are necessary for a healthy and
peaceful life.

4. Healthy Disease free
1. It is a state of physical, mental and social
well being.
It is a state of absence from diseases.
2. It refers to the individual, physical and
social environment.
It refers only to the individual.
3. The individual has good health. The individual may have good health or poor
health.
Differences between
Healthy and Disease free
Person:-

5. When a person is affected by a disease either the normal
functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of
the body changes for the worse.
These changes give rise to signs of the disease called
symptoms.
On the basis of the symptoms the physicians look for the
signs of a particular disease and conduct tests to confirm
the disease.

10. The common cold is a viral infection of the upper res
piratory system, including the nose, throat, sinuses,
Eustachian-
tubes, trachea, larynx, and bronchial tubes. Although
more than 200 different viruses can cause a cold, 30-
50% are
caused by a group known as rhinoviruses. Almost all
colds clear up in less than two weeks without complic
ations.

12. Tuberculosis [T.B ]
It is an infectious disease.it includes
swelling and tenderness of lymph gland
often in the legs which may discharge
secretion through skin.

13. A lower leg
and a
scrotum
showing the
effect of
elephantiasi
s.
The word elephantiasis is a vivid an
d accurate term for the syndrome
it describes: the gross (visible)
enlargement of the
arms, legs, or genitals to
elephantoid size.

14. Acute diseases will not
have time to cause major
effects on general health ,
but a
chronic disease will effect
drastically.

16. For air borne microbes , we can
prevent exposure by providing living
conditions that are not over crowded
.

17. we can prevent
exposure by
providing safe
drinking water.

19. A vaccine is a biological preparation used as a preventive
inoculation to confer immunity against a disease. The
preparation usually employs an innocuous form of the
disease-causing agent, which is in the form of killed or
weakened bacteria or viruses. A vaccine may also be
composed of the toxins or surface proteins of the infecting
organism.

20. Examples of vaccines
BCG Vaccine used against
tuberculosis .
Sabin vaccine used
against poliomyelitis.

21. 1)Congenital diseases
These diseases are those which are
present since birth. They are caused
due to genetic abnormality or due to
metabolic disorders.

22. 2)Acquired diseases
These diseases are those which are
developed after birth.They are
classified into two types.
1} Infectious diseases.
2} Non-infectious diseases.

24. TYPHOID.
Proper
sanitation and
disposal of
faecal matter
prevents
infection .
TAB vaccination
provides
immunity for 3
years .
Typhoral oral
vaccine also
prevents
typhoid.

27. It is caused by microbes or micro –organisms
.These diseases can spread in the community .
Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria,
viruses , fungi, and unicellular organisms like
protozoans.Some multicellular organisms like worms
also cause infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases caused by viruses are such as
common cold ,influenza , dengue fever, AIDS etc.
Bacterial diseases of bacteria are typhoid fever ,
cholera, tuberculosis ,anthrax etc.
Common infectious skin diseases are caused by
fungi
Protozoan cause diseases such as malaria ,kala-
azar .Worms cause intestinal diseases as well as
elephantiasis .

28. –These are not spread to other persons.These are of following
types:-
i. Deficiency- caused deficiency of nutrients and hormones. E.g.
diabetes , scurvy.
ii. Allergic – when body is hypersensitive to foreign elements. E.g.
asthma
iii.Cancer- uncontrolled growth of certain tissues.
iv.Mental disorder- depression ,anxiety etc.
v. Addiction :- alcohol, drugs.
vi.Degenerative- malfunctioning of important organs .E.g. heart
diseases.

29. • Viral :- influenza , chickenpox , small pox
,common cold, dengue fever andAIDS
• Fungal :- ringworm etc.

30. • Bacterial :- cholera ,typhoid , tuberculosis and
anthrax .
• Protozoan :- malaria , kala-azar

31. IMPORTANT DISEASES IN HUMAN
Common cold (viral)
cause – Rhino virus
symptoms – sore throat , cough , headache.
Chicken pox (viral)
symptoms – rashes, fever, aches , uneasiness.
Measles (viral)
symptoms –red and watery eye, pink rashes, itching or burning or
rashes.

32. Typhoid (bacteria)
Cause- salmonella typhi.
Symptoms- fever ,headache ,loss of appetite, skin rash ,either constipation or
diarrhea.
Tuberculosis-(BCG vaccine)
Cause – Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Symptoms – night sweats, fatigue, weight loss.
Malaria(protozoa)
Cause –female anopheles mosquito
Symptoms –fever at interal,weakness .
Cancer
Cause- abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells
Risk factors – tobacco, alcohol, high fat diet , smoking.
Hypertension
Cause- blood pressure levels, stress, tension , salt intake ,fat intake(large)

33. Picture of Leishmania ,the protozoan organism that causes kala –azar .The
Organisms are oval shaped ,and each has one long whip like structure . One
organism(arrow )is dividing ,while a cell of the immune system (lower right )
has gripped on the two whips of the dividing organism and is sending cell processes up to
eat up the organism . The immune cell is about ten micrometers in diameter.

34. Picture of staphylococci ,the bacteria which can cause acne .

35. Picture of an adult roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides is the technical name )
From the small intestine .The ruler next to it shows

36. • These categories of infectious agentsare important factors in decidingwhat kindof
treatment to use.Membersof each oneof thesegroups- viruses,bacteria, and so on –have
many biologicalcharacteristicsin common.All viruses, forexample,live insidehost cells
,whereasbacteriaveryrarelydo.
An antibiotic is a selective poison. It hasbeen chosen so that it will kill the desired
bacteria, but not the cells in our body. Each different type of antibiotic affects different
bacteria in different ways. For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacterium's
abilityto turn glucose into energy, or its abilityto construct its cell wall. Whenthis
happens, the bacteriumdiesinstead of reproducing. At the same time, the antibiotic
acts onlyon the bacterium'scell-wall-building mechanism, not on a normal cell's.
Antibiotics commonlyblockbiochemicalpathwaysimportant for bacteria .These
inhabit the growthof bacteriaor kill them.
Antibiotics do not work on virusesbecause viruses are not alive and viruses do not use
biochemical pathways such as bacteria. A bacterium is a living, reproducinglife form.
A virus is just a piece of DNA(or RNA). A virusinjects its DNAintoa living cell and
has that cellreproduce more of the viral DNA. Witha virus there is nothingto "kill,"
so antibiotics don't workon it.

39. •
• Germs can spread to the
hands by sneezing, coughing,
or rubbing the eyes and then
can be transferred to other
family members or friends.
Simply washing your hands
can help prevent such
illnesses as the common cold
or eye infections.

40. Hands to food:
Usually germs are transmitted from
unclean hands to food by an infected food
preparer who didn’t wash his or her hands
after using the toilet.The germs are then
passed to those who eat the food. Germs
are also transmitted from raw foods, such
as chicken, to hands while preparing a
meal.

41. •Animals to people:
Wash your hands after petting animals or touching any
surfaces they come into contact with.

42. Direct transmission
refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from an infected host to a new host, without the
need for intermediates such as air, food, water or other animals. Direct modes of
transmission can occur in many ways:
Touching
Sexual intercourse
Biting
Direct projection of droplets
Across the placenta

43. •Indirect modes of
transmission
•Indirect transmission is when infectious
agents are transmitted to new hosts
through intermediates such as air, food,
water, objects or substances in the
environment, or other animals. Indirect
transmission has three subtypes:

44. • Airborne transmission:
• The infectious agent may be
transmitted in dried secretions
from the respiratory tract, which
can remain suspended in the air
for some time. For example, the
infectious agent causing
tuberculosis can enter a new host
through airborne transmission.

45. •Vehicle-borne transmission:
• A vehicle is any non-living substance or object that can
be contaminated by an infectious agent, which then
transmits it to a new host. Contamination refers to the
presence of an infectious agent in or on the vehicle.

46. •Vector-borne
transmission:
• A vector is an organism,
usually an arthropod,
which transmits an
infectious agent to a
new host. Arthropods
which act as vectors
include houseflies,
mosquitoes, lice and
ticks.

47. Organ-specific and
tissue-specific
manifestations

48. Microbes which enter our
body are Likely to go to
different Sites in our body
such as :-

49. MICROBES WHICH ENTERS
THROUGH THE NOSE ARE LIKELY
TO GO TO THE LUNGS. FOR
EXAMPLE -BACTERIA WHICH
CAUSE TUBERCULOSIS OF LUNGS.

50. TYPHOID BACTERIA

62. •
Q1: Which one of the following is an infectious disease?
(a) diphtheria
(b) diabetes
(c) hypertension
(d) cancer
Q2: Elephantiasis disease can have
(a) short-term affect on our health
(b) no effect on our health
(c) long term affect on our health
(d) sometimes bad effect on our health
(
1: (a) diphtheria
2: (c) long term affect on our health

63. • Q3: Ascaris worm lives in which part of human body?
(a) kidneys
(b) liver
(c) small intestine
(d) large intestine
Q4: Microbes which enter the body through nose most likely affect
(a) liver
(b) heart
(c) brain
(d) lungs
Q5: Which of the following is a viral infection?
(a) Diphtheria
(b) Influenza
(c) Cholera
• (d) Typhoid
3: (c) small intestine
4: (d) lungs
5: (b) Influenza

64. • Q6: HIV virus when active in body mainly attacks on
(a) lungs
(b) liver
(c) immunity
(d) nerves
Q7: An Organism which carries pathogens is termed as
(a) host
(b) vector
(c) parasite
(d) predator
Q8: Diseases which are always present in certain location are called?
(a) epidemic diseases
(b) endemic diseases
(c) acute diseases
(d) chronic diseases
6: (c) immunity
7: (b) vector
8: (a) epidemic diseases

65. • Q9: DPT vaccines are administered to develop immunity against
(a) Tetanus
(b) Diphtheria
(c) Pertusiss
(d) All of these
Q10: Anti-viral drugs are difficult to make because, viruses
(a) live outside the host cells
(b) live inside the host cells
(c) live in consumed food particles
(d) live in blood stream
Q11: BCG vaccine is used to develop immunity against
(a) jaundice
(b) polio
(c) influenza
(d) tuberculosis 9: (d) All of these
10: (a) live outside the host cells
11: (d) tuberculosis

66. • Q12: Which of the following is a communicable disease?
(a) Rickets
(b) Scurvy
(c) Marasmus
(d) Cholera
Q13: The causative organism for malaria is a:
(a) bacteria
(b) protozoa
(c) virus
(d) fungi
Q14: Vaccination helps in controlling diseases because
(a) it develops resistance against the pathogen attack
(b) it kills the pathogens causing disease
(c) it blocks the food supplied to pathogens
(d) it does not allow pathogens to multiply in hosts
Answer 12: (d) Cholera
13: (b) protozoa
14: (a) it develops resistance
against the pathogen attack

67. • Q15: ORS is given in
(a) diarrhea
(b) measles
(c) typhoid
(d) tetanus
Q16: Which of the following is an example of nutritional
deficiency disease?
(a) Hypertension
(b) Rickets
(c) Diabetes
(d) Gastroenteritis
Answer 15: (a) diarrhea
16: (b) Rickets

68. ANSWER SHORTLY
2-Marks
Questions

69. 1.Define antibiotics?
Ans: Antibiotic are the chemical
substances produced by living
organisms such as bacteria,
fungi,etc which can kill or stop the
growth of some pathogenic
microorganism such as fungi ,
bacteria

70. 2.What are vaccines?
Ans: A vaccine is an antigen that is
injected. It causes the development
of active immunity in the patient. It
stimulates the production of
antibodies .There are vaccines
against tetanus, polio, diphtheria
etc.

71. 3.What is dehydration?
Ans: Dehydration is the loss of
water from body tissues which
makes the patient dangerously ill in
a short time. In case of dehydration
the patient becomes irritable,
sudden weight loss, fever , or fits.

72. 4.How food poisoning is caused?
Ans: Food poisoning by bacteria
salmonella is called salmonellosis.
The infection of bacteria is
contracted from sick farm animals
through their milk , meat or eggs.

73. 5.List some basic principle of
prevention of infectious diseases?
Ans: 1) Availability of proper and
sufficient food.
2) Have regular check up’s .
3)Try to be in clean environment.

74. 6.What do you mean by immunity?
Ans:The ability of an organism to
resist a particular infection is called
immunity.

75. 7.Give a classification of diseases
caused by protozoa, viruses &
bacteria.
Ans: Diseases caused by protozoa-
Malaria.
Diseases caused by viruses-
Influenza,jaundice,Rabies,Polio
Diseases caused by bacteria -T.B,
Cholera,typhoid, diarhoea..

77. a) Define disease?
b)What are the two major categories of human diseases. Give two examples of each ?
Ans a)-Any functional or physical change from the natural state that cause discomfort or disability is called a
disease.
Ans b) The major categories of human diseases are :
Communicable (infectious) diseases
e.g.- Malaria ,jaundice.
Non –communicable (non-infectious)diseases.
e.g.– Cancer, diabetes.
What are the causes of non-infectious diseases?
Ans- These are not spread to other persons and are not caused by any infection are called non –infectious.
Causes are-
i. Genetic abnormabilities: Haemophilia, some type of cancers .etc.
ii. Internal causes : Such as high blood pressure can be caused by excessive weight and lack of
exercise.

78. What is infectious disease and their causes?
Ans-These are spread to other person and are caused by microbes are called
infectious disease.
They are caused by –
i) bacteria
ii) viruses
iii)Fungi
iv)protozoan
List the causes of diseases .
i. Infection
ii. Poor health
iii. Lack of proper and sufficient food
iv. Lack of public services
v. Genetic differences .
List four diseases caused by viruses?
Ans- diseases caused by viruses are –
• Common cold
• Influenza
• Dengue fever
• AIDS

79. What are the difference between communicable and non- communicable
diseases?
COMMUNICABLE(INFECTIOUS )
DISEASES
NON-COMMUNICABLE (NON-
INFECTIOUS )DISEASES
They are infectious diseases .They are transferred
from a patient to the healthy person .
They are not infectious diseases and
cannot be transferred from a patient to
a healthy person.
They are caused by a pathogen (disease causing
bacteria).
They are not caused by pathogen.
They are spread through some agency such as air ,
food , contact ,insects, etc.
They do not spread through any agency.
These are not caused by nutritional deficiency.
These are due to infection.
They are caused by nutritional
deficiency degeneration of organs or
malfunctioning of a vital organ, not
caused by infection.

80. Explain why antibiotics are more effective in curing bacterial
diseases than viral diseases.
Ans-Antibiotics are effective in curing bacterial and fungal infections (e.g.-
tuberculosis)but they are ineffective in viral diseases (e.g.-common cold
).Antibiotics affect on life process of bacteria and inhibit their growth .On the
other hand virus is just apiece of DNA (RNA ),not well defined life form .Viruses
can reproduce inside host cells .They do not use biochemical pathways as used by
other microbes (bacteria ,fungi , parasites).That's why antibiotic are ineffective in
viral infections.
Define antibiotic? Explain how it is able to control bacterial infections
but not viral infections?
Ans-Antibiotics (anti means against , biotic –living) are types of
medications that destroy or slow the growth of bacteria.They are often termed as
antibacterial .They work against the life processes of bacteria .Many bacteria ,for
example ,make a cell-wall to protect themselves .The antibiotic penicillin blocks
the bacterial processes that build the cell wall.Thus bacteria fail to build their cell –
wall, stop multiplying and die out .Human cells don’t make a cell-wall anyway, so
penicillin cannot have such effect on us.

81. Give causes and remedy of
i) Hepatitis ii)AIDS
iii)Malaria
Ans - Causes Remedy
i) Hepatitis is caused by virus - Hepatitis A and B vaccination
(preventive measure)
- Avoid eating stale food .
ii) AIDS is caused by HIV. - Avoid any type of infection
- Now anti – viral drugs that keep HIV
infection under control are available .
iii) Malaria is caused by -Avoid breeding of mosquito in stagnant
Plasmodium(Protozoan microbe) water ditches ,ponds,etc.
Spread by bite of female - Consult doctor for treatment .
Anopheles mosquito. -Use mosquito repellents.

82. What Is Cancer? What Causes Cancer?
Ans.-Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are
over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially
affected.
Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or
masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits
normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream). Tumors can grow
and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release
hormones that alter body function. Tumors that stay in one spot and demonstrate
limited growth are generally considered to be benign.
More dangerous, or malignant, tumors form when two things occur:
1.a cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph
systems, destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion
2.that cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a
process called angiogenesis.
When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and
destroying other healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is
called metastasis, and the result is a serious condition that is very difficult to treat.