This document provides information on different types of pronouns in English, including reported speech, present and past participles, the modal verb "should", reflexive pronouns, personal pronouns, and indefinite pronouns. For each pronoun type, it gives definitions and examples. It also provides links to additional online resources for further information on reported speech, participles, modal verbs like "should", and different categories of pronouns.

1. NORTHEAST SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE
Engineer: Oscar García.
Inglish II
Report#5
different types of pronouns
Lemus Monroy, Cristian Nelson Rene
5th. Agrónomo Expert. “A”
Zacapa, March 4, 2015

2. Reported speach
 When we report someone’s words we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with quotation marks (“I work in a bank”), or we can use reported speech (He said he
worked in a bank.)
In reported speech the tenses, word-order and pronouns may be different from those in the original sentence.
 Example:
Present simple and present continuous tenses
 Direct speech: “I travel a lot in my job” Reported speech: He said that he travelled a lot in his job.
 The present simple tense (I travel) usually changes to the past simple (he travelled) in reported speech.
 Direct speech: “Be quiet. The baby’s sleeping.” Reported speech: She told me to be quiet because the baby was sleeping.
 The present continuous usually changes to the past continuous.
NB:
 “I work in Italy” Reported speech: He told me that he works in Italy.
 It isn’t always necessary to change the tense. If something is still true now – he still works in Italy – we can use the present simple in the reported sentence.
Past simple and past continuous tenses
 Direct speech: “We lived in China for 5 years.” Reported speech: She told me they had lived in China for 5 years.
 The past simple tense (we lived) usually changes to the past perfect (they had lived) in reported speech.
 Direct speech: “I was walking down the road when I saw the accident.” Reported speech: He told me he’d been walking down the road when he’d seen the accident.
 The past continuous usually changes to the past perfect continuous.
Perfect tenses
 Direct speech: “They’ve always been very kind to me”. Reported speech: She said they’d always been very kind to her.
 The present perfect tense (have always been) usually changes to the past perfect tense (had always been).
 Direct speech: “They had already eaten when I arrived” Reported speech: He said they’d already eaten when he’d arrived.
 The past perfect tense does not change in reported speech.
You can find more information about reported speech in another section.

3. Present participle
 The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action. In English we add -ing
to the infinitive of the verb.
 Example
 Use of the present participle
 Progressive Tenses
 He is reading a book.
 He was reading a book.
 Gerund
 Reading books is fun.
 He likes reading books.
 Adjective
 Look at the reading boy.
 Together with other words
 He came reading around the corner.
 He sat reading in the corner.
 I saw him reading.

4. Past participle
 The present participle is often used when we want to express a passive action. In English we add -ed
to the infinitive of regular verbs. We use the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.
 Example:
Use of the past participle
 Perfect Tenses
 He has forgotten the pencil.
 He had forgotten the pencil.
 Passiv voice
 A house is built.
 A house was built.
 Adjective
 Look at the washed car.
 Together with other words
 The car washed yesterday is blue.
 He had his car washed.

5. Should
 "Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to
express obligation as well as expectation.
 Examples:
 When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
 You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
 I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
 By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

6. Reflexive pronouns
 Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the verb are the same.
Reflexive verbs in English and Spanish both are used. Instead of reflexive
verbs, use one of the following reflexive pronouns.
 Examples:
 How did he hurt himself? (¿Cómo se hizo daño?)
 We really enjoyed ourselves while on holiday. (Realmente disfrutamos
mientras estábamos de vacaciones.)
 I blame myself. (Me culpo).

7. Personal pronouns
 are words we use in the place of a full noun.
 We have both subject and object pronouns:

 Subject Object
 I me
 you you
 he him
 she her
 it it
 we us
 you you
 they them

 We use he/him to refer to men, and she/her to refer to women. When we are not sure if we are talking about a man or a woman we use they/them.
 This is Jack. He’s my brother. I don’t think you have met him.
 This is Angela. She’s my sister. Have you met her before?
 Talk to a friend. Ask them to help you.

8.  Subject pronouns
We use subject pronouns as subject of the verb:
Example:
 I like your dress.
You are late.
He is my friend
It is raining
She is on holiday
We live in England.
They come from London.

9.  Object pronouns
We use object pronouns:
• as the object of the verb:
 Can you help me please?
I can see you.
She doesn’t like him.
I saw her in town today.
We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn’t see us.
• after prepositions:
 She is waiting for me.
I’ll get it for you.
Give it to him.
Why are you looking at her?
Don’t take it from us.
I’ll speak to them.

10. Indefinite pronouns
 We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they are. We use pronouns
ending in -body or -one for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things:
 Everybody enjoyed the concert.
I opened the door but there was no one at home.
It was a very clear day. We could see everything.
somebody someone something
anybody anyone anything
nobody no one nothing
everybody everyone everything

11.  We use a singular verb after an indefinite pronoun:
 Everybody loves Sally.
 Everything was ready for the party.
 When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun we normally use a plural pronoun:
Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.
 I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time.
 We can add -'s to an indefinite pronoun to make a possessive.
 They were staying in somebody’s house.
 Is this anybody’s coat?
 We use indefinite pronouns with no- as the subject in negative clauses (not pronouns with any.)
 Anybody didn’t come >> Nobody came.
 We do not use another negative in a clause with nobody, no one or nothing:
 Nobody came.
 Nothing happened.
 We use else after indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things in addition to the ones we already mentioned.
 All the family came, but no one else.
 If Michael can’t come we’ll ask somebody else.

12. E-GRAFIA
 https://www.google.com/search?q=indifinitive+pronouns&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8#q=reported+speech
 http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/participles_form.htm
 http://www.englishpage.com/modals/should.html
 http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/pronombres-reflexivos.php
 http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-
grammar/pronouns/personal-pronouns
 http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-
grammar/pronouns/indefinite-pronouns