Diglossia
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The document discusses the term "diglossia" which refers to a situation where two dialects or languages are used by the same language community. Diglossia was first introduced in English by linguist Charles A. Ferguson in 1959 to describe communities that use a primary, everyday vernacular variety as well as a separate, highly codified "high" variety for specific settings like literature, education, or formal situations. In linguistics, diglossia describes a single language community that uses two distinct forms of speech for different purposes.
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Diglossia
Diglossia refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a single language community. One variety, labeled "H" or "high", is a highly codified lect used for formal settings like literature and education. The other variety, labeled "L" or "low", is the everyday vernacular language used for ordinary conversation. The term was first introduced and defined by linguist Charles A. Ferguson in 1959 to describe this pattern where two distinct forms of the same language are used within a speech community.
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This document provides an overview of the concept of diglossia. It defines diglossia as a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side in a community, with each variety having a distinct role. Charles Ferguson's seminal work introduced the terms "High variety" (H) and "Low variety" (L) to distinguish the more prestigious written form from the common spoken one. Examples are given of Arabic, Greek, and Swiss German communities that exhibit diglossia. The document then discusses diglossia specifically in Algeria, where Standard Arabic is the high variety used formally while the low variety is Algerian Arabic used informally. Key features of diglossia situations are stability of the varieties, prestige of the
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I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss Diglossia.
Diglossia
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
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Diglossia refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a single language community. One variety, labeled "H" or "high", is a highly codified lect used for formal settings like literature and education. The other variety, labeled "L" or "low", is the everyday vernacular language used for ordinary conversation. The term was first introduced and defined by linguist Charles A. Ferguson in 1959 to describe this pattern where two distinct forms of the same language are used within a speech community.
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Semantic relativity refers to the idea that different languages do not simply provide different ways to express the same ideas, but that the ideas themselves that can be expressed differ between languages. Some linguistic items, like words associated with a specific culture, cannot be directly translated between languages. Additionally, some concepts may not have a single word that expresses the same idea in another language. However, the scope of semantic relativity is limited. While vocabulary can differ between languages, the basic concepts that make up word meanings are generally combinable in different ways across languages. Additionally, semantic relativity mainly applies to vocabulary - the meanings expressed through grammatical constructions can also vary between languages.
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References:
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Language Choice in Multilingual Communities
Member of group:
1. Shinta Artha Gracia (21202244046)
2. Suci Aulia Puteri Gusna (21202244049)
3. Farhan Alzi Putra (21202244122)
References:
1. Wardhaugh, Ronald and Fuller, M. Janet (2015), An introduction to Linguistics, John Wiley & Sons, inc
2. Holmes, Janet and Wilson, Nick. (2017), An introduction to Linguistics, Rutledge.
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Sociolinguistics_Disglossia, bilingualism, and multilingualism_Anisah029 Saji...
Sociolinguistics_Disglossia, bilingualism, and multilingualism_Anisah029 Saji...
22202249007_Bilingualism_Ifal Sukatri_Ifal Sukatri.pptx
22202249007_Bilingualism_Ifal Sukatri_Ifal Sukatri.pptx
21202244039_Bilingualism_Anita Sintawati_Erica Febriana Saputri.pptx
21202244039_Bilingualism_Anita Sintawati_Erica Febriana Saputri.pptx
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o captain my captain poem by Walt Whitman
The document provides context and analysis of Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!". It summarizes that the poem uses a metaphor where the death of a ship's captain represents the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln at the end of the Civil War. Through three stanzas, it depicts the speaker's grief at finding the captain dead on the deck after the ship has returned from its successful journey. The analysis explains that the poem mourns Lincoln's death by using the captain as a symbolic representation of the lost president and leader.
sonnet_powerpoint.pptx
A sonnet is a 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter with a set rhyme scheme. The most common types are the English or Shakespearean sonnet, which has three quatrains and a couplet, and the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, which has an octave followed by a sestet. Sonnets were invented in Italy in the 13th century and introduced to English by Sir Thomas Wyatt in the 16th century. Famous sonnet writers include Shakespeare, Spenser, and Sidney.
From Paradise Lost Book 1 ppt.pptx
Milton introduces the subject of his epic poem Paradise Lost - humankind's first act of disobedience against God, which was the eating of the forbidden fruit by Adam and Eve. This act brought death and suffering into the world. Milton invokes his muse, identifying it as the Holy Spirit rather than the classical muses, and says he aims to write an epic that surpasses all previous works. The poem then focuses on Satan and his rebellion against God, including his fall from heaven and speech rallying his followers to continue fighting God despite their defeat. Satan leads his legions in constructing a great temple, Pandaemonium, to convene their planning.
La Belle Dame sans Merci- John Keats ppt.pptx
The knight tells the poet that he met a beautiful lady in the meadow who seduced him with her beauty and songs. They spent the day together in love and intimacy. That night, in his dreams, the knight saw visions of past kings and warriors who had been misled by the same beautiful lady and were left grieved and starving. He awoke alone on the cold hill, realizing she had bewitched him for her own ends, leaving him distressed like the others. This explained his current lonely, pale state wandering by the empty lake.
Arms & the Man ppt.pptx
- Raina helps a Swiss mercenary soldier, Bluntschli, hide from Serbian soldiers searching her home after a battle. She provides him food and helps him escape.
- The following spring, Bluntschli returns to return an item to Raina's father. Raina's family learns her fiancé Sergius is not actually a skilled military leader as believed.
- Raina grows closer to Bluntschli, realizing he is more rational and honest than Sergius. By the end, Raina is engaged to Bluntschli instead of Sergius, upending her family's expectations.
Death of the Author by Roland Barthes .pptx
- Roland Barthes argues that the meaning of a text depends on the reader's interpretation rather than the author's intentions. He asserts that a work's unity lies in how it is received by audiences, not in its origins or creator.
- Barthes's theory of "The Death of the Author" rejects classical literary criticism's practice of incorporating an author's biography and intentions to explain a text's meaning. Instead, it emphasizes the reader's role in deriving new insights and interpretations unconstrained by any single definitive meaning.
- By arguing that the author's role ends as soon as they fix the text in writing, Barthes elevates the status of the reader over the author and asserts that any knowledge gained comes from
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
- Sonnet 18 praises the youth, beauty, and positive qualities of a young man.
- It contrasts the imperfections of a summer's day with the subject's perpetual beauty and mild nature.
- The poem claims the young man's beauty will never fade with age or chance, and his memory will live on eternally through the poem.
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?pptx
This document provides a summary and analysis of William Shakespeare's famous sonnet 18, also known as "Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day". The summary includes:
1) An overview of the structure and themes of the sonnet, including Shakespeare comparing the beauty of his subject to a summer's day and arguing their beauty is eternal.
2) A line by line explanation of the poem, analyzing the metaphors, similes and personification used by Shakespeare.
3) The conclusion that through his poem, Shakespeare intends to show that his subject's beauty will live on for eternity in his verse, even after death.
PASSAGE TO INDIA BY FORSTER NOTES 2.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The_Lyrical_Ballads.ppt
Wordsworth's preface argues that poetry should depict ordinary and common experiences using simple language. The poet selects situations from everyday life but imbues them with imagination to present familiar things in an unusual way. Additionally, the poet should have a deeper understanding of human nature and passions than most people and use language as it is naturally used by common people rather than elaborate or artificial language. The preface establishes Wordsworth's view that poetry arises from intense emotion and should bring pleasure by focusing on ordinary human experiences.
Add.eng.notes sem1.docx
This document outlines the course structure and content for an Optional English course on Introduction to Literature: Short Story and Poetry. The course is divided into two semesters. The first semester focuses on the short story, covering definitions and elements of the short story like theme, plot, character, setting and conflict. It also covers different types of short stories like fables, parables, drabble, anecdotes and adventurous stories. Specific short stories analyzed include "The Barber's Trade Union", "A Horse and Two Goats", "The Necklace" and "The Romance of a Busy Broker". The second semester will focus on the study of poetry.
Passage to India NOVEL BY FORSTER notes .pdf
- A Passage to India is a novel by E.M. Forster published in 1924 that examines interactions between Indians and British colonists in India in the early 20th century.
- The major conflict arises when Adela Quested accuses Dr. Aziz, an Indian physician, of attempting to sexually assault her in one of the Marabar Caves, inflaming racial tensions.
- At Aziz's trial, Adela admits she was mistaken in her accusations and that Aziz is innocent, leading to his release but causing the English community to reject Adela.
The_Lyrical_Ballads.pptx
The document discusses the key figures of English Romanticism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It outlines the contributions and most famous works of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, Robert Burns, and Lord Byron. These poets are credited with launching the Romantic movement in England through works like Lyrical Ballads and poems such as "Ode on a Grecian Urn", "Kubla Khan", "Ozymandias", and "Auld Lang Syne". They emphasized emotion, nature, imagination, and everyday language in poetry, influencing generations of poets to come.
The Necklace story.pptx
This document discusses the concepts of satisfaction, envy, and jealousy. It asks what truly determines satisfaction and whether money and wealth equate to satisfaction. It also differentiates between internal and external conflict, noting that the story being discussed contains an internal conflict within the main character's mind rather than an external one between characters.
A Horse & Two Goats.pptx
It is a very popular story by R.K.Narayan, it is about a poor man Muni. The story shows the effects of miscommunication
The Barber's Trade Union.pptx
Chandu, a low-caste barber, is publicly insulted by the wealthy Sahukar for dressing in fine clothes. In response, Chandu goes on strike and refuses to shave or cut the hair of the villagers. His strike is successful and forces the villagers to come to his new barber shop in town, allowing Chandu to establish his own business and gain independence from the villagers who once looked down upon him.
Ode to the West Wind ppt.pptx
- In Ode to the West Wind, the speaker addresses the powerful West Wind and personifies it as a spiritual being. He describes how the wind scatters dead leaves but also brings new life and growth in spring.
- The speaker pleads with the wind to "lift" him as it does leaves and clouds, as he feels weighed down by the years of his life. He asks the wind to make him its "lyre" and spread his words, just as it spreads seeds, bringing rebirth through destruction.
- Overall, the poem explores themes of death and rebirth through nature's cycles, with the speaker seeking to find renewal or spread his message through becoming one with the powerful force of the
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray.pptx
The document provides biographical information about the English poet Thomas Gray, noting that he was born in 1716 in London, died in 1771 in Cambridge, and is best known for his poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard." It lists some of his notable works, including the elegy, which was written between 1745-1750 but not published until 1751. The summary analyzes the poem, describing how it uses a speaker who stands in a graveyard contemplating life and death, and the inevitability of mortality for all people, rich and poor alike. The poem suggests that some of those buried in the simple country churchyard may have had untapped talents and could have accomplished great things if given the
Death be not proud by John Donne ppt.pptx
Its a popular sonnet written by John Donne which is full of paradox about the fearful nature of death.
'Blow! Blow! Thou Winter Wind'
The poem compares the harshness of winter weather to the harshness of human nature. While the winter wind is cold and biting, the poet argues that a person's ingratitude and forgetfulness of friends is even more painful. Over two stanzas, the poet asks the winter wind to blow and the sky to freeze, noting that these physical hardships are less severe than the emotional hardship of unfaithful friends forgetting past kindnesses. The poem promotes finding simplicity and truth in nature rather than in the falseness of human relationships.
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Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray.pptx
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skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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Diglossia
- 1. Diglossia By Prof.R.R.Borse, Asst.Prof., BP Arts, SMA Sci, KKC Com. College, Chalisgaon
- 3. The word “Diglossia” derived from the Greek word “diglossos” meaning ‘bilingual’ based on the pattern of French “diglossie”.
- 4. The term Diglossia was first introduced in English by Charles A. Ferguson in 1959. He is credited to be the first linguist who used the specific term, “diglossia in his article‟(1959) entitled, “Diglossia”
- 9. In linguistics, diglossia is a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community. In addition to the community's everyday or vernacular language variety (labeled "L" or "low" variety), a second, highly codified lect (labeled "H" or "high") is used in certain situations such as literature, formal education, or other specific settings, but not used normally for ordinary conversation.