Member of group: 1. Shinta Artha Gracia (21202244046) 2. Suci Aulia Puteri Gusna (21202244049) 3. Farhan Alzi Putra (21202244122) References: 1. Wardhaugh, Ronald and Fuller, M. Janet (2015), An introduction to Linguistics, John Wiley & Sons, inc 2. Holmes, Janet and Wilson, Nick. (2017), An introduction to Linguistics, Rutledge.

1. Member of group:
1. Shinta Artha Gracia (21202244046)
2. Suci Aulia Puteri Gusna (21202244049)
3. Farhan Alzi Putra (21202244122)
Sociolinguistics

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Diglossia Bilingualism Multilingualism
01 02 03

3. Diglossia
Diglossia is the term used to describe a situation in which there are two distinct
codes with clear functional separation; that is, one code is employed in one set of
circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.
Characteristics of the diglossic phenomenon; in each situation there is a ‘high’ variety (H) of
language and a ‘low’ variety (L). Each variety has its own specialized functions, and each is
viewed differently by those who are aware of both.
The degree of difference in the pronunciation of H and L varies from place to place, for
example. The sounds of Swiss German are quite different from those of standard German,
while the pronunciation of Greek Katharévousa, when it was used, was much closer to
Dhimotiki. The grammar of the two linguistically related varieties differs too. Often the
grammar of H is morphologically more complicated.

4. Defining characteristic of diglossia is that the two varieties are kept
quite separate in their functions. One is used in one set of
circumstances and the other in an entirely different set; these
circumstances are called domains. For example, the H varieties may be
used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, especially
in a parliament or legislative.
In contrast, the L varieties may be used in giving instructions to
workers in low-prestige occupations or to household servants, in
conversation with familiars, in ‘soap operas’ and popular programs on
the radio, in captions on political cartoons in newspapers.

5. Most of the vocabulary of H and L is the same. But, not surprisingly
since it is used in more formal domains, the H vocabulary includes
many more formal and technical terms such as conservation and
psychometric , while the L variety has words for everyday objects such
as saucepan and shoe.
Diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than
individuals. Individuals may be bilingual. Societies or communities are
diglossic. In other words, the term diglossia describes societal or
institutionalised bilingualism, where two varieties are required to cover
all the community’s domains. There are some diglossic communities
where there is very limited individual bilingualism; e.g. in Haiti

6. Other features of the 'classic' diglossia situation are also often relevant, but they
are not considered important for definition. So the H variety is generally a
prestige variety, but one might also bond and admire the L variety, as in
Paraguay where people are usually proud of Guaraní.
L variety is studied at home and variations of H at school, but some people
maybe use H variety at home too, like in Sauris where parents use Italian for
kids prepare them for school. Literature is generally written in H rather than L,
but there may be rich oral literature in the L language. Although H has
generally been standardized and codified in grammar books and dictionaries
over the centuries, the L language is also increasingly codified and standard.

8. Bilingualism

9. Bilingualism
✦ A single speech community also need not contain only a single language or single variety.
Gumperz (1971, 101)
✦ In other types of bilingualism, it is possible that either language, or both languages, can be
used in a particular domain.
✦ Bilingualism is not a phenomenon of language; it is a characteristic of its use. It is not a feature
of the code but of the message. It does not belong to the domain of “langue” but of “parole.”
✦ If language is the property of the group, bilingualism is the property of the individual. An
individual’s use of two languages supposes the existence of two different language
communities; it does not suppose the existence of a bilingual community.
✦ The bilingual community can only be regarded as a dependent collection of individuals who
have reasons for being bilingual.
✦ Individuals may be bilingual in Australia, the USA, England and New Zealand, but their two
languages are not used by the whole community in different domains.

10. Example

11. Multilingualism

12. Multilingualism
we will use the term multilingual discourse
instead of code-switching or code-mixing, as
these latter terms imply a normative
monolingual ideology which is at odds with
current research trends in language contact.
Multilingualism is common in societies across
the world, despite the perception by many
monolinguals that speaking only one language is
the norm (see Fuller 2012, 2013 for discussion of
what she calls ‘the ideology of normative
monolingualism’)
Multilingualism involving balanced, native-like
command of all the languages in the repertoire is
rather uncommon. Typically, multilinguals have
varying degrees of command of the different
repertoires. The differences in competence in the
various languages might range from command
of a few lexical items, formulaic expressions such
as greetings, and rudimentary conversational
skills all the way to excellent command of the
grammar and vocabulary and specialized
register and styles (As Sridhar (1996, 50) says, )

13. Language ideologies surrounding
multilingualism
Multilingualism in such societies is often associated with immigrant status, and
thus with groups who tend to occupy rather low positions in society. Thus,
multilingualism becomes associated with ‘inferiority.’ One unfortunate
consequence of this is that some Western societies go to great lengths to
downgrade, even eradicate, the languages that immigrants bring with them
while at the same time trying to teach foreign languages in schools. What is
more, they have had much more success in doing the former than the latter.
We will return to this issue in chapter 14 on language planning and policy,
specifically in connection with certain recent developments in the United
States

14. References
1. Wardhaugh, Ronald and Fuller, M. Janet (2015), An introduction to Linguistics,
John Wiley & Sons, inc.
2. Holmes, Janet and Wilson, Nick. (2017), An introduction to Linguistics,
Rutledge.

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