The document summarizes the key components and processes of the human digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their functions, including mechanical and chemical digestion. It also discusses the accessory digestive organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands and their roles in secretion enzymes to break down food. The four basic processes of the digestive system are described as digestion, absorption, motility and secretion.

1. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:
DANIELLA ANNE M. PINOTE, LPT

2. 1. Ingest Food
2. Break it down into small
Molecules that can cross
Plasma membranes.
3. Eliminate Non-digestive
wastes

3. As of Action
1. Mechanical Digestion
- food is converted into small pieces by
physical means such as mastication by the
teeth
2. Chemical Digestion
- food is converted into simpler forms by the
action of enzymes.

4. As to Location
1. Intracellular Digestion
- inside the cell particularly in the
lysosomes, characteristics of unicellular
organisms.
2. Extracellular Digestion
- outside the cell
- inside the digestive tube

5. - Also called as Alimentary canal
- over 30ft, long in human, beginning
In the mouth and ending in the anus.

6.  Organs that secrete juices
Containing enzymes for the
Digestion of food
 Salivary glands, gastric gland,
Pacreas,intestinal gland and
The liver.

7.  Includes structures that help in the digestion
of food
 Tongue and teeth

9.  Anterior opening
 Guarded by upper and lower
lips
 Site of mastication and
lubrication of food

10. a. Parotid Glands
- located in front
of and below the
ears

11. b. Sublingual Glands
- Lie beneath the tongue
proper and their ducts
open into the floor of
the oral cavity

12. c. Submandibular Gland
- lie in the posterior floor
of the oral cavity beneath
the base of the tongue

13.  Produce about 1 liter of saliva a day
 Saliva contains mucus and a digestive
enzyme called salivary amylase.
 Teeth carry on mastication.
 Mastication breaks down food into smaller
portions.
 The tongue forms the chewed food into a
small mass called bolus for swallowing.

14.  Narrow space behind the oral cavity
 Common passageway of food and air
 Swallow occurs in the pharynx
 Breathing does not occur when swallowing

15.  Narrow muscular organ between the pharynx
and the stomach
 Peristalsis movement

16.  The largest and highly muscular part of the
digestive tube.
 Maximum capacity of 2.5 pints
 Food stays about 3 to 5 hours
 Churning movement

17. Cardiac Sphincter
- Anterior end
- prevents backward
movement of food
to the esophagus.

18. Fundus
-most expanded part
of the stomach.

19. Pyloric Sphincter
- posterior end
- regulates the
movement of food
to the small intestine

20.  The largest part of the digestive system.
 Site of final digestion and absorption
 About 52ft. Long
 Food stays 4-5 hours

21. Duodenum
-anterior end
- uncoiled

22. Jejunum
- middle division
-coiled

23. Ileum
- posterior end

24.  Posterior part of the digestive system
 Joined to the small intestine by the vermiform
appendix
 Food stay in the large intestine for 5-25
hours
 Absorption of water

25.  Caecum
-anterior portion
- appendix is located

26. Colon
- middle portion
- divided into ascending colon, transverse
colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon.

27. Rectum
- posterior portion
- temporary storage of undigested food

28.  Posterior opening of the digestive tube
 Exit of fecal matter
 Regulated by the axial sphincter

30.  Found in the oral cavity, esophagus and small
intestine and large intestine.
 Secrete mucin for lubrication of food.

31.  Found in the rugne of the stomach
 Secrete gastric juices
 Controlled by the medulla of the brain and by
the hormone gastrin.

32. Mucin- lubrication of food
HCl- coverts pepsinogen into pepsin
Pepsinogen- converted into pepsin by
HCl; digest protein into polypeptide
chains
Lipase- digests fat into fatty and
glycerol

33.  Found in the intestine
 Secrete intestinal juices

34. Mucin- lubrication of food
Enterokinase- activates trypsinogen to
trypsin
Nucleases- break nucleotides into
nitrogen bases, phosphoric acids and
pentoses.

35.  Found along the peripheral surface of the
duodenum
 Secretes pancreatic juice to the duodenum
through the pancreatic duct.
 The pancreas makes pancreatic juices and
hormones, including insulin.
 The pancreatic juices are enzymes that help
digest food in the small intestine.
 Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the
blood.

37.  Secrete bile that is store in the gall bladder
 The largest gland in the body
 Storage of glycogen
 Production of Fibrinogen for blood clothing
 Site of protein synthesis
 Detoxification of nitrogenous waste by
changing them into urea.
 Destruction of worn out RBC
 Formation and storage of vitamin A and D

39.  The primary function of the GI tract is to
move nutrients, water and electrolytes from
the external environment into the body’s
internal environment.
 The body meets physiological challenges by
coordinating the four basic processes of the
digestive system.

40. THE GI tract
- muscular alimentary canal
 Mouth
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Large intestine
 Anus

41. The accessory digestive organs
-Supply secretions contributing to the
breakdown of food
 Teeth and tongue
 Liver
 Pancreas
 Gall Bladder
 Salivary Glands

42. 1. Digestive
- the chemical and mechanical breakdown of
foods into smaller units that can be taken
across the internal epithelium unto the body.
2. Absorption
- The transfer of substances from the GI
tract to the extracellular fluid.

43. 3. Motility
- movement of materials in the GI tract as
a result of muscle contraction
4. Secretion
- both the transepithelial transfer of water
and ions from extracellular fluid flood to the
digestive tract lumen and the release of
substances synthesized by GI cells.