Differential diagnosis of congenital cataract
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
4 likes•651 views
The document discusses the differential diagnosis of congenital cataract in children, which includes retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, retinal detachment, and other conditions. Retinoblastoma is described as the most common rapidly developing eye tumor in childhood that can present as leukocoria. Coats' disease is an idiopathic retinal vascular disorder that typically affects young males unilaterally. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is a congenital anomaly where the primary vitreous fails to regress, forming a vascular mass behind the lens. Coloboma is a failure of closure of the choroidal fissure. All children with newly discovered leukoc
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Pellucid marginal degeneration
This document discusses the surgical management of Pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD), a non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea. It describes various surgical techniques used to treat PMD including INTACS inserts, eccentric penetrating keratoplasty, large diameter epikeratoplasty, lamellar crescentic keratoplasty, lamellar crescentic resection, and wedge resection. The goal of these surgeries is to reshape the cornea and reduce high astigmatism caused by PMD through techniques like inserting inserts, excising the thinned area, or using donor tissue grafts. Complications can include increased risk of rejection, vascularization, and long-term astigmatism changes.
Patient care and ethics in ophthalmology Dr. Iddi.pptx
This document provides an overview of principles of medical ethics as they relate to ophthalmology. It discusses key definitions of ethics and principles, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and community. The history of medical ethics is reviewed. Ethical issues in patient care, residency training, and the differences between optometrist and ophthalmologist training are examined. Standards from the International Code of Medical Ethics, Declaration of Helsinki, and codes from the American Academy of Ophthalmology are outlined.
Lens for undergraduate final 11 2015 part 2
During this lecturer, you are going to learn the following:
Definition
Causes
Symptoms & Signs
Pathogenesis
Stages of senile cataract?
DD between immature and mature senile cataract
Management of cataract
Discuss Night Blindness!
Night blindness, or nyctalopia, can be caused by normal physiological responses to changes in light levels, acquired conditions like vitamin A deficiency, or congenital disorders. Tests like adaptometry measure a patient's ability to see in low light levels over time as their eyes adapt from light to dark. Congenital causes of night blindness include various forms of retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited retinal degeneration characterized by night vision loss and peripheral vision loss over time. Retinitis pigmentosa has many subtypes depending on inheritance and can be associated with other ocular and systemic findings.
Vitreous
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
Ectopia lentis and its low vision management
This document discusses ectopia lentis, or displacement of the crystalline lens. It begins with an overview of ectopia lentis, including definitions and pathophysiology. Signs and symptoms include visual impairment, fluctuating vision, poor near vision, and visual field defects. Causes of ectopia lentis include trauma, genetic conditions like Marfan syndrome, and other systemic diseases. Evaluation involves assessing vision, external eye exam, imaging, and lab tests if a systemic condition is suspected. Treatment options include refractive correction, surgery like lensectomy, and low vision devices. Low vision management aims to improve distance and near vision through high-power lenses, telescopes, magnifiers and other optical and non-optical aids.
Granulomatous uveitis
A 60-year-old female presented with gradually progressive blurring of vision in both eyes for 3 months without pain, photophobia, or tearing. She reports a history of floaters. On examination, she was found to have enlarged lacrimal glands. Further workup is needed to diagnose the cause of uveitis and rule out infectious etiologies like tuberculosis, syphilis, and leprosy as well as non-infectious causes like sarcoidosis. Systemic involvement and treatment with corticosteroids may be required depending on the final diagnosis.
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
Recommended
Pellucid marginal degeneration
This document discusses the surgical management of Pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD), a non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea. It describes various surgical techniques used to treat PMD including INTACS inserts, eccentric penetrating keratoplasty, large diameter epikeratoplasty, lamellar crescentic keratoplasty, lamellar crescentic resection, and wedge resection. The goal of these surgeries is to reshape the cornea and reduce high astigmatism caused by PMD through techniques like inserting inserts, excising the thinned area, or using donor tissue grafts. Complications can include increased risk of rejection, vascularization, and long-term astigmatism changes.
Patient care and ethics in ophthalmology Dr. Iddi.pptx
This document provides an overview of principles of medical ethics as they relate to ophthalmology. It discusses key definitions of ethics and principles, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and community. The history of medical ethics is reviewed. Ethical issues in patient care, residency training, and the differences between optometrist and ophthalmologist training are examined. Standards from the International Code of Medical Ethics, Declaration of Helsinki, and codes from the American Academy of Ophthalmology are outlined.
Lens for undergraduate final 11 2015 part 2
During this lecturer, you are going to learn the following:
Definition
Causes
Symptoms & Signs
Pathogenesis
Stages of senile cataract?
DD between immature and mature senile cataract
Management of cataract
Discuss Night Blindness!
Night blindness, or nyctalopia, can be caused by normal physiological responses to changes in light levels, acquired conditions like vitamin A deficiency, or congenital disorders. Tests like adaptometry measure a patient's ability to see in low light levels over time as their eyes adapt from light to dark. Congenital causes of night blindness include various forms of retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited retinal degeneration characterized by night vision loss and peripheral vision loss over time. Retinitis pigmentosa has many subtypes depending on inheritance and can be associated with other ocular and systemic findings.
Vitreous
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
Ectopia lentis and its low vision management
This document discusses ectopia lentis, or displacement of the crystalline lens. It begins with an overview of ectopia lentis, including definitions and pathophysiology. Signs and symptoms include visual impairment, fluctuating vision, poor near vision, and visual field defects. Causes of ectopia lentis include trauma, genetic conditions like Marfan syndrome, and other systemic diseases. Evaluation involves assessing vision, external eye exam, imaging, and lab tests if a systemic condition is suspected. Treatment options include refractive correction, surgery like lensectomy, and low vision devices. Low vision management aims to improve distance and near vision through high-power lenses, telescopes, magnifiers and other optical and non-optical aids.
Granulomatous uveitis
A 60-year-old female presented with gradually progressive blurring of vision in both eyes for 3 months without pain, photophobia, or tearing. She reports a history of floaters. On examination, she was found to have enlarged lacrimal glands. Further workup is needed to diagnose the cause of uveitis and rule out infectious etiologies like tuberculosis, syphilis, and leprosy as well as non-infectious causes like sarcoidosis. Systemic involvement and treatment with corticosteroids may be required depending on the final diagnosis.
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
POAG AND PACG
POAG and PACG are two major types of glaucoma. POAG is caused by increased intraocular pressure due to improper drainage of fluid from the eye. It progresses slowly and causes damage to the optic nerve and visual field loss over time. PACG occurs when the iris blocks the drainage angle, often in hyperopic eyes, and can progress more rapidly. Treatment options include medications, laser therapy, and surgery to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and management of glaucoma.
PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC PRIMARY VITREOUS
This document provides information on persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), a congenital eye disorder caused by the failure of the embryonic primary vitreous and blood vessels to regress. It describes the classification, history, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and management of both anterior and posterior PHPV. Anterior PHPV involves remnants attached to the back of the lens, while posterior PHPV involves remnants arising from the optic nerve; posterior PHPV tends to be more destructive. Treatment may involve surgery such as lensectomy with vitrectomy to clear media opacity and prevent complications like glaucoma.
Silicon oil
The document discusses silicone oils (SO) and fluorosilicone oils that are used as internal tamponading agents for retinal detachment. It provides details on the chemical composition and history of silicone oils. It describes the physical properties of silicone oils including specific gravity, buoyancy, surface tension and viscosity. The document discusses the modes of action of silicone oils including tamponade, space filling, haemostasis and inhibition of membrane contraction. It lists preferable indications for using silicone oils and potential complications. It also discusses topics like emulsification, cataract, glaucoma, keratopathy, redetachment and optics with silicone oil filled eyes.
Physiology of lens and Cataractogenesis
This document discusses the physiology of the lens and the process of cataractogenesis. It begins by describing the biochemical composition and metabolism of the lens, which is important for maintaining transparency. It then discusses how cataracts form, including congenital and acquired cataracts. The key factors involved in cataractogenesis are any disturbances that disrupt the critical intracellular and extracellular balance in the lens, deranging the colloid system and resulting in opacification.
treatment of non healing corneal ulcer
This document discusses the treatment of non-healing corneal ulcers. It begins by describing the signs and symptoms of a non-healing corneal ulcer. Risk factors include compromised ocular surfaces, dry eye, previous trauma or surgery, and systemic conditions like diabetes or malnutrition. Treatment involves topical antibiotics, debridement of necrotic tissue, bandage contact lenses, and in severe cases, therapeutic keratoplasty.
Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome
This document discusses iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE), a rare disorder involving the corneal endothelium and iris. There are three clinical variants: Chandler syndrome, essential/progressive iris atrophy, and iris nevus/Cogan-Reese syndrome. The pathophysiology involves transformation of endothelial cells into migratory epithelial-like cells, resulting in corneal edema, iris changes, and secondary glaucoma. Diagnosis involves examining the cornea for edema and irregularity, the iris for atrophy or nodules, and gonioscopy for peripheral anterior synechiae. Specular microscopy can also reveal characteristic endothelial cell changes.
Anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-2.5 microliters per minute and circulates through the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste before draining out of the eye. The aqueous humor is composed primarily of water but also contains proteins, amino acids, and other constituents. It is produced via diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active secretion across the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes. Sodium secretion is a key driver of aqueous production, with sodium then facilitating water movement into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor drains from the eye through both uveoscleral and trabec
Role of imaging in glaucoma management
Glaucoma is chronic progressive optic neuropathy in which structural damage( Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer) proceeds the functional deterioration( Visual Field loss).
Hence structural imaging plays an important role in early diagnosis and follow up of a patient of glaucoma
Choroidal melanoma
Choroidal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular malignancies in adults. They arise from melanocytes within the choroid and can be pigmented or amelanotic. Risk factors include light iris color and increased sun exposure. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance, ultrasound, and fluorescein angiography. Prognosis depends on tumor size, cell type, genetic factors, and presence of extrascleral extension. The liver is the most common site of metastasis.
Anatomy and Physiology of retina
The retina has multiple layers that process light and transmit visual signals. The outermost layer is the retinal pigment epithelium, followed inwardly by the layers of photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells. The innermost layer is the nerve fiber layer containing ganglion cell axons. Specialized structures include the macula for high acuity vision and optic disc where ganglion cell axons exit as the optic nerve. Blood supply comes from the choroid circulated by the ciliary arteries. The retina converts light to electrical signals that travel through the optic nerve to the brain for visual processing.
Cover tests
Cover tests are used to objectively determine the presence, type, and amount of ocular misalignment. The cover-uncover test involves occluding one eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. If no movement is seen, the uncover test is performed to detect latent strabismus. The alternate cover test dissociates binocular vision by alternately occluding each eye. The simultaneous prism and cover test measures the tropia component without dissociating the phoria. Cover tests are important for diagnosing manifest and latent strabismus.
Angle Recession Glaucoma
The document summarizes several studies on angle recession glaucoma following blunt ocular trauma.
The first study found that ultrasound biomicroscopy is useful for detecting angle pathology when the media is hazy. Surgical treatment resulted in more stable and normal intraocular pressure compared to medical treatment alone.
The second study in Bangladesh found that conservative treatment controlled intraocular pressure in most cases, while a small percentage required surgery.
The third study found that trabeculectomy with antimetabolic drugs was most effective for uncontrolled angle recession glaucoma, but carried a higher risk of late bleb infection.
Myopia
This document provides an overview of myopia, including its classification and associated pathological conditions. It discusses the different types of myopia such as axial myopia, refractive myopia, pathological myopia. It also classifies myopia based on factors like rate of progression, anatomical features, age of onset and degree. Several ocular disorders and systemic conditions associated with myopia are described. Pathological changes in highly myopic eyes are outlined along with tools to monitor for complications. Key fundus signs of degenerative myopia are highlighted.
Eye banking and keratoplasty
This document discusses eye banking and keratoplasty (corneal transplantation). It provides information on:
- The prevalence of corneal blindness in India and the role of eye banks in addressing the gap between donor cornea availability and demand.
- The process of procuring, processing, evaluating and distributing donor corneas followed by eye banks. This involves coordinating with donor families, harvesting corneal tissue, examining tissue for suitability, and preserving and distributing corneas.
- Factors that are evaluated to determine suitability of donor corneal tissue including clarity, thickness, presence of scarring or edema, and endothelial cell density and morphology.
- Methods of preserving corneal tissue for short term, intermediate, long term storage
ARMD with basic retinal anatomy and management of armd
Macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. There are two main types: dry and wet. Dry macular degeneration involves drusen deposits under the retina and gradual vision loss. Wet macular degeneration occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow behind the retina, leak blood and fluid, and cause sudden vision changes or loss. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, and diet. Treatments for wet macular degeneration focus on blocking VEGF to prevent new blood vessel growth via injections or laser therapy. Antioxidant and mineral supplements can help reduce risks of progression for some patients.
Ocular manifestations of HIV
Ocular involvement in HIV could be caused by opportunistic infections, vascular abnormalities, neoplasms, neuro-ophthalmic conditions, and adverse effects of medications.
Ocular involvement in HIV infection occurs most commonly due to opportunistic infections and neoplasms. But also can be due to drug related and direct infections.
Opportunistic infections like CMV retinitis occur with a significantly reduced CD4 T-cell count and are one of the common causes of blindness in HIV patients.
Unlike other diseases, ocular infection in these immunosuppressed patients is associated with minimal inflammatory signs.
HIV has been isolated from tears, cornea, vitreous, and chorioretinal tissue in affected persons.
The ocular structures affected by HIV include the adnexa, anterior segment, posterior segment, and orbit.
Neuro ophthalmological manifestations also may be seen.
The institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has caused a dramatic improvement in the immune status of HIV-infected individuals and a change in the clinical presentation and course of opportunistic infections.
Heterophoria
The document discusses various methods for measuring ocular deviations, including the cover test, prism bar test, Maddox rod test, and Maddox wing test. The cover test is described as the simplest and only objective way to distinguish between a phoria and tropia. It involves covering each eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. Alternative cover testing and prism bar testing can also help determine the size and direction of any deviation.
Vitrectomy: Development And Steps
This document provides an overview of vitrectomy, including a brief history, the key steps in a simple vitrectomy procedure, and descriptions of the equipment used. It discusses trocars and cannulas, sclerotomies, illumination sources, viewing systems, vitreous cutters, and vitreous removal. Advantages of smaller gauge vitrectomy instruments are also summarized.
Corneal edema
Corneal edema occurs when the cornea swells and increases in thickness due to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the stroma. The key causes of corneal edema include mechanical trauma, glaucoma, contact lens overuse, endothelial dystrophies, and bullous keratopathy. Corneal edema is evaluated using slit lamp examination, pachymetry, and imaging modalities like OCT and specular microscopy which measure corneal thickness and endothelial cell density. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include controlling IOP, removing contact lenses, or performing keratoplasty in severe cases.
neovascular glaucoma
Neovascular glaucoma is a severe form of secondary glaucoma characterized by fibrovascular proliferation in the anterior chamber angle caused by chronic retinal ischemia. The most common causes are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and ocular ischemic disease. The proliferation of new blood vessels leads to the formation of a membrane that can cause open or closed angle glaucoma with very high intraocular pressure. Treatment involves controlling the underlying cause, lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser treatment or surgery like trabeculectomy with anti-metabolites or tube shunts, and preventing further neovascularization through panretinal photocoagulation. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment is important but successful management is challenging and
Leucocorias
This document discusses pediatric cataract and leucocoria (white pupil). It defines leucocoria as a white reflection seen in the pupil that could indicate an underlying condition like cataract, retinoblastoma, or persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. The document outlines the causes, presentations, classifications, management, and visual prognosis of pediatric cataracts. It emphasizes the importance of early referral for any detected leucocoria to rule out retinoblastoma or other serious conditions and prevent amblyopia. Overall management of pediatric cataracts aims to restore vision through early surgery and amblyopia treatment for the best possible visual outcomes.
Evaluation of White Pupillary Reflex FINAL.pptx
Leukocoria or white pupillary reflex can be caused by several conditions. The differential diagnosis can be narrowed through history, examination, and investigations. The main differentials discussed were congenital cataract, retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, ocular toxocariasis, Coat's disease, retinopathy of prematurity, and coloboma. Early diagnosis is important as treatment can help save vision for many of these conditions causing leukocoria.
More Related Content
What's hot
POAG AND PACG
POAG and PACG are two major types of glaucoma. POAG is caused by increased intraocular pressure due to improper drainage of fluid from the eye. It progresses slowly and causes damage to the optic nerve and visual field loss over time. PACG occurs when the iris blocks the drainage angle, often in hyperopic eyes, and can progress more rapidly. Treatment options include medications, laser therapy, and surgery to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and management of glaucoma.
PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC PRIMARY VITREOUS
This document provides information on persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), a congenital eye disorder caused by the failure of the embryonic primary vitreous and blood vessels to regress. It describes the classification, history, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and management of both anterior and posterior PHPV. Anterior PHPV involves remnants attached to the back of the lens, while posterior PHPV involves remnants arising from the optic nerve; posterior PHPV tends to be more destructive. Treatment may involve surgery such as lensectomy with vitrectomy to clear media opacity and prevent complications like glaucoma.
Silicon oil
The document discusses silicone oils (SO) and fluorosilicone oils that are used as internal tamponading agents for retinal detachment. It provides details on the chemical composition and history of silicone oils. It describes the physical properties of silicone oils including specific gravity, buoyancy, surface tension and viscosity. The document discusses the modes of action of silicone oils including tamponade, space filling, haemostasis and inhibition of membrane contraction. It lists preferable indications for using silicone oils and potential complications. It also discusses topics like emulsification, cataract, glaucoma, keratopathy, redetachment and optics with silicone oil filled eyes.
Physiology of lens and Cataractogenesis
This document discusses the physiology of the lens and the process of cataractogenesis. It begins by describing the biochemical composition and metabolism of the lens, which is important for maintaining transparency. It then discusses how cataracts form, including congenital and acquired cataracts. The key factors involved in cataractogenesis are any disturbances that disrupt the critical intracellular and extracellular balance in the lens, deranging the colloid system and resulting in opacification.
treatment of non healing corneal ulcer
This document discusses the treatment of non-healing corneal ulcers. It begins by describing the signs and symptoms of a non-healing corneal ulcer. Risk factors include compromised ocular surfaces, dry eye, previous trauma or surgery, and systemic conditions like diabetes or malnutrition. Treatment involves topical antibiotics, debridement of necrotic tissue, bandage contact lenses, and in severe cases, therapeutic keratoplasty.
Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome
This document discusses iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE), a rare disorder involving the corneal endothelium and iris. There are three clinical variants: Chandler syndrome, essential/progressive iris atrophy, and iris nevus/Cogan-Reese syndrome. The pathophysiology involves transformation of endothelial cells into migratory epithelial-like cells, resulting in corneal edema, iris changes, and secondary glaucoma. Diagnosis involves examining the cornea for edema and irregularity, the iris for atrophy or nodules, and gonioscopy for peripheral anterior synechiae. Specular microscopy can also reveal characteristic endothelial cell changes.
Anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-2.5 microliters per minute and circulates through the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste before draining out of the eye. The aqueous humor is composed primarily of water but also contains proteins, amino acids, and other constituents. It is produced via diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active secretion across the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes. Sodium secretion is a key driver of aqueous production, with sodium then facilitating water movement into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor drains from the eye through both uveoscleral and trabec
Role of imaging in glaucoma management
Glaucoma is chronic progressive optic neuropathy in which structural damage( Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer) proceeds the functional deterioration( Visual Field loss).
Hence structural imaging plays an important role in early diagnosis and follow up of a patient of glaucoma
Choroidal melanoma
Choroidal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular malignancies in adults. They arise from melanocytes within the choroid and can be pigmented or amelanotic. Risk factors include light iris color and increased sun exposure. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance, ultrasound, and fluorescein angiography. Prognosis depends on tumor size, cell type, genetic factors, and presence of extrascleral extension. The liver is the most common site of metastasis.
Anatomy and Physiology of retina
The retina has multiple layers that process light and transmit visual signals. The outermost layer is the retinal pigment epithelium, followed inwardly by the layers of photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells. The innermost layer is the nerve fiber layer containing ganglion cell axons. Specialized structures include the macula for high acuity vision and optic disc where ganglion cell axons exit as the optic nerve. Blood supply comes from the choroid circulated by the ciliary arteries. The retina converts light to electrical signals that travel through the optic nerve to the brain for visual processing.
Cover tests
Cover tests are used to objectively determine the presence, type, and amount of ocular misalignment. The cover-uncover test involves occluding one eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. If no movement is seen, the uncover test is performed to detect latent strabismus. The alternate cover test dissociates binocular vision by alternately occluding each eye. The simultaneous prism and cover test measures the tropia component without dissociating the phoria. Cover tests are important for diagnosing manifest and latent strabismus.
Angle Recession Glaucoma
The document summarizes several studies on angle recession glaucoma following blunt ocular trauma.
The first study found that ultrasound biomicroscopy is useful for detecting angle pathology when the media is hazy. Surgical treatment resulted in more stable and normal intraocular pressure compared to medical treatment alone.
The second study in Bangladesh found that conservative treatment controlled intraocular pressure in most cases, while a small percentage required surgery.
The third study found that trabeculectomy with antimetabolic drugs was most effective for uncontrolled angle recession glaucoma, but carried a higher risk of late bleb infection.
Myopia
This document provides an overview of myopia, including its classification and associated pathological conditions. It discusses the different types of myopia such as axial myopia, refractive myopia, pathological myopia. It also classifies myopia based on factors like rate of progression, anatomical features, age of onset and degree. Several ocular disorders and systemic conditions associated with myopia are described. Pathological changes in highly myopic eyes are outlined along with tools to monitor for complications. Key fundus signs of degenerative myopia are highlighted.
Eye banking and keratoplasty
This document discusses eye banking and keratoplasty (corneal transplantation). It provides information on:
- The prevalence of corneal blindness in India and the role of eye banks in addressing the gap between donor cornea availability and demand.
- The process of procuring, processing, evaluating and distributing donor corneas followed by eye banks. This involves coordinating with donor families, harvesting corneal tissue, examining tissue for suitability, and preserving and distributing corneas.
- Factors that are evaluated to determine suitability of donor corneal tissue including clarity, thickness, presence of scarring or edema, and endothelial cell density and morphology.
- Methods of preserving corneal tissue for short term, intermediate, long term storage
ARMD with basic retinal anatomy and management of armd
Macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. There are two main types: dry and wet. Dry macular degeneration involves drusen deposits under the retina and gradual vision loss. Wet macular degeneration occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow behind the retina, leak blood and fluid, and cause sudden vision changes or loss. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, and diet. Treatments for wet macular degeneration focus on blocking VEGF to prevent new blood vessel growth via injections or laser therapy. Antioxidant and mineral supplements can help reduce risks of progression for some patients.
Ocular manifestations of HIV
Ocular involvement in HIV could be caused by opportunistic infections, vascular abnormalities, neoplasms, neuro-ophthalmic conditions, and adverse effects of medications.
Ocular involvement in HIV infection occurs most commonly due to opportunistic infections and neoplasms. But also can be due to drug related and direct infections.
Opportunistic infections like CMV retinitis occur with a significantly reduced CD4 T-cell count and are one of the common causes of blindness in HIV patients.
Unlike other diseases, ocular infection in these immunosuppressed patients is associated with minimal inflammatory signs.
HIV has been isolated from tears, cornea, vitreous, and chorioretinal tissue in affected persons.
The ocular structures affected by HIV include the adnexa, anterior segment, posterior segment, and orbit.
Neuro ophthalmological manifestations also may be seen.
The institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has caused a dramatic improvement in the immune status of HIV-infected individuals and a change in the clinical presentation and course of opportunistic infections.
Heterophoria
The document discusses various methods for measuring ocular deviations, including the cover test, prism bar test, Maddox rod test, and Maddox wing test. The cover test is described as the simplest and only objective way to distinguish between a phoria and tropia. It involves covering each eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. Alternative cover testing and prism bar testing can also help determine the size and direction of any deviation.
Vitrectomy: Development And Steps
This document provides an overview of vitrectomy, including a brief history, the key steps in a simple vitrectomy procedure, and descriptions of the equipment used. It discusses trocars and cannulas, sclerotomies, illumination sources, viewing systems, vitreous cutters, and vitreous removal. Advantages of smaller gauge vitrectomy instruments are also summarized.
Corneal edema
Corneal edema occurs when the cornea swells and increases in thickness due to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the stroma. The key causes of corneal edema include mechanical trauma, glaucoma, contact lens overuse, endothelial dystrophies, and bullous keratopathy. Corneal edema is evaluated using slit lamp examination, pachymetry, and imaging modalities like OCT and specular microscopy which measure corneal thickness and endothelial cell density. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include controlling IOP, removing contact lenses, or performing keratoplasty in severe cases.
neovascular glaucoma
Neovascular glaucoma is a severe form of secondary glaucoma characterized by fibrovascular proliferation in the anterior chamber angle caused by chronic retinal ischemia. The most common causes are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and ocular ischemic disease. The proliferation of new blood vessels leads to the formation of a membrane that can cause open or closed angle glaucoma with very high intraocular pressure. Treatment involves controlling the underlying cause, lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser treatment or surgery like trabeculectomy with anti-metabolites or tube shunts, and preventing further neovascularization through panretinal photocoagulation. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment is important but successful management is challenging and
What's hot (20)
ARMD with basic retinal anatomy and management of armd
ARMD with basic retinal anatomy and management of armd
Similar to Differential diagnosis of congenital cataract
Leucocorias
This document discusses pediatric cataract and leucocoria (white pupil). It defines leucocoria as a white reflection seen in the pupil that could indicate an underlying condition like cataract, retinoblastoma, or persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. The document outlines the causes, presentations, classifications, management, and visual prognosis of pediatric cataracts. It emphasizes the importance of early referral for any detected leucocoria to rule out retinoblastoma or other serious conditions and prevent amblyopia. Overall management of pediatric cataracts aims to restore vision through early surgery and amblyopia treatment for the best possible visual outcomes.
Evaluation of White Pupillary Reflex FINAL.pptx
Leukocoria or white pupillary reflex can be caused by several conditions. The differential diagnosis can be narrowed through history, examination, and investigations. The main differentials discussed were congenital cataract, retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, ocular toxocariasis, Coat's disease, retinopathy of prematurity, and coloboma. Early diagnosis is important as treatment can help save vision for many of these conditions causing leukocoria.
OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS the blinding disease and is classified among the torch i...
the disease spreads from the cats and causes retinochoroiditis and its a blinding disease aswell.its managed with spiromyscin,folinic acid and incase of retinal detachment,vitrectomy is done
ocular Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are the definitive host and shed infectious oocysts in their feces which can infect intermediate hosts like humans. Transmission occurs via ingestion of undercooked meat, contaminated water or contact with infected cat feces. Infected individuals may be asymptomatic or experience eye disease, lymphadenopathy or neurological symptoms. Congenital toxoplasmosis poses risks to fetuses including death, hydrocephalus or vision loss. Diagnosis is usually clinical but may include tests for T. gondii antibodies. Treatment focuses on reducing complications through antibiotics and monitoring for reactivation.
0001 leukocoria.ppt
This document provides information on retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer that affects children. It is the most common primary intraocular tumor in childhood. Key points include that it can be hereditary or sporadic, presents most often as leukocoria, and if left untreated can be fatal. Treatment options described are various localized therapies as well as enucleation if needed. Differential diagnoses discussed include persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, retinopathy of prematurity, ocular toxocariasis, and Coats' disease.
Congenital cataract
This document discusses different types of cataracts, including congenital and acquired cataracts. It describes various causes of congenital cataracts including genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, infections, and chromosomal abnormalities. Congenital cataracts affect approximately 0.03% of newborns and are a leading cause of childhood blindness. The document also discusses different types of cataracts including nuclear, lamellar, and cerulean cataracts. It provides information on diagnosing and treating pediatric cataracts through surgery and preventing amblyopia.
Leukocoria (White Pupillary Reflex)
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina that develops from mutations in the RB1 gene. It is the most common eye cancer in children. Treatment involves various modalities like chemotherapy, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, or external beam radiotherapy to preserve vision and the eye if possible. Enucleation is recommended if over 50% of the eye is involved or there is suspicion of extraocular extension. Retinoblastoma management aims to preserve life first, then the eye, and vision.
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas in affected tissues. Common organs involved are the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes, skin and heart. Ocular involvement occurs in 40% of sarcoidosis patients, most commonly presenting as uveitis. Uveitis manifestations include anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, scleritis, conjunctivitis, keratopathy and optic nerve involvement. Treatment involves topical, periocular or intraocular corticosteroids. Systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs are used for more severe or treatment resistant disease.
Parisitic infection
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It commonly infects intermediate hosts such as humans through contact with cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat containing cysts. In the eye, it most often causes retinochoroiditis which can lead to vision loss. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings, though serology and imaging tests provide supporting evidence. Treatment involves anti-protozoal medications such as sulfadiazine combined with pyrimethamine and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Recurrences are common in immunocompromised patients.
Sarcoidosis
This document provides an overview of sarcoidosis, with a focus on its ocular manifestations and diagnosis. Some key points:
- Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas that commonly affect the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes, and skin.
- Ocular involvement occurs in 40% of sarcoidosis patients, usually presenting as chronic, bilateral granulomatous uveitis. This can manifest as anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or a combination.
- Complications of ocular sarcoidosis include glaucoma, cataracts, cystoid macular edema, choroidal granulo
Ocular manifestation of systemic disease Part 2 DID.pptx
1. Albinism is caused by conditions affecting melanin synthesis and can affect the skin, eyes, or eyes alone. It is characterized by iris transillumination, foveal hypoplasia, nystagmus, and reduced vision. Management involves genetic counseling, sun protection, and vision rehabilitation.
2. Diabetes can cause retinopathy and cataracts. Screening for retinopathy is recommended beginning at 5 years from diagnosis or earlier if glycemic control is poor.
3. Congenital infections like toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, and HSV can damage the eye through direct infection or inflammation. They may cause retinochoroiditis,
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, Genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features, Classification and management of Retinoblastoma.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Congenital glaucomas
Congenital glaucoma is a group of disorders where abnormal high intraocular pressure results from developmental abnormalities of the anterior chamber angle that obstruct aqueous humor drainage. There are three main types - newborn glaucoma present at birth, infantile glaucoma appearing before age 3, and juvenile glaucoma between ages 3-16. Examination involves measuring intraocular pressure, corneal diameter, gonioscopy and ultrasound evaluation. Treatment is primarily early surgical intervention like incisional angle surgery or filtration surgery. Developmental glaucomas can also be associated with ocular anomalies like aniridia or systemic conditions like Sturge-Weber syndrome.
Coloboma
Coloboma is a congenital defect caused by the failure of the fetal fissure to close during eye development between weeks 5-7 of gestation. It can affect various eye structures traversed by the fetal fissure, most commonly the iris, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. Coloboma is classified as typical (inferonasal quadrant) or atypical (elsewhere). It may be isolated or associated with syndromes like CHARGE. Treatment depends on the site and severity but may include lubricants, patching, or reconstructive eyelid surgery to address issues like exposure. Prognosis relates to the structures involved and presence of other ocular or systemic abnormalities.
Congenital retinal anomalies
Congenital retinal anomalies can arise from developmental defects, vascular abnormalities, infections, tumors or trauma. Clinical presentation depends on laterality and extent of vision loss. Examination may reveal colobomas, retinal folds, persistent fetal vasculature or lacunae indicative of conditions like Aicardi syndrome. Retinopathy of prematurity is a major cause of vision loss in premature infants and progresses through stages from demarcation lines to retinal detachment. Infectious etiologies can cause chorioretinitis from viruses like cytomegalovirus and parasites including toxoplasmosis. Prompt treatment is aimed at the underlying cause and prevention of complications affecting vision.
Congenital cataract
congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
Neovascular glaucoma
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a systemic condition characterized by grey-white fibrillar deposits that can lead to open-angle glaucoma. It involves the trabecular meshwork, lens, ciliary body and other ocular tissues, and is a major risk factor for glaucoma. Treatment involves managing elevated intraocular pressure through medications, laser trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy or cataract surgery due to the increased risk of complications from zonular weakness.
OFTALMO -NOTES.pptx
- Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection of the orbital tissues that does not involve the globe itself. It is most commonly caused by bacterial infection spreading from the paranasal sinuses.
- Physical examination includes assessing vision, eye movements, proptosis, pupil function, and examining the orbit, eyelids and anterior/posterior segments for signs of infection or complications.
- Early diagnosis and treatment with intravenous antibiotics is important to prevent vision loss or life-threatening intracranial infections.
Similar to Differential diagnosis of congenital cataract (20)
OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS the blinding disease and is classified among the torch i...
OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS the blinding disease and is classified among the torch i...
Ocular manifestation of systemic disease Part 2 DID.pptx
Ocular manifestation of systemic disease Part 2 DID.pptx
More from Sai Sandeep
Anatomy of Retina
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptive cells and converts light into neural signals. It has 10 layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, layers of photoreceptors and neurons, and the internal limiting membrane. The retina contains rod and cone photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion neurons, and receives dual blood supply from the choroid and central retinal vessels. It has a macula lutea region containing the fovea centralis for high acuity vision.
Mucopurulent Conjuctivitis
This document defines and describes conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). It classifies conjunctivitis as either infective or non-infective. Infective conjunctivitis is further divided into bacterial, viral and chlamydial types. Common causative organisms of bacterial conjunctivitis are listed. Symptoms include redness, discharge, sticking of eyelids. Signs involve mucopus, congestion, papillae. Treatment involves topical antibiotic eye drops as first line, with alternatives if unresponsive. Supportive measures like saline irrigation and avoidance of steroids are also outlined.
Development of lens
The development of the eye begins around day 22 of gestation with the formation of the optic vesicle from thickenings in the neural plate. By day 27, the lens placode thickens over the optic vesicle and sinks to form the lens vesicle, detaching from the surface ectoderm by day 33. Primary lens fibers then elongate from the posterior wall of the lens vesicle to anchor in the basal lamina, growing toward the anterior epithelium. These primary fibers form the embryonic nucleus of the lens. Secondary lens fibers then form from the equatorial cells of the anterior epithelium, extending around the primary fibers. Cataracts present at birth or within the first year are called congenital or infantile
Management of congenital cataract
This document provides information about pediatric cataract examination, investigation, treatment and intraocular lens implantation techniques. It discusses:
1. Examination techniques including visual acuity tests, ocular imaging and determining refractive status.
2. Common investigations like blood tests, urine analysis and imaging based on whether the cataract is unilateral or bilateral.
3. Non-surgical treatment options like pupil dilation and occlusion therapy for partial cataracts.
4. Surgical techniques for cataract extraction including limbal and pars plana approaches and considerations for intraocular lens implantation based on the age of the child.
Intraocular lens
The document discusses intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are artificial lenses implanted in the eyes to replace the crystalline lens after cataract surgery or refractive surgery. It describes the parts and classification of IOLs, including early generation rigid lenses, iris-supported lenses, and later generation flexible foldable lenses. Complications related to IOL implantation and cataract surgery are also reviewed, such as those from regional anesthesia techniques like peribulbar/retrobulbar hemorrhage, and both intraoperative and postoperative complications. Recent advances and the future of IOL technology are mentioned.
Anatomy of female genital tract
The cervix is the lowermost part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. It is cylindrical in shape and divided into portions above and within the vagina. The endocervical canal contains ridges and glands lined by columnar epithelium. The ectocervix is covered by squamous epithelium. The cervix secretes mucus to aid sperm transport and acts as a barrier during pregnancy. The vagina is a fibro muscular tube extending from the vulva to the uterus. It has anterior, posterior and lateral walls lined by stratified squamous epithelium and contains glands, muscles and connective tissue. The vagina allows for sexual intercourse, birth and menstrual flow.
Physiological changes during pregnancy
The document summarizes various metabolic changes that occur during pregnancy across several body systems. There is an increased total metabolism and basal metabolic rate to support the growth of the fetus. Protein metabolism shifts to an anabolic state to support increased protein needs. Carbohydrate metabolism involves increased insulin resistance and secretion to ensure glucose supply to the fetus. Fat storage increases by 3-4 kg to support energy needs. Iron metabolism is in an inevitable deficient state to meet the 1000mg of iron needs transferred to the fetus and placenta. Respiratory and renal systems expand to accommodate the growing uterus while hormonal changes like human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen influence maternal physiology.
Physiology of Hearing
Sound Waves
Conduction of sound waves
Transduction of sound waves
Neural transmission of signals
Encoding of signals
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract. It is commonly caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Patients present with lower abdominal and pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever and dyspareunia. Diagnosis involves history, examination, ultrasound and laparoscopy. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics to treat the infection along with measures to prevent tubal damage and adhesions. Surgical drainage may be needed for tubo-ovarian abscesses. The goals of treatment are to treat the infection, minimize tubal damage and prevent adhesions or infertility.
More from Sai Sandeep (9)
Recently uploaded
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaHow to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Recently uploaded (20)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Differential diagnosis of congenital cataract
- 1. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL CATARACT V.SAI SANDEEP ROLL NO:171
- 2. 07/11/2018
- 3. • Differential diagnosis : Other causes of leucocoria like 1. Retinoblastoma 2. ROP 3. PHPV 4. Retro lental fibroplasia 5. Toxocoriasis 6. Retinal detachment 7. Old vitreous haemorrhage 8. Coats disease 9. Coloboma choroid
- 4. Retinoblastoma • Retinoblastoma is the most common and rapidly developing intraocular tumor of childhood, accounting for 1% of childhood cancer deaths and 5% of blindness in children. • Develops in the cells of the retina in childhood(1-4) year. Approximately 1in 20,000 birth • The disease is bilateral in approximately 30% of cases. • Overall mortality from retinoblastoma is now decreased. • With modern diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the mortality rate from metastatic or recurrent retinoblastoma has been as low as 5%.
- 5. • Leukocoria - 60% • Strabismus - 20% • Secondary glaucoma • Anterior segment invasion • Orbital inflammation • Orbital invasion Presentations of Retinoblastoma
- 8. 07/11/2018
- 9. Congenital retinal telangiectasis (Coats' disease) • Idiopathic Retinal vascular disorder • Usually affects young male patients unilaterally in their first or second decade of life. • Up to 1/3rd of patients are >30 years at time of presentation. • No defined familial inheritance. • Presentation- patients may present with decreased vision, as well as strabismus or leukocoria in children. • The hallmark feature of congenital retinal telangiectasis is localized fusiform aneurysmal dilations of the retinal vessels reminiscent of tiny light bulbs
- 10. 07/11/2018
- 11. • Coats disease
- 12. 07/11/2018
- 13. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) • Congenital anomaly in which the primary vitreous fails to regress in utero. • Highly vascular mesenchymal tissue forms a mass behind the lens. • A grey-yellow retro-lental membrane may produce leukocoria. • The globe is white and slightly micro-ophthalmic. • PHPV are mostly unilateral and non-hereditary. When bilateral, PHPV may follow autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.
- 14. 07/11/2018
- 15. 07/11/2018
- 16. 07/11/2018
- 17. 07/11/2018
- 18. 07/11/2018
- 19. 07/11/2018
- 20. 07/11/2018
- 21. COLOBOMA •Greek word koloboma meaning mutilated or curtailed. •Occurs due to failure of closure of choroidal fissure Coloboma of optic disc: Coloboma of choroid and retina: Coloboma of macula: • Associations CHARGE Syndrome,Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome),Cat-eye syndrome • Posteriorly located coloboma can involve the optic nerve, retina, and choroid. • If the retina is involved, it appears as an area of whitening often with pigment deposition at the junction of the coloboma and normal retina. • patients with coloboma have increased risk for retinal detachment.
- 22. 07/11/2018
- 23. Retinal detachment in childhood • Retinal detachment in childhood can be confused with retinoblastoma, and vice versa. • The possibility of an underlying retinoblastoma should always be considered when a child presents with retinal detachment and vitreous haemorrhage, even when a history of trauma is obtained.
- 24. Retinal dysplasia • Characteristic Ocular Findings inTrisomy 13 • May present with bilateral Leukocoria. • Rarely, retinal dysplasia occurs unilaterally in the congenitally malformed eyes of otherwise healthy persons.
- 25. All children with newly discovered leukocoria should be referred promptly to an ophthalmologist to exclude retinoblastoma and other life- or sight- threatening conditions
- 26. 07/11/2018
Editor's Notes
- …….