My Nephrology Registrar Seminar Talk from September 2013
Topics Covered
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy
Other Renal Disease in Diabetes
Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease + The Joint Renal Diabetic Clinic
Presentation given to our fellowship program about diabetic kidney disease.
2022 update discussing SGLT2i, MRA (e.g. finerenone), health economics and beyond
Presentation given to our fellowship program about diabetic kidney disease.
2022 update discussing SGLT2i, MRA (e.g. finerenone), health economics and beyond
New Therapeutics in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Conjoint Meeting of the Iraqi Society of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation and The Iraqi Diabetes Association.
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (Special reference to Use of...Dr. Om J Lakhani
Talk on MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (Special reference to Use of Metformin In CKD).
Presented on 25th June 2017 at THE METFORMIN MEET in Vadodara, India
Insights from the FIGARO-DKD and FIDELIO-DKD trials - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/kanEHVsStsI
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New Therapeutics in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Conjoint Meeting of the Iraqi Society of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation and The Iraqi Diabetes Association.
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (Special reference to Use of...Dr. Om J Lakhani
Talk on MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (Special reference to Use of Metformin In CKD).
Presented on 25th June 2017 at THE METFORMIN MEET in Vadodara, India
Insights from the FIGARO-DKD and FIDELIO-DKD trials - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/kanEHVsStsI
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
ABSTRACT- Background: Viral hepatitis B and C can lead to the end stage liver disease and diabetes mellitus is also
a life-long chronic disease. Simultaneous presences of both of these conditions lead to synergistic detrimental outcome.
So identification of diabetes mellitus at the initial evaluation of a patient having chronic hepatitis B and C is essential.
Materials and methods: This study was designed as a retrospective single center cross-sectional study. The association
of viral hepatitis B and C with diabetes mellitus was investigated at the Liver Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh for a period of
12 years. HBsAg was tested for hepatitis B virus infection and anti-HCV for hepatitis C virus infection. Demographic
profile and biochemical data were retrieved from records.
Results: A total of 29425 cases were analyzed in the study [median age 31(19–95) years, 24615(84%) males]. HBsAg
positive were 27475 and hepatitis C were 1950. Patients with hepatitis C were older than hepatitis B (p<0.001).
Although previous history of jaundice was similar in both infections but history of blood transfusion was more common
among hepatitis C patients (p<0.001). Analyzing different conditions of liver disease, it was observed that hepatitis B
virus infection was highly responsible for acute hepatitis than hepatitis C (10.7% vs 1.1%) (p<0.001). Chronic hepatitis
was similar in rate (73.3% vs 59.9%). But in both conditions of cirrhosis of liver like compensated and decompensated
states, hepatitis C virus was significantly responsible than the hepatitis B virus 24.7% vs 9.6% (p<0.001) and 14.3% vs
6.4% (p<0.001) respectively. The most significant finding was very higher rate of diabetes among hepatitis C which
was 22.6% while only 1.8% among hepatitis B virus infection (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Hepatitis C virus was highly related with the presence of diabetes than hepatitis B.
Key-words- Diabetes mellitus, Prevalence, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus
Diabetic nephropathy considered one of the most common complications of DM. This presentation answer the question are some diabetic patient immune to diabetic nephroapthy
Update on Patterns of Study in ANCA Associated Vasculitis presented at regional Northern Ireland Nephrology Meeting with Dr David Jayne as guest speaker..
A Case of Myotoxicity + Hepatotoxicity due to an Alternative RemedyRichard McCrory
Alternative Remedies can cause harm if not regulated. Here's a case of rhabdomyolysis I presented several years ago due to a concoction of herbal tablets.
Thrombotic Microangiopathies and AntiPhospholipid SyndromeRichard McCrory
This was a Nephrology seminar from last year on Thrombotic Microangiopathies, and I covered a small piece on Antiphospholipid Syndrome at the end. I hope it's informative!
Presented at Belfast City Hospital Physician's Meeting.
Topic - A case of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis with all the complications of nephrotic syndrome and transplant recurrence of FSGS.
Some final year med students are under my tutoring before their exams, here's a talk about some important pharmacology pointers I think useful at least when entering 1st year post-graduation. Please comment and share as you see fit. Any problems with links, please let me know. more to follow...
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Hot Selling Organic intermediates
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. What we will cover
• Prevalence and Impact of Diabetic
Kidney Disease
• Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy
• Other Renal Disease in Diabetes
• Treatment Issues
– The Integrated Approach
4. For the next three cases, what is
the most likely diagnosis?
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis
• Hypertensive nephropathy
• Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis
• Idiopathic membranous nephropathy
5. SCE Sample Question
A 53-year-old man presented to his GP with a right inguinal hernia. He
had a 6-year history of hypertension that had been initially treated
with atenolol but he had neither visited a doctor nor taken any
medication for 3 years. There was no other significant medical
history. He smoked 30 cigarettes per day.
On examination, his blood pressure was 176/96 mmHg, his heart
sounds were normal and his chest was clear. Fundoscopy revealed
bilateral dot haemorrhages, microaneurysms and hard exudates.
Urinalysis showed protein 4+, blood 2+.
Investigations
Serum creatinine 176 μmol/L (60–110)
Fasting plasma glucose 16.7 mmol/L (3.0–6.0)
Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio 287 mg/mmol (<2.5)
USS of kidneys normal appearances, left kidney 10.4 cm, right kidney 11.2 cm
6. A Non-SCE Question!
A 26 year old male with Prader-Willi Syndrome is referred to nephrology clinic with
a 4 month history of lower leg swelling. He was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes in
2007. He smokes 40 cigarettes per day.
On examination, his BMI was 32 kg/m2
, blood pressure was 120/82 mmHg, his
heart sounds were normal and his chest was clear. The abdomen was normal. He
had oedema to tibial tuberosities. Fundoscopy was normal. Urinalysis showed
protein 3+, blood +
Investigations:
Serum Creatinine 33 µmol/L, Albumin 37 g/L, HbA1c 10.4%
24 hour urine protein output 3.03g/24hr
USS kidneys normal appearances, left kidney 12.9cm, right kidney 13.3cm
7. A further Non-SCE Question!
A 28 year old lady is referred to outpatient clinic with a 6 month history of night
sweats and joint swelling . She was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes at the age of 11
and had stopped her ACE inhibitor 18 months ago in an attempt to conceive
despite having documented proteinuria with an ACR of 50mg/mmol .
On examination, there was bilateral synovial swelling of both hands and knees. She
had ankle oedema to tibial tuberosities. BP 125/87mmHg. Fundoscopy
demonstrated evidence of photocoagulation burns. Urinalysis demonstrated 3+
protein and a trace of blood
Investigations:
Creatinine 167 umol/L, Haemoglobin 79 g/L
C-Reactive Protein 230 mg/L, pANCA 160, MPO 5.1 IU/L
Urinary ACR 220mg/mmol
10. Diabetes Statistics
310 million diagnosed with Diabetes in
2011
USA spent $201 billion of its healthcare
dollars on diabetes or 43% of global
healthcare expenditure due to diabetes
11. The Spectrum of CKD in Patients with Diabetes
Diabetes No Diabetes
Other Kidney
Disease
Diabetic
Nephropathy
Hypertension
Renovascular
Disease
Source: Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2013; 37:S129-S136
12. Acute Kidney Injury + Diabetes
• Cumulative Risk and independent of other major risk
factors of progression.
• 3679 diabetic patients (Jan 1999- Dec 2008)
• Mean age = 61.7 years
• Mean baseline Creatinine = 90 µmol/L
• 1822 hospitalized
– 530 experienced one AKI episode, 157/530 ≥2 AKI episodes.
• Risk of Stage 4 CKD
– AKI versus no AKI HR 3.56 [95% CI 2.76, 4.61)
Thakar et al. CJASN Sept 2011
13. Percentage distribution of primary renal
diagnosis by age in RRT Incident cohort (2011)
In 2011, 201 patients in NI started RRT
26% had Diabetes as Prim. Diagnosis
14. UK Renal Registry 15th Annual Report
Survival at 1 year after 90 days for incident diabetic and
non-diabetic patients by age group for patients starting RRT in 2010
15. Median life expectancy on RRT by age group,
incident patients starting RRT from 2000–2008 cohort
16. Median life expectancy on RRT by age group,
incident diabetic patients starting RRT from 2000–2008 cohort
25. Stage 1 Stage 5
Chronic renal
failure
Stage 2 Stage 4
Overt
nephropathy
Stage 3
Incipient
nephropathy
Adapted from Mogensen et al, Diabetologia 1979; 17: 71-76
Natural history of diabetic nephropathy
Pre-nephropathy
Normoalbuminuria
26.
27. Biopsy Question
• A 65 year old man underwent a renal biopsy
for investigation of impaired GFR and
proteinuria
• The biopsy was reported as showing nodular
glomerulosclerosis
28. Which of the following is not associated with
nodular glomerulosclerosis?
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Fibrillary glomerulonephritis
• Membranous nephropathy
• Amyloidosis
• Chronic Type 1 MPGN
29. Differential for Nodular Glomerulosclerosis
on Kidney Biopsy
If Immuno is negative( more common):
– Diabetic Nephropathy
– Chronic Thrombotic Microangiopathy
– Chronic ischemic disease or hypoxia
– Smoking associated nodular sclerosis – Nasr et al. JASN 2006
If Immuno is positive, either monoclonal or polyclonal
Monoclonal IF:- MPGN, or paraprotein related disease such as
LCDD or amyloidosis
Polyclonal IF:- Immunotactoid, Fibrillary GN, Cryoglobulinaemia
30. SCE Sample Question
A 53-year-old man presented to his GP with a right inguinal hernia.
He had a 6-year history of hypertension that had been initially
treated with atenolol but he had neither visited a doctor nor
taken any medication for 3 years. There was no other significant
medical history. He smoked 30 cigarettes per day.
On examination, his blood pressure was 176/96 mmHg, his heart
sounds were normal and his chest was clear. Fundoscopy
revealed bilateral dot haemorrhages, microaneurysms and hard
exudates. Urinalysis showed protein 4+, blood 2+.
• Investigations
– Serum creatinine 176 μmol/L (60–110)
– Fasting plasma glucose 16.7 mmol/L (3.0–6.0)
– Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio 287 mg/mmol (<2.5)
– Ultrasound scan of kidneys normal appearances, left kidney 10.4
cm, right kidney 11.2 cm
ANSWER - A
31. A Non-SCE Question!
A 26 year old male with Prader-Willi Syndrome is referred to
nephrology clinic with a 4 month history of lower leg swelling. He
was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes in 2007. He smokes 40
cigarettes per day.
On examination, his BMI was 32 kg/m2
, blood pressure was 120/82
mmHg, his heart sounds were normal and his chest was clear. The
abdomen was normal. He had oedema to tibial tuberosities.
Fundoscopy was normal. Urinalysis showed protein 3+, blood +
Investigations:
Serum Creatinine 33 µmol/L, Albumin 37 g/L, HbA1c 10.4%
24 hour urine protein output 3.03g/24hr
Ultrasound scan of kidneys normal appearances, left kidney 12.9cm,
right kidney 13.3cm
ANSWER - B
32. A further Non-SCE Question!
A 28 year old lady is referred to outpatient clinic with a 6 month
history of night sweats and joint swelling . She was diagnosed with
Type 1 Diabetes at the age of 11 and had stopped her ACE inhibitor
18 months ago in an attempt to conceive despite having
documented proteinuria with an ACR of 50mg/mmol .
On examination, there was bilateral synovial swelling of both hands
and knees. She had ankle oedema to tibial tuberosities. BP
125/87mmHg. Fundoscopy demonstrated evidence of
photocoagulation burns. Urinalysis demonstrated 3+ protein and a
trace of blood
Investigations:
Creatinine 167 umol/L, Haemoglobin 79 g/L
C-Reactive Protein 230 mg/L, pANCA 160, MPO 5.1 IU/L
Urinary ACR 220mg/mmol ANSWER – A!
33. Suspicious for non-diabetic
nephropathy
• Onset within 5 years of dx of diabetes
• Acute onset
• Active sediment
• Unusual review of systems
• Serologies
ANA, Hep B, Hep C
• Absence of retinopathy or neuropathy
34. When does a Diabetic not need a biopsy?
• Is there a consistent history?
• Negative Immunology
• Bland Sediment
• Retinopathy
• Is renovascular disease contributing to
deterioration?
35. What may you expect to find on the
renal biopsy of a diabetic patient?
Columbia University Medical Center 2011
620 kidney biospies from patients with diabetes.
– 37% of patients had DN alone
– 36% had NDRD alone
– 27% had DN plus NDRD
Longer duration of DM was associated with a
greater likelihood of DN and a lower likelihood
of NDRD
DM duration ≥12 years was the best predictor
(58% sensitivity, 73% specificity) of DN alone.
36. Retinopathy and Nephropathy
1. Patients with T1DM and nephropathy
almost always have retinopathy
2. Patients with T1DM and retinopathy almost
always have nephropathy
3. In patients with T2DM with DN, retinopathy
will be present in 30 %
4. In T2DM, severe retinopathy is associated
with Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
37. Retinopathy and Nephropathy.
1. Patients with T1DM and nephropathy
almost always have retinopathy - TRUE
2. Patients with T1DM and retinopathy almost
always have nephropathy - FALSE
3. In patients with T2DM with DN, retinopathy
will be present in 30 %– FALSE (60%)
4. In T2DM, severe retinopathy is associated
with Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules - TRUE
40. What about control of diabetes?
Type 1 Diabetes
• DCCT trial
– Basal-bolus/insulin pump
versus BD insulin
– Reduction in incidence and
progression of albuminuria
– Followed up for 22 years –
50% reduction in incidence
of impaired GFR
Type 2 Diabetes
• UKPDS/ACCORD/ADVANCE
• Intensive v standard
glycaemic control
• Probably some benefit in
reduction in DN but less
impressive than for T1DM
41. NICE Guidance on Diabetes and
CKD
1. Achievement of HbA1c targets of 6.5–
7.5% -
2. Prescription of ACE inhibitors titrated to
full dose.
3. Control of hypertension to below
130/80 mmHg
4. Timely referral to a nephrologist.
42. UK Prospective Diabetes Study
Intensive glucose control
HbA1c7.0 % (T) vs 7.9 % (C) reduced risk of:
– any diabetes-related endpoints 12%
– microvascular endpoints 25%
– myocardial infarction 16%
Blood pressure control policy 144/82 (T) vs
154/87 (C) mmHg reduces risk of:
– any diabetes-related endpoint 24%
– microvascular endpoint 37%
– stroke 44%
The benefit from tight glycaemic
control is less than the benefit
from less-than-good blood
pressure control
43. RENAAL / IDNT – The DIAMETRIC
Database (2011)
• For every 5mmHg reduction in SBP
– ~2% risk reduction in CV risk
• For every Logarithmic reduction in albuminuria
– ~12% reduction in CV risk
• 35% of subjects had either a reduction in BP and no
change in albuminuria or vice versa
• Discordance existed between effects of ARB’s on BP
and albuminuria
44. The Steno-2 Study – An Integrated
Approach (Gaede, 2003)
80 patients randomly assigned to conventional
Tx or intensified multifactorial intervention
Targets
– Hyperglycaemia
– Hypertension
– Dyslipidaemia
– Uprot
– Secondary prevention CV disease (Smoking
cessation, Exercise, Dietary changes
Aspirin and ACE inhibitor)
45. Steno-2 Results
• Intensified Treatment- Lower risk of
–CV disease 0.47 (0.27-0.73)
–Nephropathy 0.39 (0.17-0.87)
–Retinopathy 0.42 (0.21-0.86)
–Autonomic neuropathy 0.37 (0.81-0.79)
AND Cost-effective
AND NNT = 5…
47. Joint Diabetic Renal Clinic – Realities
Jayapaul et al. 2006
130 patients
• Slope of creatinine clearance vs. time
– 1.09±1.34 ml/min/month in 1st
year to
0.39±0.73 ml/min/month in 3rd
year
(p < 0.004)
• HbA1c unchanged
• Significant improvement in SBP + DBP
(41% achieved <140/<80mmHg)
48. Joint Diabetic Renal Clinic – Realities
Slade et al. 2011 (New Zealand)
44 DN patients @ high risk of progression
No change in weight / HbA1c / Proteinuria
– At time of referral - 7.97 ml/min/yr
– Following clinic intervention - 3.17 ml/min/yr
49. Summary
• Diabetes (especially Type 2) placing heavy
CVD and Renal Burden on health services
• In Diabetic Nephropathy
– Margins gained with Blood Pressure + Proteinuria
control over glycaemic control
– Recognise the intensity of resource investment +
dedicated time needed to achieve this
• Joint Diabetes Renal Clinics
– Needs enthusiastic members of endocrine and
renal team!
– Providing evidence to directorates that they make
a difference is tricky
Editor's Notes
Overview of intracellular pathways known to be altered in response to diabetes. ROS, reactive oxygen species; AGE, advanced glycation end products; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FFA, free fatty acids.
Also role of genetic susceptibility – probably multiple genes interacting. Some association with DD ACE genotype Not all patients with DM will get DN – max 20-30% in early studies (probably less now given improvements in DM and BP control) Also mention RAA axis and overactivity resulting in efferent arteriolar constriction, increased glomerular pressure and injury. However paradox that systemic renin often suppressed- seems to be intra-renal upregulation only. Other mechanisms – various cytokines, AGE, protein kinase C Familial clustering of DN (both T1 and T2)
NDRD diagnoses alone FSGS (22%) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis (18%) Acute tubular necrosis (17%) IgA nephropathy (11%) Membranous GN (8%) Pauci-immune GN (7%) DN + NDRD Diagnoses ATN (43%) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis (19%) FSGS (13%) IgA nephropathy (7%)
3 ie protein>300mg
3 ie protein>300mg
DCCT/EDIC follow up for 22 years average Overall very low number of events Show Kaplan-Meier Difference of 46 v 24 conventional v intensive Issues: low number of events (lower than expected), Ace inhibitors discouraged in DCCT, not applicable to those with long-standing DM or type 2,